In the winter of the fifth year of Dali (770), Du Fu took a boat from Changsha to Yueyang. When crossing Dongting Lake, the wind disease became more and more serious, and he was paralyzed and bedridden. He wrote this poem and gave it to friends and relatives in Hunan.
"Thirty-six Rhymes on a Boat Pillow for Wind Disease" was presented to relatives and friends in Hunan, and "Thirty-six Rhymes on a Boat Pillow for Wind Disease" was presented to relatives and friends in Hunan. The omen of revenge was determined as Du Fu's last poem. This poem is Du Fu's summary of his wandering life, and it can also be said that it is a poem written by himself. There is a cloud in the poem: "Xuanyuan will not recreate the Dharma, and Yu Shun will stop playing the piano. Blowing the wrong horn is still half-hearted. Sages have existed since ancient times and have been sick for many years. Ships often rely on earthquakes, and lakes are flat early. 」
The source of the first eight sentences, each of which is unique, is applied to the fairy tales of Huangdi and Yu Shun that are not found elsewhere in the mouth of the Miluo River in Dongting Lake, in order to cut them into poetic places.
"The Law of Dismissing Envoys from Xuanyuan" is a classic from the Calendar of Han Calligraphy: "The Yellow Emperor made Lingluo, from Xiaxi to Kunlun Shadow, and took twelve bamboo tubes to listen to Fengming. There are six males and six females, more than the palace of Huang Zhong, and all of them can be born, which is a dharma book. Governing the world, the qi of heaven and earth is in harmony with the wind; The qi of heaven and earth is positive, and the twelve laws are statutory. 」
Yu Shun, stop playing the piano. In Historical Records: "Shun used to play banjo and sing the south wind". Jie Ji quoted Wang Su as saying: "The south wind is also a poem that nurtures the people." Its rhetoric said: "It may solve the worries of our people. 」
In ancient times, there was a top mountain on the bank of Miluo River, and there was Xuanyuantai on the mountain. According to "Shenju Lotus Pond" written by Kangxi in Qing Dynasty, "Shending Mountain is named after the Yellow Emperor." In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, it was also recorded in the records of Xiangyin County, Yuezhou Prefecture and Dongting Lake: "Emperor Xuanyuan made a southern tour, went to Leishiling at dawn (where the Miluo River entered Dongting Lake) and went to Fenghuangtai (at the mouth of the Miluo River) at dusk." According to the Records of Places of Interest in Ming Dynasty, "There is a tomb of concubines on Huangling Mountain (near the mouth of Miluo River), which is recorded in ancient biographies. It's Shun's southern tour, and the ancient road is between Hunan and Hunan.
"boating often depends on the earthquake, and the lake is flat and early to see the ginseng" records the poet's mental journey and returns to the north by boat. The ship is sailing on the lake. The word "earthquake" in "earthquake" is interpreted as "East" according to the Book of Changes. The word "lake" mentioned certainly refers to Dongting Lake. The location of Miluo River is in the southeast of Dongting Lake. That is, the lower reaches of the Miluo River. Because the lake is flat, it is often seen in the morning.
All these fully show that Du Fu's poem "Riding the Wind and Breaking the Boat" was written on the way back to the North, focusing on the intersection of Xiangshui, Dongting Lake and Miluo River. When I arrived at Leishiling, Phoenix Terrace, Huangling Mountain and Feier at dusk, I felt that it was because of the thought of "supreme governance" of the Yellow Emperor and Yu Shun that it was not only the poet himself who mourned the past and hurt the present.
"The old country is sad and cold, and the clouds are gloomy. The water town has a white roof and a clear maple bank. The gloomy winter is inflamed and the rain is stagnant. "
The poet further pointed out the boat trip to Hunan and Zeguo and what he saw on the boat. The boat sailed near the shore of the lake, and the green hills and maple forests on the shore overlapped vividly. It is the end of winter (five years of Dali), and we dare to wait in Xiangyin and Pingjiang mountainous areas along the Miluo River.
"Spring grass roots, source alone. Turn worry into calmness, and illness into medicine. He chased Pan Yue and looked for Deng Lin in danger. Take a walk and be grateful to your bosom friend. But he pretended to be the tongue of Su Shou and praised Zhou Song's words. " .
Du Fu originally returned to the north with confidence, but in the end, because he couldn't stand the blow of the cold wind, his family was poor and his old illness recurred, he had to change his mind and stop going north. "Turn the tent" and "take medicine". This is Du Pu's feeling that he can't return to the plan. His long journey is over, he is ill, and * * * died young on the side of the road (people in Hengzhou's poems once mentioned that this woman is still nursing, and there is a sentence "a woman who is still nursing in the house"). He is very ill and very sad. However, he did not forget the disaster that happened in his own country. Instead, he borrowed Tao Yuanming's words of "seeking the source and expenditure alone", placed illusions on the revival of the Tang Dynasty, idealized the rule of Zhenguan, and imagined that Emperor Taizong would rescue the people from the quagmire. As a result, we are congenial friends in a different place. With the golden words of "fake Su Qin's tongue, boasting about Zhou and Song Dynasties", we sought Deng Lin, found a mountain break and sent the patients.
The main reason for "looseness" is "getting sick from taking medicine" and "black and white are tied, and quail clothes are inch by inch." Gratitude lies in bosom friends. By this time, the poet's illness was explosive and he was sweating profusely, so he couldn't tell. At that time, the Dongting Lake area was very desolate and there was nowhere to seek medical treatment. The wind on the lake is very strong, which is not good for the patient's health. Where's the family? A poor family wore an inch-long quail coat, and a table was so worn that it needed to be tied with a rope. Therefore, he had to visit his distant relatives, Changjiang county magistrate and bosom friend. In the spring of the fourth year of Dali, the poet left Yueyang for Tanzhou and Chenzhou. Starting from Peiyin House (now Xiangyin), he wrote a poem "Accompanying Peideng Yueyang Tower", "Courtesy Xu Ruzi, Poetry Xie Xuancheng". It is written that Du Fu compared himself to Xu Zhi, a famous person in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and compared Pei to Chen Fan, a corporal of the Ministry of Rites. It can be seen that Du Fu was treated very well in Yueyang for several months. Xie Xuan refers to Xie Tiao, a poet of the Southern and Northern Dynasties. He writes beautifully and is good at five-character poems. He used to be the magistrate of Xuancheng, so he is also known as Xie Xuancheng. Here, Du Fu compared Pei to Xie Tiao and praised him. "Poetry follows" is Du Fu's correct way of singing Pei's poems. With such courtesy and enthusiasm, Mr. Pei went upstairs to enjoy the lakes and mountains together. At this moment, Du Fu was so excited. Du Fu told Pei in Yueyang that he was also very happy. When you see an old friend who is hungry and cold, so lonely, it is inevitable to give him warm hospitality. Therefore, when Du Fu was in Yueyang, he took spiritual and material comfort. So there is "plum blossom fragrance on the snowy shore, and spring mud is full of grass." Dare to disobey the fisherman's question and go south from now on. Pei also has a thatched cottage in Changjiang. Li Bai mentioned in many places in his poems that he made a special trip to Baimaji (now Xiangyin County) to visit Pei Yin (once lived in Baimaji and had a thatched cottage in Changjiang). Jia Vegetation also had contacts with him when he was exiled to Yuezhou. According to his poem "Giving Pei Jiu to Unload the Yangtze River Caotang to Play the Piano", he has been to the Yangtze River Grass and personally listened to Pei Yin playing the piano. Li Bai, Jia Zhi, Pei Yin and Du Fu are all poets who are friendly and intimate friends. According to the Records of Pingjiang County in Ming and Qing Dynasties and the genealogy of surnames such as Xu, Liu, Bai, Chen and Li in this county, "Xu, who was demoted as the senior minister of collation department and assistant minister of the Ministry of War after the Anshi Rebellion in the 14th year of Tianbao (AD 75), and assistant ministers such as Liu Guangqian, Bai Qi, Chen Xilie and Lu who worked for Dr. Rong Yinqing Guanglu. Xu Ju abdicated and built a temple in Sandun, 50 miles north of the county seat. Liu Ju came to power and built Changqing Temple at the foot of the Shogun Mountain, 90 miles north of the county seat. Baiju Jutai, building Baishui Temple in Baishui, 60 miles south of the county; Chen Ju went to Taiwan and built a returning temple in Changshouling, east of the county seat. Lu built an octagonal temple in Bajiao Village, 60 miles west of the county seat. Li thought about sitting next to his brother, changing his surname to Meng Anfu, living in Xixiang and building Jiufeng Temple. After death, there were tombs and towers in all six places. This is the historical story of the Tang Dynasty. Six countries hid Pingjiang River and four townships built six temples. Du Fu and Liu Xiang are both colleagues. They used to work together with North Korea in Beijing. As the illness worsened, they went to Changjiang to visit his distant relatives, the governor of Changjiang County, Pei Yin, and these intimate friends. It is this kind of mood and reason. "As soon as I take medicine, I quietly turn my worries into happiness. "
"Liu Na fan Hao Han, Qinshan of Junzhi. Talent in the city, Song Yunman Bizhen. "
"Liu Na" contains a trickle, "vast sweat", with deep water and wide appearance; "Junzhi" has a higher terrain. This further points out that Du Fu entered a tributary of East Dongting Lake by boat. Which tributary did Du Fu enter? The "steep land" in the poem shows that there is a beautiful city and government office building on the high mountains along the tributary. This "smart city" has the beautiful scenery of "Song Yunqi Bixun". In East Dongting Lake, there are no continuous mountains, and Xiangjiang River is the mainstream, not a tributary. So Du Fu's boating place is not Xiangyin County. Baling is in the north of Dongting Lake, not a mountainous area, and there are no tributaries. Only the Yangtze River (Pingjiang) has tributaries in East Dongting Lake. So Du Fu went up the Miluo River in the late autumn of the fifth year of Dali and arrived near Changjiang City at the end of the year. Changjiang County was in Zhongxianping at that time. Located in the middle and upper reaches of Miluo River. There is shogunate mountain in the north, and the main peak is more than 1500 meters above sea level, which is connected with Huanglong Mountain in Jiangxi. On the top of the mountain, there is the site of the immortal altar of Ge Hong. There is Li Anyun Mountain in the southeast, and the main peak is 1600 meters above sea level. From the East Dongting Lake to the Miluo River, it reaches the Yangtze River, with undulating mountains, green peaks and beautiful scenery. Du Fu came to this "brilliant" paradise to recuperate and live here for a long time. However, his illness is getting worse and worse, and he knows that he will not be able to bear it, and it is difficult to prolong his life. Wounded and dying, I accomplished nothing but tears.
Finally, "put on your face to strive for beauty, and you can stay away from it." Lang Jian is stupid and straight, and God looks after him. Gongsun still relies on risks and has not been captured alive. His letters are extensive and his battles are profound. Fear people thousands of miles, and ask for advice from Jiuzhou. The blood flow is still the same, and the sound of the military has been moved to this day. Ge Hong's body is determined, but Xu is difficult to serve. "Nothing in the family" and so on; Among them, words such as "Xu Jing" and "housework" mean that you can't settle down like Xu Jing, and your family can't be at peace. You can't help but express your helpless pain and dying life without sadness. It is still closely linked with the misfortune of the country and the disaster of the people. He is still warning the people: "Lang Jian is stupid and loyal, and the emperor is really radiant." Gongsun still relies on risks and has not been captured alive. "The blood of the war is still there, and the voice of the army has been moved to this day." Express the poet's sincere feelings of worrying about the country and the people and caring about the national economy and people's livelihood wholeheartedly. The purpose of giving gifts to relatives and friends in Hunan is to entrust orphans to write poems for burial. After this poem, it was buried in Tianjing Lake, Ota, not far from the county seat. His son Wen zong died young, and two cases of Wu were only seventeen years old and had not yet got married. Because of his poor family and wartime, he had to stay in Pingjiang, get married and reproduce from generation to generation. There are still spies in Dujiadong area, which can be used for reference.
Song Dynasty official (Chen Shi) said: "Yu Xining was transferred to Hongzhi in the first year of Xining (A.D. 1068), and Xu Xiucai, who was in the same courtyard as Yang Zhai, wrote a poem that his father left his name in the wasteland. See its bland, because of the wind of the ancients, can not be copied. He passed by the grave of the Ministry of Industry and wrote a poem: "When the water meets Miluo, the heart of heaven is deep. Waiting for death in the Ministry of Industry to accompany the doctor's soul. Wandering with the times, * * * * * a source. The mountains and rivers are not hanging, and the cold comes and the summer goes. 」
These two poems dedicated to friends and relatives in Hunan with 36 rhymes are based on bitterness. It is divided into four paragraphs, each of which closely follows this tone and expresses his worries and sorrows from different angles.
The first paragraph, from "Xuanyuan Xiufa" to "When Everything is Bleak", starts with the wind disease, and then writes about what we saw and felt when we sailed in the lake, with the focus on suffering. At the beginning of the four sentences, Wang said, "Get up four angry words." Yang Lun commented: "The original alarm. In this regard, Mr. Xiao Difei has a profound explanation: "These four sentences should be read together, because the third sentence affirms the first sentence and the fourth sentence affirms the second sentence. It's a strange beginning, but it's a wind disease. What does the wind disease have to do with Xuanyuan (Yellow Emperor) making laws and Yu Shun playing the piano? This is because it is said that the Yellow Emperor made laws to adjust the wind direction in all directions, playing banjo and singing the south wind (the lyrics are "the south wind can relieve the anxiety of our people"), but now I am very popular. Isn't it because their laws are wrong and their hearts are hurt? In that case, there is no need to do or play. This kind of boring thoughts and unreasonable complaints just illustrate Du Fu's suffering caused by wind disease. "(Notes on Selected Poems of Du Fu) These four sentences truly show the poet's helplessness and anger during his long illness, so that he was in a trance." If you smell the sound of Ma Rong's flute, if you lean on the clock, "compare the sound of Ma Rong's flute to tinnitus when the style disease attacks, and use RoyceWong's" Open the North Wind "to describe the trembling in the disease. After a long and serious illness, the poet is in a bad mood and is in a depressed winter. He watched the scenery of Dongting Lake on the boat. The Leng Yun in the air, the dark "white house" (that is, the hut), the miasma fog, the drizzle, the drums offering sacrifices to ghosts, and the wailing of the owl being shot down all have a strong melancholy color. "Life is fading and everything is in its prime" is a vivid portrayal of this situation. Poets use the artistic technique of blending scenes to set off their own sufferings by telling sad scenes, which doubles their feelings of suffering.
The second paragraph is a turning point after the first paragraph, from "a crossbow of doubt" to "approaching four knowledge of gold", looking back, focusing on the hardships of wandering southwest between heaven and earth. Beginning with two sentences, "Doubt in the crossbow, if you stay long, you will be crowned with hairpin", it tells the story that "bow with snake shadow" is full of doubts and fears because of the sinister world, and can't return to Beijing for a long time. It implies that he has been living in fear since he was convicted of saving a house in Beijing. As for the embarrassment of life, not to mention, all the food is potherb soup, tied with a table "black skin", and the clothes are patched. During the ten years of frequent wandering in Bashu and three years in Chu, although they were also received by local officials and received brocade accounts from escort agencies, most of them were difficult to hit it off. I'm busy with food and clothing, but I'm as sad as Yu Xin, and I can't make a good article like Chen Lin. Nevertheless, the poet showed a strong character: "If you want to eat a few pills, you will get nearly four gold." In this passage, there is also a mockery of Chao Gai ("I thank you for your talent" and "I thank you for your jade") and a feeling of my predicament ("It is hard to meet when you rebel, but it is easy to sink when you forget yourself"), and there is a raging anger hidden in the calm narrative.
The third paragraph, from "Hatred by Spring Grass" to "Heaven shines on us", describes our gratitude to our relatives and friends after entering Hunan, and shows our loneliness and helplessness as a stranger. The reason why he moved to Hunan indefinitely was explained to relatives and friends: Du Fu left the canyon for Jiangling in the spring of 768 AD (the third year of Dali) and wanted to go north by land to return to his hometown in Gongxian County, Henan Province. However, due to various reasons, he couldn't make it, so he had to go south to find a place to live in Tao Yuanming's Peach Blossom Garden, but he couldn't find it. In the two poems, the meaning of vagrancy has been deeply contained. In the extremely difficult situation of "quietly turning the corner, taking medicine to get sick, and chasing Pan Yue", we have to "ask Deng Lin (crutches) in times of crisis", just like a sick person needs crutches and relies on relatives, friends and help. And his own stupidity is tolerated by relatives and friends. "What do you know about me? It's really like the endless three rivers and five lakes. The mountains stand on the highlands. The city gate is open to the morning light, and pine and bamboo are covered with clear running water. People with smiling faces rode fast horses to see the prince. You all have discerning people who appreciate me as a silly and straightforward person. I only hope that heaven and earth will shine on me, and I will appreciate your sincerity. The feeling of gratitude is sincere and moving, but behind gratitude, readers can clearly see the image of an old man, an old man who is sick and poor, forced to speak, desolate and lonely, and full of tears. Under "Toddling", it looks relaxed on the surface, but it is particularly heavy against the background of the four sentences "Turn over the tent and worry quietly". This method of mutual contrast has achieved a penetrating effect.
In the fourth paragraph, from "Gongsun is still leaning on risks" to the end, the pen moves down, lamenting that those who hurt themselves will die on the road because of the war, conveying the infinite sadness of life. This passage is the summary of the whole article. In concise terms, it contains rich contents: on the one hand, "Sun still relies on danger, Hou Jing was not captured alive", "the blood of war still exists, and the military strategists have stirred up to this day", and the chaos in the buffer region and the endless war in the world are the fundamental reasons for wasting life and leaving home; On the other hand, "the letter is wide and the soldiers are deep", "I am afraid of people for thousands of miles, and I ask the words of Kyushu", and my homeland is cut off and I can't expect to return to Japan. Especially the last four sentences: "Ge Hong's body will be solved, but it is difficult for Xu to be resigned. Don't make a fuss about housework! " This is extremely painful. The author burst into tears: I am very ill and will die like Ge Hong's autopsy in the Jin Dynasty, and now I can't go to a safe place like Xu Jing in the late Han Dynasty; Housework will be as difficult to maintain as alchemy without alchemy. How can you cry without reminding people? The poet hopes that after his death, his relatives and friends can lend a helping hand and take care of his family. It is full of deep mourning and makes people cry. Here, readers not only see a kind and sad old man who still cares about his family when he is dying, but also see a lofty image of a patriot who still cares about state affairs and the country and the people in the last days of his life. This last poem is the declaration of the great poet Du Fu's indomitable and lifelong struggle, "a martyr's song with a strong spirit and a strong mountain and river" and "great sorrow for life" (Preface to Du Fu's Poems in Liu Bingsen, Fan Ceng). It will shine in the history of poetry with great momentum and exquisite art.
This is a five-character arrangement. In the Tang dynasty, five words were used to arrange the selection of scholars, and the "five elements" was the official poetic style recognized by the authorities at that time. In the lonely and helpless situation, Du Fu used five-character arrangement to send gifts to relatives and friends, which also implied solemnity and respect for each other. But there are many constraints in the five-character arrangement. No matter how long it is, all the sentences in the middle must be antithetical and accurate, and quotations should be used. At the same time, giving this poem to relatives and friends means replacing books with poems, so it is as familiar, beautiful and appropriate as family. The first two sentences don't need to be dual, but "Xuanyuan doesn't recreate the method, Yu Shun doesn't play the piano anymore", but the dual is meticulous, giving people a very delicate feeling from the beginning. But in the middle of the finishing process, it is mixed with running water, which is natural and full of changes. As for allusions, they are used a lot in poetry. Huang Tingjian said that there is not a word in Lao Du's poems. However, there is no sense of piling up. "Really used properly, things hidden, let a person feel uncomfortable. As the Zen master said, drinking water is salty "(Wang Jide's Qu Lv). This fully embodies Du Fu's knowledge and artistic accomplishment of "reading thousands of books and writing like a god", which has left a profound inspiration for future generations.
Poetry: Sleeping on a boat in a storm, giving friends and relatives in Hunan thirty-six rhymes. Author: Du Fu's poems in the Tang Dynasty are classified as worrying about the country and the people.