I. Business strategy
On the relationship between organizational structure and strategy, on the one hand, the reality of enterprise organizational structure must be considered in the formulation of strategy. famous
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Chandler pointed out: strategy determines structure. On the other hand, once the strategy is formed, the organizational structure should be adjusted accordingly to meet the requirements of strategy implementation.
Different strategic choices affect the organizational structure at two levels: different strategies require different business activities, which will affect the design of management positions; The change of strategic focus will lead to the change of the work focus of the organization and the change of the importance of various departments and positions in the organization, so it is required to adjust the relationship between management positions and departments accordingly.
According to the degree of risk:
1. Enterprise leaders who choose "conservative strategy" may think that the environment faced by enterprises is relatively stable, and there is no big growth and change in demand, and emphasize the standardization of management and production in organizational design. The specific performance is as follows:
A, implement an organizational structure characterized by strict division of labor
B, highly centralized control
C, standardized rules and procedures
D, strict planning system centered on cost and efficiency
E production experts and cost control experts play an important role in management, especially in top management. F: Information communication is mainly vertical.
2. Leaders who choose "risk strategy" may think that the environment is complex and changeable, the demand is growing rapidly, the market is changing rapidly, and opportunities and challenges coexist. The characteristics of this organizational structure:
First, the standardization of organizational structure is low.
B. Decentralized control
C. the plan is broad and flexible.
D, information communication is mainly horizontal.
E. Top management is mainly led by marketing experts and product development and research experts.
3. "Analytical strategy" is between the above two, and it strives to maintain a proper balance between the two, so its organizational structure design is both rigid and flexible.
According to business aspects:
The diversification strategy of an enterprise means that the business content of the enterprise involves many businesses, and a highly diversified strategy requires a more flexible organizational structure. This requires a decentralized organizational structure, which is relatively loose and has more asynchrony and flexibility. Under this organizational structure, there are relatively few links between diversified businesses, and the core processes can be managed in parallel. Only in this way can we promote the implementation of diversification strategy as a whole, such as the division system.
When implementing a single business strategy or a low-cost strategy, it requires the organizational structure to reduce operating costs and improve overall operating efficiency. At this time, enterprises can choose a more centralized organizational structure, such as linear functional system, which is usually more mechanical.
Second, the business environment
The external environment refers to the industry characteristics, market characteristics, economic situation, government relations, natural environment and so on. Environmental factors can affect the design of organizational structure from two aspects, namely, environmental complexity and environmental stability. The influence of external environment on organizational structure can be reflected in three different levels, namely, the overall characteristics of the organization, the relationship between departments, and the design of posts and departments.
The more complex and changeable the environment, the more emphasis should be placed on adaptability and non-programmed decision-making ability in organizational design. This is why in this case, small-scale enterprises with simple structure have stronger adaptability than large enterprises. Organizations in a highly destructive environment need to reduce management levels, strengthen inter-departmental coordination and departmental authorization, and weaken internal control. It is necessary to maintain certain flexibility and elasticity in the structure, so as to make the enterprise more adaptable.
When the economic environment is relatively stable, enterprises pursue cost-effectiveness, often with large scale and complex organizational structure. In a stable environment, the mechanistic organizational framework can be adopted, and the rules, procedures and power levels within the organization are obvious, and the degree of centralization of the organization is obviously enhanced.
Third, the scale of the enterprise and the development stage of the enterprise
Enterprise scale is an important factor affecting enterprise organizational design. There are obvious differences in the internal structure of enterprises of different scales. With the continuous expansion of enterprise scale, the content of enterprise activities is becoming more and more complex, the number of people is gradually increasing, the professional division of labor is constantly refined, and the number of departments and posts is gradually increasing. These will directly lead to the increase of organizational structure complexity.
The larger the enterprise scale, the more things that need coordination and decision-making, and the larger the management scope. However, managers' time and energy are limited. This contradiction will prompt enterprises to increase management level and delegate more power. Therefore, the expansion of enterprise scale will make the hierarchical structure, departmental structure and functional structure of the organization change accordingly.
It is worth noting that the expansion of enterprise scale will correspondingly increase the rigidity of organizational operation and reduce its flexibility. The increasing number of personnel and departments requires enterprises to carry out standardized management. Enterprises will formulate detailed rules and regulations to regulate the control of employees and departments through strict procedures and written work, so it is easy for companies to adopt mechanical organizational structure.
Fourth, business characteristics
If an enterprise has a variety of businesses, it requires the organization to have corresponding resources and management means to meet the needs of the business, so there will be more departments or posts, more people will be needed, and the organization will be relatively complex. Generally speaking, the more business types, the more internal departments or positions are set.
The closer the business relationship of an enterprise is, the more it needs to consider the interaction between departments and the business within departments, and the less it can adopt decentralized organization. In this case, linear functional system or matrix organization is more suitable. Generally speaking, the greater the business relevance, the more comprehensive management is needed.
If the business connection of an enterprise is not close, or the degree of dispersion between businesses is high, the less the connection between departments or positions in the organization, the stronger the independence of departments or positions. Under this operating condition, enterprises should adopt the organizational structure of division system and give more power to subordinate departments. When the business relevance is low, different policies and different management requirements can be adopted for each business to carry out decentralized management.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) technical level
The activities of the organization need to adopt certain technology and special means to reflect a certain level of technology. The level of technology and technical equipment not only affects the effectiveness and efficiency of organizational activities, but also affects the content division and post setting of organizational activities, and puts forward requirements for the quality of staff. For example, the computerization of information processing will definitely change the working form and nature of accounting, clerical and archival departments in organizations.
Some enterprises have strong technical strength, and they regard technological innovation and development as the foundation of enterprise development. At this time, the key of organizational structure is to consider the development of technology, and organizational design is also based on technology and its development and innovation. When technology can bring high profits, the management and utilization of technology is very important. Technology management has become the core issue and main line of enterprise organization. The more complex the production technology, the more complex the vertical division of labor of the organizational structure, which will lead to the increase of the departmental structure of the organization, thus increasing the workload of horizontal coordination of enterprises.
In traditional enterprises, the technology of each enterprise is similar, and the main profit point of the enterprise is not technology, so technology will not affect the establishment of enterprise organizations too much, and the establishment of organizations will consider channel management and cost reduction more, and take these factors as the main line of organizational design. Therefore, the standardized coordinated control structure can be considered for this kind of high inertia work, and the organizational structure has high formality and centralization.
Human resources of intransitive verbs
Human resources are the basis for the smooth implementation of organizational structure. In the design of organizational structure, insufficient consideration of the influence of personnel quality will lead to more serious problems. The quality of employees includes values, intelligence, understanding, self-control and working ability. With the improvement of the quality of employees, their working ability and needs will also change. For high-quality employees, the management system should be more flexible. For example, flexible working hours, flexible workplace (such as home office), more decision-making participation rights and attractive salary and welfare plans.
The situation of human resources will have an impact on the hierarchical structure of enterprises. If the professional level, leadership experience and organizational ability of managers are strong, the scope of management can be appropriately expanded, and accordingly, the management level will be reduced.
The situation of human resources will have an impact on the departmental structure of enterprises. If the division system is implemented, it is necessary to have a candidate with comprehensive leadership ability as the division manager. If the matrix structure is implemented, the candidate for project manager requires high prestige and good interpersonal relationship to adapt to the characteristics of more responsibilities and less rights.
The status of human resources will also have an impact on the power structure of enterprises. Enterprise managers have high management level, comprehensive management knowledge, rich experience and good professional ethics, and can delegate more management power.
Seven. Information construction
With the popularization and development of network technology, the foundation of enterprise organization has changed greatly. The development of e-commerce technology has greatly improved the efficiency of information processing. Every terminal in the enterprise network can obtain comprehensive data and information at the same time. The application of various computer-aided means makes the role of middle managers weaker and weaker. Network technology enables senior managers of enterprises to filter the original information formed by grass-roots institutions in time and at low cost through network systems. Therefore, when building a high-level information system, enterprises should adjust their organizational structure in time and adopt a flat organizational structure to adapt to the emerging e-commerce operation mode, reduce middle-level managers, improve efficiency and reduce internal management costs.
Information technology has fundamentally changed the business process of enterprises, reformed the resource structure and the labor combination relationship required by enterprise operation, and greatly enhanced the importance of information resources. The design of organizational structure should be freed from the original huge, complex and rigid state. Such an organization is more conducive to the flow of information and tends to simplify.