? On June 20 19, the State Council, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China promulgated the Opinions on Deepening the Reform of Education and Teaching and Improving the Quality of Compulsory Education in an All-round Way. In June, 2065438+010, the Ministry of Education issued "Opinions on Strengthening the Proposition Work of Junior Middle School Academic Level Examination". In addition, the Chinese core literacy extracted from the Chinese Curriculum Standard for Ordinary Senior High Schools (20 17 edition) has a great influence on Chinese teaching in junior high schools. The junior high school academic level examination (hereinafter referred to as "senior high school entrance examination") is being reformed nationwide, and the principle of proposition has changed greatly, from the view of knowledge to the view of ability to the view of accomplishment now. As far as the Chinese examination paper for the senior high school entrance examination is concerned, the proposition of taking literacy as the purpose is to highlight the core literacy of Chinese subject, with the construction and application of language, the development and promotion of thinking, aesthetics and creation, and the inheritance and understanding of culture as the starting point and destination.
? Practical writing is an article biased towards practical needs, which is widely used in our lives and has the characteristics of being concise, easy to understand, distinctive in the times and strong in practicality. The examination of practical writing reading is an indispensable part of the Chinese test paper in the senior high school entrance examination, such as reading multiple-choice questions, expository texts, or argumentative essays. 202 1 how to prepare for the practical text reading of senior high school entrance examination from the perspective of literacy, around the core literacy of Chinese subject?
? First, the preparation of explanatory reading.
Explanatory texts mostly introduce natural science or social science, that is, popular science texts. Explanatory reading focuses on the ability of candidates to understand the text content, extract information, sort out the order, analyze skills and analyze language. These exams mainly test the language use and thinking ability of Chinese core literacy. To answer the explanatory reading questions, we must first carefully read the language materials of the text, extract information, understand the content and analyze methods, in order to answer effectively. So these are the most basic and core qualities of Chinese-directly examining the ability of language construction and application. The arrangement of the explanation sequence, the analysis of the explanation content and skills, etc. Pay attention to students' logical thinking and critical thinking ability. In this series of investigations, it shows that the rich content of the text itself will also penetrate the related content of aesthetics and cultural inheritance.
? ? 1. Understand words and text content. Understanding, analyzing, inferring and exploring the important words, sentences and texts in the text is a key point in the examination of expository texts. Traditional multiple-choice questions, such as "the following understanding and analysis of the original content is correct", are the understanding and analysis of the text content or the whole, or part, or concept, or words. On the surface, this kind of topic examines the understanding and analysis of the content of the article, but in fact it examines the understanding and analysis of the accuracy of the text language expression. This requires careful reading of the article, especially the places related to the options, in-depth understanding of the original text, careful verification of the original expression and option expression, so as to select the options that meet the requirements. In addition to multiple-choice questions, there are also content comprehension questions in the short answer questions, such as Harbin VolumeNo. 12 in 2020: "Write the meaning of the word' spreading branches and leaves' in the second paragraph." This paper investigates the specific meaning of the word "spreading branches and leaves" in the text. To know the meaning of the word itself, understand the specific meaning of the word in the text in combination with the context. Xianning, Hubei Province in 2020 Volume 9: The article focuses on the reduction of Arctic sea ice. Why is the author's title "Ice-free Summer in the Arctic Ocean"? Please answer simply according to the content of the article. On the surface, this question is to examine the reasons for the title system, but in fact it is to examine the understanding of the text content. Only when we have a thorough understanding of the text content can we give a brief answer by combining the full text content and grasping the characteristics of the topic. Therefore, the key to preparing for this kind of test questions is to read carefully, clearly explain the object and accurately understand the original intention.
? 2. Extract information and summarize the main points. The extraction and integration of text information and the generalization of part or all of the text are also the contents that are often examined in explanatory texts. This is mainly to examine students' ability to extract information, summarize meaning and think. Nanchong, Sichuan, 2020 Volume 2 1: "Why does this article say that human beings originated from a fish? Please summarize it briefly. "This requires extracting the main points of information from the full text, and then making a brief summary. The main contents of this paper are as follows: (1) Kunming fish is the earliest animal to produce chordates, and the vertebrates to which people belong are all evolved from chordates; In the early stage of human embryo, the morphology is very similar to that of fish, with branchial cleft. Grasping these two points, or the original sentence, or a brief summary, is the answer required by this question. In Suzhou, Jiangsu Province in 2020, the question 14: "At the end of the first paragraph of the article, it is said that insect-borne plants will' naked reveal the nature of utilitarianism'. Please summarize the specific performance of this utilitarianism. " This topic examines the extraction and generalization of a piece of information. This passage mainly describes that insect-borne plants attract insects and spread pollen with obvious petals, rich honey fragrance and bright colors. To prepare for this kind of topic, it is necessary to repeatedly train the ability to grasp key sentences and summarize the meaning of paragraphs when reading, and be good at grasping the beginning, summary and key paragraphs in the text, or extracting or summarizing the main points, so as to extract the required information and sort out and integrate it according to the requirements of the topic.
? 3. Sort out the order and structure. It is the key to examine candidates' thinking ability, especially under the background of Chinese core literacy, to sort out the writing ideas and explanation order and analyze the text structure. Jiangxi VolumeNo. 19 in 2020: "What kind of interpretation order does the article adopt to introduce the formation of mountains? Try to analyze it. "The general logical order is abstract and needs careful analysis by students. This paper adopts logical order. Firstly, the types of mountains and the driving force of mountain formation-internal force are briefly introduced, and then the formation process and scale of folded mountains, fault-block mountains and volcanoes are introduced in order from main to secondary. This order is clear, structured and easy to understand. Guangdong Province VolumeNo. 12 in 2020: "The thought of selecting articles is clear, And _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _. The topic is obviously a logical sequence, so it is necessary to read the full text carefully, grasp the key information, sort out the ideas of the article and organize the language to summarize, which are the three main points of "the reasons for developing Beidou system, the unique service function of Beidou system and the application status of Beidou system". To answer such questions, we must first understand the basic knowledge of logical order. Logical order refers to explaining things or things one by one according to their inherent logical relationship, or from individual to general, or from concrete to abstract, or from main to secondary, or from phenomenon to essence, or from cause to result, or from concept to application. Secondly, we should read through the text, think and summarize from the perspective of logical thinking, extract the main points of information and grasp the key sentences. Finally, organize the language and summarize the meaning of the text, or use the sentences in the text, or organize the sentences yourself and summarize the explanations.
? 4. Distinguish and explain methods and functions. The analysis of explanation method and its function is one of the common questions in the explanation reading test. This is the main test to reflect the stylistic features of expository writing. Title 17, Dezhou Volume, Shandong Province, 2020: "This article adopts various interpretation methods, please take the third paragraph as an example and make a brief analysis." This is to find out the interpretation method used in the third paragraph first, and then analyze its function. For example, this passage illustrates that Beidou system is stable, accurate and easy to use with examples, taking farmland operations in Sichuan and Gansu as examples; For another example, this paragraph also adopts the interpretation method of column number, and the associated output value brought by Beidou system reaches 228.4 billion yuan, which shows that the economic value brought by Beidou system is huge. Question 20 of Jiangxi Volume in 2020: "The article uses the interpretation methods of classification and column number in many places, and tries to find an example to illustrate its function." This topic is named explanation methods, and it is required to find examples of these explanation methods from the text to explain their functions. For example, the paper introduces the formation of mountains by classification, and introduces the formation process and scale of folded mountains, fault-block mountains and volcanoes according to the three types of mountains, so as to make the classification clear. For example, when introducing "volcano", the article uses the explanation method of column number to say that "the relative height of large volcano can reach 4000 ~ 5000 meters, and the diameter of crater is several hundred meters; The relative height of the small volcano is less than 100 meter. " These concrete figures give a concrete and accurate impression. To solve this kind of problems, we must first be familiar with various interpretation methods and be able to distinguish their functions one by one. Then it is necessary to combine the specific content of the selected text (some questions are underlined with explanation methods under the sentence, others are not, so you need to find them yourself), and then determine the explanation methods used in combination with the context, and analyze their functions here. The answer is this, and so is preparing for the exam.
? 5. Analyze the accuracy of the language. The analysis and grasp of the use of words and language features is a common content of expository writing, and the accurate grasp of the language features of expository writing is also the basis of Chinese core literacy. Question 19 of Qiqihar Volume in Heilongjiang Province in 2020: "Can the word' now' added in paragraph 6 of the article be deleted? Why? " This is to examine the characteristics of expository language from the perspective of words. At present, there is a time limit. It shows that Huawei is in a leading position in 5G technology, with high cost performance and strong reliability, and has established a good trust relationship with operators, but it does not mean that Huawei must have such advantages in the future. If it is deleted, it is inconsistent with the facts. Therefore, it cannot be deleted. "At present" embodies the accuracy and rigor of the interpretation language.
? Question 20 of Hengyang Volume in Hunan in 2020 (2): Can the words added in the following sentences be deleted? Please analyze the reasons.
Plague was introduced into China from Lake Baikal along the Middle East Railway and spread rapidly around Harbin. In just four months, it spread to five provinces and six cities, killing more than 60 thousand people, and 5,272 people died in Harbin alone.
? Similarly, the word "short" emphasizes that the time is very short, indicating that pneumonic plague spreads quickly. If it is deleted, the meaning will not be expressed, and this word reflects the accuracy of the interpretation language.
? When we analyze a word, we should look at its meaning, context and content, and use this word to express the role of modification and restriction, so as to show the accuracy of the words used in the text. If we summarize the linguistic features of individual paragraphs or full texts, we should also summarize their linguistic features such as accuracy, strictness, conciseness and vividness from specific words, sentences and overall language style.
6. Migration and expansion and others. In addition to the above-mentioned main examination contents, explanations are often based on the migration and expansion of text content, or other aspects. Question 14 in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province in 2020: "What is the effect of inserting two charts in the text?" This is to examine the ability to read pictures and the role of charts in the text. From the content point of view, the chart vividly shows the severe situation of prevention and control of myopia among adolescents in China: Chart 1 shows that the myopia rate of adolescents in China is high at all stages and shows an upward trend, and Chart 2 shows that all the data of eye behavior habits of adolescents in China are not up to standard. From the formal point of view, the combination of graphics and text has changed the presentation of words, giving readers a good reading experience. Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 2020 Question 15: "A foreign ophthalmology society recommended the' 20-20-20' rule to protect eyesight, that is, every 20 minutes you look at a computer or mobile phone, you must look at an object 20 feet (6 meters) away for at least 20 seconds. Please explain the rationality of this provision in combination with the above knowledge. " This is to use the knowledge introduced in this paper, combined with this law, to illustrate its rationality. Belonging to migration, expansion and application. Liaocheng VolumeNo. 13, Shandong Province, 2020: "Besides drug epidemic prevention, please name two epidemic prevention measures." You need to combine your knowledge, list drugs to fight the epidemic, and take disinfection measures to kill viruses in the environment; Isolate the patient from the suspected infected person and cut off the route of transmission.
In short, the preparation of expository text should be understood, analyzed, summarized, summarized and generalized from the specific text reading.
? Second, the preparation of argumentative reading
? Among the senior high school entrance examination papers all over the country, only some examination areas examine argumentative reading. Because argumentative reading is not the focus of junior high school teaching after all, the exam is relatively simple and easy to understand. Argumentative reading is mainly about logical thinking ability and language application ability, that is, the basic examination of text arguments, arguments, arguments and structures.
? 1. Summarize the viewpoint of the article. To read an argumentative essay, we must first know what the central argument and the sub-argument are. Argumentative reading often tests the argument of the first question. Harbin, Heilongjiang in 2020, Question 20: "What is the central argument of this article?" In fact, the topic of the article "Positive energy helps people realize their ideals" is the central argument, which can be judged by reading the article. Gansu Tianshui Volume in 2020 1 1 "What is the central argument of this article? What role does it play in the full text? Looking at the central argument and its function, you will find that the first paragraph at the beginning ends like this: "I firmly believe that the word' dedication and happiness' is the only way for human life." Because the argument is put forward at the beginning, it plays a leading role in the whole text. This topic needs to be treated separately. Some articles have distinct arguments, which can be found directly from the articles, basically at the beginning or end of the article, and even the title itself is the central argument; The opinions of some articles need to be summarized according to the content, so we should focus on the full text or part, grasp the key sentences, grasp the central issue of discussion, and make an appropriate summary according to the requirements of the topic.
2. Analyze or supplement the argument. To prove an argument, you need to have certain arguments, which is also clear when reading. Gansu Tianshui VolumeNo. 13 in 2020: "Please add a factual argument to leye county in combination with the full text." In other words, supplementary factual arguments should meet the requirements of "happiness" and emphasize "interests". For example, supplementary facts show that the Curie couple have been extracting radium from tons of industrial waste for decades, which is very hard and boring. However, with the dream of discovering radium, they never felt bored and never complained. 2020 Dazhou Volume 2 1 Title: "If you add another argument to this article, which of the following materials should you choose?" Please explain the reason. "The test questions provide two materials: material one, describing the profound connotation of classic works, which is consistent with this article. So choose material one as an argument. Material 2 mainly discusses the advantages of "fragmented reading", which does not conform to the argument of this paper. For this kind of questions, we must first make clear the arguments of the text, and then we can choose the appropriate arguments. The choice of supplementary arguments must be appropriate and meet the requirements of the topic, which requires a certain amount of material accumulation and a clear understanding of the relationship between arguments.
? 3. Methods and functions of analysis and demonstration. As the focus of argumentative writing style knowledge, argumentative writing method is often examined. Question 12 in Tianshui Volume 2020, Gansu Province: "What is the argumentation method used in the underlined sentence in the third paragraph? What is the role? " This is an analysis of underlined sentences. First of all, this sentence is judged by examples. Re-analysis of its role: other examples of being a big president and pulling rickshaws in the sacredness of their careers are listed, and the view that "no career is not sacred, so no career is not respectable" is discussed, thus making the argument more specific and convincing. Gansu Wuwei Volume No.1 13 in 2020: "Analyze the argumentation methods used in the underlined sentences in the fourth paragraph and their functions." With the above problems, this paper demonstrates with examples, citing examples of the characteristics of Du Fu's poems, and specifically demonstrates that the typical works in Tang poetry and Song poetry can enhance our sentiment, temperament and personality realm, and have far-reaching educational functions and persuasiveness. To answer such questions, we must first understand the common argumentation methods, such as fact argumentation (example argumentation), reason argumentation (quotation argumentation), contrast argumentation, metaphor argumentation and so on. , master the role of different argumentation methods. Then, according to the requirements of the topic, the related contents in this paper are analyzed and expounded in detail.
? 4. Distinguish and demonstrate ideas and structures. The author's argumentation ideas and argumentation process constitute the argumentation structure of argumentative essays. This is the concrete expression of logical thinking in the text. 2020 Yancheng, Jiangsu VolumeNo. 13 Question: From what aspects does the article discuss "cleanliness is the best banner"? In fact, it is to sort out the argumentation ideas of the article and see from what aspects the article demonstrates the central argument, so as to clarify the structure of the theme part of the article. Gansu Tianshui Volume No.1 14 in 2020: "Briefly analyze the argumentation ideas of this article." It is to analyze the train of thought and structure of the full text and put forward the central argument at the beginning of the article. Then from the necessity of having a job, dedication and happiness, it is demonstrated by examples, reasoning and comparison. Finally, the full text is summarized by "responsibility" and "benefit", emphasizing that "a reasonable person's life should always be like this". This kind of questions is a test of logical thinking ability. It is necessary to sort out the reasoning ideas and processes of part or full text one by one, whether it is hierarchy, parallelism, comparison, total score, etc. It is necessary to master the characteristics of each structural form, analyze its argumentation structural form according to the reasoning ideas and processes, and complete the requirements of the questions.
? 5. Extension and expansion of the discussion. On the basis of a complete understanding of the selected articles, the content of the discussion is further extended. This kind of questions should be analyzed in detail according to the stem of the questions.
For example: Beijing Volume 2/KLOC-0 in 2020/:The following are materials about anti-epidemic. Please briefly explain how the materials reflect the spirit of the people of China.
Material: If all good practices are to be effective, they must have the collective will of the public. Because of this, China has the ability to deal with a new type of unknown virus through traditional public health interventions. -Bruce Aylward (Senior Adviser to the Director-General of the World Health Organization)
This requires us not only to combine the content of the article, but also to elaborate its spiritual essence according to the materials listed in the title. This material shows that the people of China fight the epidemic through traditional health intervention, and the premise of this method is the collective consciousness of the public and the spirit of obeying the overall situation. It can also be seen from the article that this spirit of "the whole people respond immediately under the command of the state" has contributed to the phased achievements in fighting the epidemic.
? This kind of topic, first of all, should have a thorough understanding of the issues discussed in the selected articles, and then explain them according to the requirements of the topic on this basis, which is open to some extent. However, it should be noted that the openness is based on the discussion of the selected texts, and no matter what the content scope of the selected texts is, it can not be expounded indefinitely. This is an examination of candidates' critical thinking and innovative thinking.
? The scope and depth of the examination of argumentative essays are limited, so it is enough to master the basic knowledge of argumentative essays and be able to read relatively simple argumentative essays in the process of reviewing and preparing for the exam.
? Practical articles involve many contents and a wide range of examinations. When reviewing for the exam, read more and practice more when you are familiar with the basic knowledge of the text, and improve your ability to answer the actual text reading questions through careful reading and repeated training. For the preparation of detailed knowledge points of practical articles, please refer to the analysis guidance and preparation tips of high-frequency test sites under various topics.
(Published in "202 1 High Score Reading in Senior High School Entrance Examination", published by Xuefa Newspaper)