His Four Treasures of the Study is managed by two servants, who scrub it at any time. The buttonwood trees in the yard are also deadly, and they should be washed with water every morning and evening. One day, a good friend of his visited and stayed at home for the night. I visited my friend three or four times overnight for fear of getting dirty. Suddenly I heard my friend cough, so I was worried all night. At dawn, he ordered his servant to find out where his friend spit everywhere. The servant searched every corner and found no trace of phlegm. Afraid of being scolded, I had to find a dirty leaf and send it to him, saying it was here. He glanced sideways, then closed his eyes in disgust, covered his nose and asked the servant to send it three miles away and throw it away.
Zhang Shixin, the younger brother of Zhang Shicheng, the "Prince of Wu", once sent someone to take a painting silk and asked him to paint, and gave him a lot of money. Ni Zan was furious and said, "Ni Zan can't be a painter of Wangmen!" And tear the silk to refund the money. Unexpectedly, when I was boating in Taihu Lake one day, I met Zhang Shixin and was beaten. Ni Zan was speechless at that time. Someone asked him afterwards, and he replied, "It's vulgar to make trouble." Ni Zan once wrote a poem to describe his feelings: "Look down on vulgar things with white eyes, clear words and bow to English, be rich and full, and think about fame."
Because I love cleanliness too much, I seldom get close to women. But once, he suddenly took a fancy to a singer named Zhao, so he took her back to the villa for the night. But I was afraid that she was not clean, so I told her to take a bath first, then go to bed, and touch her feet from beginning to end, smelling while touching. I always felt that something was unclean, so I asked her to wash it again, touch it again and smell it again, but I was still worried and washed it again. Wash, wash, it's already dawn, so we have to do it. Later, he went to prison for some reason, but during dinner, he asked the jailer to raise the bowl to the level of his eyebrows. The jailer asked him why, and he said, "I'm afraid your spit will be sprayed into the rice." The jailer was furious and locked him next to the toilet, begging for help before he was released.
There is a secret pavilion in Ni Zan, and no one can enter it. And a white horse, take good care of it. Once when his mother was ill, he begged Ge Xianweng to see a doctor. Ge Xianweng asked for a white horse to pick him up. It rained that day, and Ni Zan was a dutiful son, so he had to agree. The white horse in the rain made a mess. When he arrived at Ni's house, Ge Xianweng asked to visit the museum. Ni Zan had to agree. Ge Xianweng rummaged about in the secret cabinet and spit everywhere. Ni Zan will never enter the secret cabinet again.
Ni himself is an eccentric person. When Mr. Zou lived in Zou's house, a son-in-law named Jin Xuanbo came to see him this day. Ni Zan heard that Jin Xuanbo was a scholar and went out to see him without wearing shoes. But when I saw his rude words and appearance, I was very angry and slapped him. Jin Xuanbo was ashamed and angry, and left without seeing Teacher Zou. When Mr Zou came out, he blamed him very much. Ni Zan said, "Jin Xuanbo's face is disgusting and his words are tasteless. I scolded him! "
The evaluation of Ni Zan's paintings created a generation of ink and wash landscape painting style, and he was also called "four masters of Yuan Dynasty" with Huang, Zhenwu and Wang Meng. The painting style is simple, the style is naive and quiet, and it wins with indifference. Most of his works draw mountains and rivers around Taihu Lake, and the composition takes plain scenery. He is good at drawing dead trees and bamboo and stone huts, and the scenery is extremely simple. Most of his paintings are polished with dry pen, and the pen and ink are extremely simple. The so-called "intentional or unintentional, if it is light, if it is sparse", it has formed a desolate depression. Among the four schools in Yuan Dynasty, Ni Zan enjoyed a high reputation in the minds of literati. He Ming Liang Jun said, "Yunlin's official order is that there should be no dust." In the Ming Dynasty, Jiangnan people divided elegance and vulgarity according to whether they collected his paintings. His painting practice and theoretical viewpoints have influenced the painting circles in Ming and Qing dynasties for hundreds of years. He was rated as one of the "Top Ten Painters in Ancient China" and listed as a world cultural celebrity by Encyclopedia Britannica.
Throughout his life, his grandfather was a big landlord in his hometown, with rich family and prosperous people in the village. His father died young, three brothers, and his half-brother Ni Zhaokui and Wen Guangren were the elites of Taoism at that time. He once "announced the record of Changzhou Daolu", "mentioned the Kaiyuan Palace of Hangzhou Daodao", "given the name element to the Taoist mage to give advice to the host" and "specially given the real person, who is a pure and true person in metaphysical Chinese." Second brother (compatriot) Ni Ziying. In the Yuan Dynasty, Taoism had a high social status and enjoyed various privileges. There is no pain of labor and taxation, and there is no fatigue of officialdom. On the contrary, there is an extra way to make money.
Ni Zan was raised by his eldest brother since childhood, and his life was extremely easy and carefree. Ni Zhaokui invited fellow countryman "real person" Wang Renfu as his mentor. Under the influence and education of such a family, Ni Zan developed a lofty and aloof attitude, led an honest and clean life, did not ask about politics, and did not want to manage production. He called himself "lazy", also known as "Ni Yu", and was immersed in poetry and painting all the year round, which was quite different from the Confucian ideal of joining the WTO, so he became an official at the end of his life. The sexual intercourse is clean, the towels are washed several times a day, and the trees in front of and behind the house are often washed and wiped. There are thousands of books at home, all written by hand.
Ni Zan, a teenager, was well-off and well-off, but he didn't get into the habit of being a dude and clung to his study and cultivation. There is a three-story library "Qingyue Pavilion" at home, with a collection of more than a thousand volumes, including classics, books, books, Buddhist scriptures and Taoist books. Ni Zan reads and writes poems upstairs every day. In addition to studying classics carefully, he also dabbled in Buddhist and Taoist books. There are also famous calligraphy and paintings in the Qing Dynasty in the Qing Dynasty, such as The History of the Three Kingdoms, Zhong You's Four Seasons Table and Mi Fei's Picture of Haiyue Temple in the Song Dynasty. Ni Zan plays with these masterpieces every morning and evening, especially Dong Yuan's Xiaoxiang map, Li Cheng's Maolin Yaoyuan map and Hao Jing's Qiushan map, and devotes himself to copying and imitating their verve temperament. At the same time, he often goes out for sightseeing and draws casually when he sees valuable scenery and things. He carefully observed various phenomena in nature, carefully sketched, and often came back with a full picture. On the one hand, Ni Zan paid attention to the inheritance of traditional techniques, learned from others' strengths and studied hard, which laid a solid foundation for his later painting innovation.
After five years in Thailand (1328), my eldest brother Ni Zhaokui died suddenly. Subsequently, his mother Shao and his teacher died one after another, and Ni Zan was deeply saddened. He used to rely on the privileges enjoyed by his eldest brother, but later he lost everything. Ni Zan became an ordinary Confucian scholar, and his family economy became increasingly difficult. With a sad mood, he wrote his own poems and described in detail his painful environment at that time.
The twenty years from three years (1330) to eleven years (135 1) of the Yuan calendar are the maturity of Ni Zan's painting creation. During this period, Ni Zan made a wide range of friends, most of whom were monks, Taoists, poets and painters. Most of his poems are also sung with such people. Zhang Boyu, his best friend, was a famous Taoist priest, and Ni Zan drew a picture of bamboo and stone for him. Huang was another famous painter whom he admired, and also a famous figure of Quanzhen Taoism at that time. He is 32 years older than him, because his Taoism is deep. In 65,438+00, Huang Zenghua painted a long scroll of more than 20 feet for Ni Zan, which is one of the representative works of yellow, pale and crimson landscapes. The title of the scroll is Zheng Zhi Wuzi (65,438+0348); Ni Zan was 48 years old. At this time, he began to believe in Taoism (Quanzhen religion) and developed a withdrawn and reclusive character, which is also reflected in his paintings, which show a desolate, simple, quiet and generous intention.
During the 20 years from the 13th year of Yuan Dynasty (1353) to his death, Ni Zan roamed Taihu Lake. I traveled all over Jiangyin, Yixing, Changzhou, Wujiang, Huzhou, Jiaxing and Songjiang, entertaining myself with poems and paintings. This period is also the heyday of Ni Zan's painting. He carefully observed the beautiful scenery of Taihu Lake, understood its characteristics, concentrated, refined and summarized it, and created new composition forms and new pen and ink techniques, thus gradually forming a new artistic style. The work is characterized by distinctive personality, unique brushwork and simple painting. It features a vein of soil slope, with three or five trees planted next to it, one or two thatched cottages, with white space in the middle to show the beauty of the lake and clear sky, and mountains looming in the distance. The picture is quiet and serene, and the realm is far-reaching. This style is unprecedented. At this stage, Ni Zan created Pine Pavilion (1354), Qiu Ji Map of Fishing Village (1355), Luo Map of Strange Rocks (1360) and Shu Ting Yao Cen Map (65438+).
In the 23rd year of Yuan Dynasty (1363), on September 18th (125), his wife Jiang died of illness, which dealt a great blow to Ni Zan. The eldest son died young, and the second son was unfilial. The more lonely he feels in life, the more depressed he is and at a loss. In the early Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang once asked Ni Zan to go to Beijing for business, but he refused to go. In the fifth year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty (1372), on May 27th (June 28th), he wrote a poem, "Words are Brave", saying that he was unwilling to be an official. He only wrote the year of Jiazi in poems and books, and did not need the year of Hongwu's formation.
Achievement painting
Ni Zan is good at landscapes, bamboo stones and dead wood. Among them, landscape painting adopts a typical technique-folding belt, which is the representative painter of Nanzong landscape painting in Yuan Dynasty. His works are mainly paper-based ink and wash. His landscape teachers Dong Yuan, Hao Jing, Guan Tong and Li Cheng developed them. Their paintings are unpretentious and their styles are naive and quiet. Most of the works draw mountains and rivers around Taihu Lake, with plain composition and simple scenery, mostly sparse slopes and shallow water. Use a pen to change the center to the flank, with mountains and stones stacked on top of each other, the pen and ink are dry and elegant, and the artistic conception is desolate and ethereal. Simple and elegant style, simple and complex, small and big, solitary and connotative. He is also good at painting ink bamboo, and his painting style is elegant and sparse. There are many poems in this painting. Because of his simplicity, his paintings have been faked for many years, but it is not easy to imitate their depressed and indifferent temperament. In Ni Zan's theory of painting, he advocates expressing subjective feelings, and thinks that painting should show the author's "escape from the chest" and not seek the shape ("the so-called servant painter is just careless, not seeking the shape, but entertaining himself by chatting"). In the history of painting, he was called Huang, Zhenwu and Wang Meng. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Dong Qichang and others held him in high esteem and often put him above the other three. He Ming Liang Jun said: "Yunlin Shu Da ordered no dust." Wang Mian's "Send Lady Yang to the Yunlin" said that Ni Zan "has a room full of toothpicks and books, and colored pens all over Cigarette Cards".
Ni Zan was the most influential painter in Yuan Dynasty. His unpretentious landscape painting style was sought after by masters in Ming and Qing Dynasties, such as Dong Qichang and Shi Tao, who all cited him as the originator. Shi Tao's calligraphy and painting are based on Ni Zan in spirit and style. Ni Zan is also a calligrapher who takes retro as the banner and pursues artistic individualization. Like Zhang Yu and Yang Weiting, he belongs to this era and does not belong to this era. This is the transcendental value of art to the times.
In the Ming Dynasty, Jiangnan people divided elegance and vulgarity according to whether they collected his paintings. His painting practice and theoretical viewpoints had a great influence on the painting circles in Ming and Qing Dynasties, and he was still rated as "Top Ten Painters in Ancient China" and listed as a world cultural celebrity by Encyclopedia Britannica.
His paintings include: river bank mountain scenery, bamboo tree wild stone map, hill map, six-man map, water bamboo residence map, pine pavilion map, lion forest map, Xilin meditation room map, quiet creek cold pine map, Qiu Linshan color map, spring rain crescent map, small mangosteen tree map and so on. There are water bamboo residence map, knee rongzhai map, fish village Qiu Ji map, Yushan forest valley map, Song tour map, family letter map, strange stone cluster map, bamboo branch map, Xishan Fairy Hall, frost forest and rocks, etc.
calligraphy
Ni Zan works in calligraphy and is good at regular script. His calligraphy, as a master of wild rhyme, participated in Zen and learned Taoism, and traveled all over the world. He used the charm of ice and snow to write his own unique style of simplicity, simplicity and lightness. Xu: "Jun Shu entered from Li and was born again in Zhong You's" Recommended Season Straight Table ",which is ancient and charming, dense and sparse." Ni Zan really paid equal attention to "seclusion" and "escape", and his books were vigorous and delicate, but also straightforward and simple. No wonder later generations called him "Ni Gaoshi". Wen Zhiming and Dong Qichang both spoke highly of his calligraphy. Wen Zhiming commented: "Mr. Ni's personality is noble, and his enthusiasm has the spirit of Jin and Song Dynasties." Dong Qichang commented: "Old innocence, Mi Chi (that is, Mi Fei) is only one person short." Compared with Ge Shoutie's calligraphy, Ni Zan's calligraphy is completely different in style, which inevitably leads to criticism. Ruxiangmu accused Ni Zan of being bitter and shabby when he wrote it. Even in the year of Lao Peng, there will be no good in the end. "but
Li Ruiqing, a modern calligrapher, said: "Ni Yushu is cold and barren, without losing the momentum of Jin people. There are disadvantages in the forest, such as Tao Yuanming in the poem, but it is not the solution of meat eaters." Ni Zan's works handed down from ancient times include Three Stamps, A Boat at the Beginning of the Month, Poems in the Guest Hall, Poems to Chen, Poems with the Rate, Poems with You, Two Simple Notes, Miscellaneous Poems and so on.
Ni Zan's poems mourn Mo Wen's past and return to Yuewangtai. Partridges are singing, the east wind blows to the first green and the sun blooms. I looked at the sky alone with sadness. The mountains were still there, and my country was not there. There were mossy trees everywhere, and it was desolate. The bright moon overhead, soft and bright, still shines on the previous dynasty, but where did it come from? -Yuan Ni Zan's "Full Moon, Sad Mo Wen", Full Moon, Sad Mo Wen's Former Event
Ni Zan in Yuan Dynasty
Memorizing history and autumn wind has turned into hair, and the desolation of the south has disappeared. Only Nan Xin did not change, and she wrote Li Sao in tears. -Ni Zan in the Yuan Dynasty titled Zheng Suo Nan Lan.
Ni Zan in Yuan Dynasty
? Red crow, apricot flowers in the rain. I feel the dream of Yangzhou for ten years. Yan Bohan wrote a trace, leaving sorrow, and Nanpu went to the cloud to send it. Ice string jade column, meet the east wind bomb. -Yuan Ni Zan's "Double Tone in Front of the Temple _? Red crow, apricot "is a double music in front of the temple _? Cry red, apricot
Ni Zan in Yuan Dynasty
See more poems by Ni Zan >>