At present, there are more than 280,000 clinical psychologists, social workers and mental nurses in the United States, and there is about one psychologist for every 1000 Americans. Psychologists are also divided into many grades. To be a psychologist who can prescribe medicine and do psychotherapy, he must be a medical college graduate or above, majoring in psychology. At the same time, he should be a relatively healthy person and be able to properly handle his own psychological conflicts. This is not an easy task. In contrast, a doctor of psychology can only do psychological counseling and treatment, but can't prescribe medicine. Master students can also do psychotherapy, but they cannot do psychological tests.
Federal Republic of Germany: As the Federal Republic of Germany is one of the developing places of modern psychology and psychiatry, the discipline of medical psychology has a high academic level and working foundation. However, after World War II, psychologists and psychiatrists disappeared completely, and psychology based on psychodynamics was ruthlessly destroyed. It was not until 1950 that psychology entered the university as an independent discipline, and medical psychology gradually recovered and developed. According to 1986 China scholars' visiting data, all universities in the Federal Republic of Germany have psychology departments. According to the statistics of four universities alone, there are 2300 undergraduates in psychology department. More than 60% of them study clinical psychology. After graduation, most of them will work in psychiatric hospitals, institutions for the prevention and treatment of mental illness, vocational selection institutions of various schools, enterprises, juvenile reformatories and various judicial institutions. At present, there are more than 20,000 clinical psychologists engaged in clinical psychology full-time, forming a considerable professional team. The focus of the work is psychotherapy and psychological counseling to help people solve various psychological contradictions and conflicts and eliminate various psychological obstacles that have occurred. Because the government attaches great importance to mental health, there are special departments and inpatient departments for all kinds of mental patients, drug addicts and alcoholics in mental hospitals and general hospitals, so that everyone in need and people with psychological problems can get necessary treatment, including various forms of psychotherapy. In addition, he also participated in the research on the etiology and pathogenesis of psychosomatic diseases and comprehensive treatment measures including psychotherapy. This kind of work accounts for 80-90%, and the rest 10-20% is engaged in psychological tests to evaluate and identify people's psychological problems. Because Freud's psychoanalytic therapy has a deep foundation in the federal country, there are only 12 psychoanalytic research institutes. Most of their psychotherapy methods are developed on this basis, but the form and content are quite different from the original methods. In addition, family therapy is booming. It is often twice the result with half the effort to treat patients by improving their family environment and interpersonal relationships among members. Various popular psychotherapy in the United States, such as behavioral therapy, biofeedback therapy, hypnotherapy and relaxation training, have been carried out in the Federal Republic of Germany to varying degrees.
According to the data of K.Hassel 1983, among the four Nordic countries, Denmark and Norway developed psychology earlier, and established psychology laboratories and psychology research institutes in 1894 and 19 19 respectively. The Danish Psychological Society has nearly 65,438+0,500 members, one third of whom are engaged in clinical psychology in schools, hospitals and clinics. Norwegian psychology is deeply influenced by psychoanalysis, and its clinical psychology is developed on this basis. It takes five years of further study to engage in clinical psychology. This study is divided into two steps, each of which takes about two and a half years. The first step is to further study theory and methodology in the basic course of psychology; The second step is practical training, which is divided into five semesters. In the first semester, I studied professional skills such as psychological diagnosis in mental hospitals and university psychological clinics, and had two weeks of internship. In the second semester, besides the first semester, I also taught the course of learning problems and education-psychological diagnosis and consultation, and worked as an intern in the psychology department of a school for three weeks. In the third semester, we began to treat patients or counselors' problems under the guidance of qualified teachers. Courses of study include psychopharmacology, environmental therapy, clinical neuropsychology, industrial and organizational psychology, and a nine-week internship in the outpatient department and ward of a mental hospital. In the fourth semester, I studied community clinical psychology, psychotherapy research, organizational psychology and school sociology, and worked as an intern in the neuropsychology clinic. In the fifth semester, there is no formal course, and students finish their papers and prepare for graduation exams. Psychologists who have received the above training are qualified to engage in clinical and psychological treatment. The identification and appointment of clinical psychologists is the responsibility of the Norwegian Psychological Society. To obtain this title, you need to be engaged in clinical practice in two different institutions for at least five years, or work full-time in the same institution for at least two "five years". Clinical psychology in Sweden started late, but developed very rapidly. 1969 The new psychology teaching plan requires students to receive three years of basic college education. Starting from 1972, the course will be added for two years. Additional courses are divided into two parts: theory and practice. The method of combining theory with practice is adopted to cultivate students' ability and experience in psychological evaluation, psychotherapy and mental health. After working in a social health institution for another year, you can be recognized by the government and become a clinical psychologist. In the early 1970s, psychotherapy occupied a dominant position in Sweden. 1978, the government adopted a proposal on psychotherapy training for graduate students. The whole training is divided into two stages: the first stage is basic training to help students expand their knowledge and improve their work skills, and the third semester includes discussion (240 hours), individual and group guidance (60 ~ 120 hours) and individual and group psychotherapy (170 hours). After this stage of training is completed, you need to practice. The second stage is psychotherapy and comprehensive training, which lasts for six semesters, including lectures (460 hours), individual supervision (100 hours), group supervision (200 hours), individual psychotherapy (750 hours) and group psychotherapy (160 hours). Through training, students have mastered advanced university theoretical knowledge. Not only has the ability to engage in practical activities, but also can guide therapeutic activities and serve as a consultant in psychological and social activities. Clinical psychology in Finland was formed very late. It was not until 1980 that the plan for training clinical psychologists was worked out, and the evaluation of professional titles was the responsibility of the Finnish Psychological Association. You can get a master's degree by passing the exam, and then you have to complete three years of practical courses before you can carry out clinical work.
Soviet Union: The course of medical psychology began in the second year of college. In medical colleges and universities, there are medical psychology textbooks compiled under the auspices of the Ministry of Health. In the past, this branch of clinical psychology was not mentioned in relevant literature, because some works of western clinical psychology, such as psychological tests, were criticized by Soviet psychologists as bourgeois psychology. But with the change of time, the medical psychology of the Soviet Union has also changed. Some contents of clinical psychology can be seen in the textbooks published by medical colleges from 65438 to 0984. The textbook thinks that medical psychology should broadly include the following contents:
1. Basic laws of patients' psychology (evaluation of normal psychology, transient psychology and chronic disease psychology); The psychology of doctors (the psychology of medical workers); Medical psychology (psychological characteristics, defect psychology, etc. Patients with clinical diseases).
2. Interaction between body and mind and interaction between body and mind.
3. About personality (personality and diseases and personality changes unique to some diseases). The influential mental health service personnel with professional qualifications in Japan are: clinical psychologists and industrial professionals.
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university
, school
School Psychologists and Family Psychology
, clinical development
Health psychologist,
Teacher. Personnel qualifications are certified by various academic organizations. Clinical psychologists have the greatest influence, 17000 people.
Clinical psychologists need to take the following courses:
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Central therapy,
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, game therapy,
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Treatment,
Group therapy);
(
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, study
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Family psychology); Philosophy, culture and religion;
. Every five years
Once.
Undergraduate education in psychology includes:
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, psychological statistics. Also includes:
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Wait a minute. Also includes:
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, speech psychology,
, youth psychology,
Wait a minute.
If you want to be a qualified industrial psychologist.
, must undergo strict qualification training and certification. Junior counselors must have a bachelor's degree in psychology, intermediate counselors start with a master's degree, and senior counselors are doctors. Such as non-psychology undergraduate, master, doctor, must have many years of work experience and pass the strict
Study, training and strict examination.