Introduction to 0
As the core work of the construction market, the main purpose of bidding is to choose a contractor with good reputation, strong technical force and the ability to perform the contract at a lower price. The bidding process is actually a contract signing process. The Bidding Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) came into effect on June 65438+1 October1,2000, which clearly stipulated the methods of bid evaluation and winning the bid: the bid of the successful bidder should "meet the substantive requirements of the bidding documents, and the evaluated bid price is the lowest; Except that the bid price is lower than the cost. " How to determine the cost price (or reasonable low price) has become the focus and difficulty of bidding work. What is the cost price? At present, there are many understandings in various places, mainly in the following two ways: one is the lowest cost price relative to the social average level; The other is the individual cost price of each enterprise decided by the enterprise itself. It is believed that the latter is the real cost price, which can be determined according to the specific requirements of the bidding documents, the difficulty of project construction (including specific construction methods and technologies) and the operating costs of the enterprise itself. Only the latter can fully reflect the price competition in the construction market.
1 construction project quota and quota
The pre-tender estimate based on relevant budget quota, charging standard and relevant documents, as well as the price of equipment and materials mainly based on the information price published by the government cost management department, should be used as the upper limit of bid evaluation, that is, all bidding quotations should not be higher than the pre-tender estimate. The pre-tender estimate is only used as the control price of the tenderer and as a reference in bid evaluation, that is to say, the budget quota that has been used as a legal basis for a long time is only used as a reference for compiling the tender offer. Only in this way can the real price competition in the construction market be formed. Because the norm is based on the general construction method, regardless of the size of the project, the difficulty of the project, the difference of construction technology and the management level of the construction enterprise, it reflects the average advanced level of society, and it integrates the general possible situations in construction into the norm as a "unified price". In fact, in practice, some practices in the quota may not happen or change. In order to improve labor efficiency, new technologies or more economical construction methods are often used instead, so the actual cost is lower than the cost included in the quota. Such as excavation, slope is included in the quota, but it is not necessary to slope according to the digging depth, soil quality and groundwater level during construction. Another example is manual excavation or mechanical excavation, the prices of which are far from each other, so different construction schemes will produce different cost prices.
2. The quotation and bidding of construction projects shall be priced by bill of quantities.
In order to fully reflect the price competition, we must implement the separation of quantity and price and the valuation of bill of quantities. The so-called bill of quantities refers to the partial bill of quantities of all projects calculated according to the legal calculation method (rules) provided by the tender unit in the tender documents. The unit price and total price of each item and single item in the bill of quantities need to be calculated and filled in, and the project that the bidder fails to fill in the unit price and total price will not be paid, and it is deemed that the cost has been included in other unit prices or total prices in the bill of quantities. Each construction enterprise can quote different prices according to the geographical location, construction difficulty, own ability and local relevant documents of different projects. After adopting the bill of quantities, the bid evaluation has the same basis, and the rationality of the lowest bid price is easier to judge, which can better reflect the principles of openness, fairness and impartiality. Of course, the calculation method of engineering quantity referred to here is different from the measurement method stipulated in the original quota. The bill of quantities is not a "list" after the quota number, unit price and total price are removed from the traditional quota book, but a traditional "list". Because the amount of the application is exactly the same, there is no difference in the charging standards. Theoretically, the prices compiled by all construction enterprises should be exactly the same, only the differences caused by different preferential margins. This is not conducive to market competition, to the improvement of construction technology and to the improvement of management level.
3 When evaluating bids, the "technical bid" is linked with the "commercial bid"
In bid evaluation, "technical bid" and "commercial bid" are usually completely separated, and their scores are only added when the total scores are added. The project cost is not directly related to the construction technology. No matter what construction scheme is adopted, the "commercial standard" can only be applied to the quota and related charging standards. In fact, when preparing the tender, it is a set of people to prepare the quotation, and it is also a set of people to prepare the construction organization design. There is no combination between the two. If the bid is won at a reasonable low price, the construction enterprise can set its own price, and it is bound to quote a reasonable price definition in combination with the specific construction plan. For example, in scaffolding engineering, floor scaffolding is generally used in the quota, and the height of the building is as high as it is. In the general high-rise construction scheme, cantilever scaffolding is likely to be used, and the cost of the two is of course different.
Some engineering projects can mainly review commercial bids. Although for some large and medium-sized projects or some projects with complex technology and difficult construction, the bidder's quotation, time limit, quality and construction scheme will be comprehensively evaluated and quantitatively scored to comprehensively measure the bidder's comprehensive strength; However, for some projects with small scale, low construction difficulty and mature technology, we can directly win the bid at a reasonable low price, mainly to evaluate a business bid. Such as ordinary houses and office buildings. This method can be adopted as long as the qualification of the construction enterprise allows, the reputation is good, and it can respond to the bidding documents (that is, after compliance evaluation).
4 The contractor shall constantly update the technology and master relevant information.
The contractor shall prepare the internal quota of the enterprise as soon as possible, and keep developing with the update of technical specifications. For the time being, we can't establish a perfect enterprise internal quota, but we should actively accumulate a set of historical information about quotation for future reference. Get as much information about competitors as possible in each bid, so as to know yourself and yourself.
5 Determination of the lowest cost price
Judging whether it is lower than the enterprise cost price means judging whether the lowest bid price is lower than the enterprise cost price among all the bids that meet the substantive requirements of the bidding documents, and determining the lowest bid price on this basis. The same project and the same contractor should have a certain "cost" corresponding to a certain construction scheme. But different contractors may have different fees. The determination of the cost price of specific enterprises can be measured from the following angles:
(1) From the perspective of enterprise cost. This can be mainly measured from the aspects of internal management level, business ability, the number and ability of managers, etc. Due to the differences in management level, organization setting, management efficiency and quality of managers, the expenditure of management fees in an enterprise is different, and each enterprise should have its own management costs. The level of management ability is the main symbol of enterprise competitiveness.
(2) From the perspective of construction technology and construction difficulty. Different projects should have different construction schemes and targeted technical measures. Such as the use of templates, steel molds or wooden molds, and if wooden molds are used, what is the turnover number; Whether to use tic-tac-toe frame or tower crane for vertical transportation. For example, whether the project should be constructed across winter, if the construction period is short, the increase of winter construction cost can be ignored; Well point dewatering method or open ditch water collecting well drainage method is used for foundation pit drainage, and the cost is different because of different methods. In order to improve their competitiveness, contractors will of course adopt advanced and low-cost construction methods (relatively speaking, in order to increase potential profits), which not only facilitates the construction, but also reduces the project cost and improves the comprehensive economic benefits of society.
(3) From the market situation. Although the material consumption of a specific project is relatively fixed, the consumption of engineering quantity is naturally determined by the project, which has nothing to do with each enterprise, but its price fluctuates up and down, especially the ground materials, which has a great relationship with its transportation distance; In addition, there will be great differences in prices between local workers and foreign workers. Therefore, the basic unit price of project cost is static, and their basic price (mainly reflecting the market level) is dynamic. Because of their high proportion in the cost, they constitute the main body of the single cost price of an enterprise, and also reflect the management level of an enterprise.
(4) From the perspective of engineering risk. Generally speaking, the longer the construction period, the more unpredictable and uncontrollable factors, and the greater the project risk, which cannot be ignored in bid evaluation.
(5) While quoting according to the bill of quantities, if conditions permit, new design or construction schemes and rationalization suggestions can be put forward to reduce the project cost.
(6) From the perspective of strategic management, is it necessary to enter the market? Or to occupy the market? Maybe some contractors are temporarily unprofitable for long-term interests, but in order to occupy the market. As long as it does not violate the anti-unfair competition law, it should also be allowed to win the bid at a low price.
In order to promote the process of winning the bid at a reasonable low price as soon as possible, in addition to further improving the design documents and bidding documents, some related supporting measures must also keep up. Although many owners hope to win the bid at a low price, they still have doubts, mainly because they are afraid of delaying the construction period, causing contract disputes, increasing unreasonable claims, or cutting corners and failing to meet the national quality acceptance standards. At present, the relevant state departments are stepping up the formulation and implementation of laws and measures in this regard, such as bid guarantee, performance guarantee, payment guarantee, confidentiality, bidding agency and supervision system. It is believed that with China's entry into WTO, the construction market is becoming more and more standardized, the bidding system is constantly improving, and winning the bid at a reasonable low price will be widely recognized by the majority of owners, contractors and regulatory authorities.
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