First, the daily feeding management of breeding cattle
1. Feeding management of bulls in non-breeding period
When breeding bulls, it is necessary to improve various nutrients in the diet, especially to supplement high-quality protein, vitamins and minerals. Concentrate is about 4-5 kg per cow every day and fed twice. The reference formula of off-season bull concentrate is: corn 36%, soybean meal 3 1%, wheat bran 28%, salt 1% and trace elements 4%. Bull's green feed can be eaten with hay. Green feed mainly includes Leymus chinensis and so on. Hay should be supplemented with leguminous feed such as alfalfa rich in protein. Each head has 25-30 kg of green feed and 3-5 kg of hay per day, and is free to eat.
2. Feeding and management of empty pregnant cows
In order to improve nutrition and promote estrus, dairy cows need to increase their feeding. The feed amount of concentrate for each cow is 2.5 kg per day, three times a day, silage 16 kg, and green hay 3-3.5 kg, which can be freely eaten. Reference formula of concentrated feed: corn 34%, soybean meal 36%, wheat bran 25%, salt 1% and trace elements 4%.
Second, reproduction and mating.
The estrus cycle of China Simmental cattle is 18-2 1 day, and the estrus cycle of young cattle is shorter than that of multiparous cattle 1-2 days. After the cow is in estrus, from the mental state, the cow in estrus is excited, eats less and has the desire to mate. The vulva is red and swollen. Artificial insemination is a widely used breeding method in Simmental cattle breeding in China. At present, general farms buy sperm vitality cream and use portable frozen tubules for artificial insemination and breeding to improve the conception rate of dairy cows.
Before artificial insemination of dairy cows, frozen semen should be thawed in warm water of 38 degrees, and then the vitality should be detected under a microscope. You can only use it when your vitality reaches 35%. After inoculation, the ice tube should be inserted into the special insemination device, and the insemination personnel should wear insemination gloves, then scrub the vulva of dairy cows with potassium permanganate solution of one thousandth concentration, and then rinse it with clean water. Then you can inseminate. The inseminator closes his left hand into a cone, slowly inserts it into the rectum from the anus, pulls out the rectal stool, and checks the follicular development. Then hold the cervix, hold the ejaculator with the right hand, insert it from the vulva, and inject semen.
1. The cow is pregnant
There is no lactation period and dry lactation period in the pregnancy stage of primiparous China Simmental cows, and the pregnancy of multiparous cows coincides with lactation period and dry lactation period. Therefore, the feeding management of multiparous cows should refer to the feeding management of lactation period and dry lactation period. Pregnancy is divided into two stages, pre-pregnancy and post-pregnancy.
Pre-pregnancy refers to the first five months of pregnancy, because the fetus develops slowly and needs less nutrition, which can generally be met by feeding. The feed amount of concentrate for each cow is 1- 1.5kg/ day, three times a day, and the green roughage is 15-20k g/ day, so they can eat freely. Reference formula of concentrated feed: corn 34%, soybean meal 29%, wheat bran 32%, salt 1% and trace elements 4%.
In the third trimester of pregnancy, that is, from six months after pregnancy to delivery, the fetus grows rapidly during this period, so the ratio of energy to protein should be increased to provide sufficient and complete nutrition. Reference formula of concentrated feed: corn 40%, soybean meal 35%, wheat bran 20%, salt 1% and trace elements 4%. The feeding amount is 2-4 kg per cow every day, three times a day, and the green feed is sufficient.
2. Perinatal feeding management
The perinatal period is called 15 days before delivery and 15 days after delivery. In the early perinatal period, when the weight of dairy cows is increasing day by day, they should be fed with concentrated feed of 1- 1.5 kg for every 100 kg of body weight, but the maximum feeding amount should not exceed 1.0%- 1.2% of body weight, and the green feed should be/kloc per day. The reference formula of concentrated feed for perinatal cows: corn 4 1%, soybean meal 34%, wheat bran 20%, salt 1% and trace elements 4%. Three times a day.
3. Feeding management during delivery
If it is found that the cow's breasts are enlarged, the vulva is discharged, and the tail root collapses, it means that the cow is about to give birth, and it is necessary to do a good job of receiving the delivery at any time. Pay attention to delivery during delivery and try to let the cows give birth naturally. Postpartum 15 days is the late perinatal period of dairy cows. During this period, it should be noted that 65438+ 0-3 days after delivery is mainly palatable and digestible green hay, supplemented by high-quality concentrate, a small amount of meat and silage. 4- 15 days after delivery, the nutritional requirements of dairy cows increased obviously. At this time, we should adjust the feeding plan and adopt the method of increasing feed and promoting milk production. Protein's energy level has been greatly improved. The feeding amount of concentrate in the late perinatal period is 4-7 kg per cow per day, but the specific dosage also depends on the specific situation of dairy cows. The maximum feeding amount shall not exceed 1% of the cow's weight. Feed formula and feeding times refer to perinatal period, green feed 10-20k g/ day, three times a day.
4. Feeding management during lactation
In order to make China Simmental cattle go through the difficulties of calving and lactation smoothly, the period of one month 15 days before and after delivery is also called perinatal period, and the period from delivery to dry milk period is called lactation period. The period from delivery to dry milk is called lactation, which is generally about 305 days. The economic benefit of dairy farmers depends on the milk yield, so it is very important to strengthen the feeding management during lactation. Lactation period can be divided into early lactation period and late lactation period according to milk yield and physical condition of dairy cows. The pre-lactation period of dairy cows is also called lactation peak period, which lasts from 15 days to about 60 days after delivery. The early lactation period accounts for about 30% of the total milk production, which is an important stage to give full play to the lactation potential and obtain high-yield milk during the whole lactation period. The feed amount of concentrate is 6- 10 kg per cow every day, twice a day, and the green feed is freely taken. Supply sufficient drinking water. Reference formula of concentrated feed: corn 45%, soybean meal 30%, wheat bran 20%, salt 1%, trace elements 4%, three times a day. Late lactation refers to the gradual decline of lactation from 60 days to 305 days after delivery. At this time, various measures should be taken to ensure the physical fitness of dairy cows, continue the decline of milk yield, and achieve the goal of stable and high yield.
In order to ensure the stable milk production of dairy cows, some work should be done in feed, and some high-energy and high-protein feed should be given to dairy cows to ensure their nutritional needs. In summer, lactating cows should also be fed some vitamin C to ensure the stability of milk production performance. Reference formula of concentrated feed: corn 39%, soybean meal 30%, wheat bran 26%, salt 1%, trace elements 3%, vitamin C 1%. 5-8kg per head daily, three times a day. Green feed is freely ingested.
During lactation, the number of feeding and milking is the same. Milking and feeding are carried out three times a day, and the feeding management system should be stable and form a fixed conditioned reflex. In addition, 60 days after calving, we should always observe whether cows are in estrus and make preparations for timely breeding. If the cow breeds again 60 days after delivery, it will enter the next pregnancy. Postpartum cows should stop milking about 60 days before each delivery and enter the dry milk period.
5. Feeding management in dry milk period
In China, Simmental cows will enter the dry milking period two months before delivery and stop milking. Dry milk is to supplement the nutrients consumed by dairy cows during lactation, restore their physical strength and prepare for the next lactation period. During the dry milk period, the feed amount of concentrate for each cow is 3 kg/day, 3 times a day, silage 18 kg, and green hay 3-3.5 kg, which can be freely eaten. After the dry milk period 15 days, it can be fed according to perinatal nutrition requirements. Because the dry milk period coincides with the late pregnancy of multiparous cows, it is also the fastest period for fetal growth and development. At this time, the contents of amino acids and protein should be appropriately increased in the nutritional mix. The reference formula of concentrated feed for dry cows: corn 33%, soybean meal 37%, wheat bran 25%, salt 1% and trace elements 4%.