1894, Stalin passed the Tbilisi Orthodox Middle School with excellent results and won a scholarship from the school.
Shortly after entering school, Stalin joined a secret study group. They secretly took the banned books to school to read them secretly. Later, he joined the "Messam Darcy" association, which is one of the earliest social democratic parties in Tbilisi. The Russian Social Democratic Party is the predecessor of the later Soviet * * * Production Party. They propagated Marxism and demanded the overthrow of the czar's autocratic system and social revolution.
1899 In May, 20-year-old Stalin left without saying goodbye from Tbilisi Orthodox Middle School. He didn't wait until he graduated from middle school. More than a month later, the school made a decision to expel him on the grounds that he did not take the exam for no reason and the reason was unknown.
Stalin left school forever and started a new life-a professional revolutionary.
190 1 year1month 1 1 day, the Social Democratic Party of Tbilisi held a congress. Stalin was elected as a member of this committee and sent him to Batumi to establish a party organization.
Batumi is a town with a population of 20,000 to 30,000, located on the Black Sea coast. It has convenient transportation and is the industrial center of Russia.
After Stalin arrived in Batumi, he mobilized workers and set up a secret printing factory.
The printing house is located in his residence. Type is put in matches and cigarette boxes. Stalin sat at his desk and wrote leaflets, and then handed them to the compositor. Leaflets and declarations were quickly distributed to the workers from this printing factory. That is, from this time on, he used Koba as his pen name and has been using it for a long time.
With Stalin's propaganda and encouragement, Batumi's workers began to strike and March in the streets.
The police tried their best to find the secret printing house. In order to avoid being discovered, Stalin moved the printing factory to an Abkhaz village on the outskirts of Batumi. For the sake of secrecy, the workers who come here to collect leaflets are all dressed in Caucasian women's clothes and veils. At first, the neighbors suspected that the money was printed by the printing machine and asked for a share. It was difficult for Stalin to explain to them what was going on, and he got help from local villagers.
Friday evening, April 5th 1902. Stalin and some comrades got together at a friend's house. During the party, it was suddenly discovered that Batumi guards not only surrounded the house, but also planted spies in the basement.
Stalin was smoking a cigarette and chatting with a friend. He said quietly, "Nothing." Say that finish, continue to smoke his cigarette. Soon after, the police broke into the house and arrested everyone in the house, including Stalin.
This is the first time Stalin was arrested in his career of professional revolution.
After several rounds of circulation, he was sentenced to exile for three years after more than a year. Exiles in the village of Xinwula, Irkutsk region, Siberia. After four months of escort, I arrived at my destination. But he quickly fled from exile, and Stalin secretly returned to Tbilisi in 1904+ 10.
At that time, he was 24 years old, which was the age of marriage and love. Stalin met Alexander Swanedzic at a secret intersection in Tbilisi. Alexander later introduced him to his sister, whose name was yekaterina Swanedzia.
The girl has the same name as Stalin's mother, both named yekaterina. Stalin soon married yekaterina. The wedding was held in secret in an Orthodox church, and my mother came from Gori specially to arrange the wedding.
Daughter-in-law is as pious as mother-in-law. She serves her husband wholeheartedly. Every night, while waiting for her husband who is busy with meetings, she keeps praying that he will get rid of the idea of offending God, work at home, behave and live quietly. Stalin never interfered with his wife's religious activities.
Ekaterina Svanidze is a very beautiful girl and a real housewife. For her, family is her whole life. Stalin is always busy and running around, but Stalin loves her. She also loves her husband very much. Whenever he comes home, she always looks at him with her big eyes, hoping that he can spend more time with him.
Stalin was covered in dust every time he came home. Although their time together is relatively short, they are very sweet.
1907, they had a boy named Yakov. Unfortunately, the young yekaterina Swanedya died before 1 year old when the child was born.
1905 12. Stalin attended the first all-Russian Bolshevik representative meeting in Finland as a representative of the Caucasian Union of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party. At this meeting, Lenin and Stalin met directly for the first time.
Many years later, Stalin talked about this meeting in a speech: I had hoped to meet Shan Ying of our party, a great man, not only politically tall, but also physically tall, because Lenin was a well-proportioned and handsome giant in my imagination at that time. How disappointed I was when I saw that he turned out to be a little man no different from ordinary people ... Usually, the "big man" was late for the meeting, which made the participants eagerly wait for his appearance, and before the "big man" appeared, the participants warned each other: "Shh ... keep quiet ... he came." I didn't think it was necessary. How disappointed I was when I learned that Lenin arrived earlier than the delegates and hid in a corner to have the most ordinary conversation with the most ordinary delegates attending the delegates' meeting! Later, I learned that Lenin's simplicity and humility, his unwillingness to show himself, or at least his unwillingness to attract attention and put on airs, were his greatest strengths.
Stalin praised Lenin's speech for its "invincible logical power", "extraordinary persuasiveness, simple and clear arguments and short and popular words".
1905 After the failure of the first Russian revolution, the tsarist system regained its foothold, the workers' movement declined sharply, the party organizations were severely damaged, many people left the party ranks, and the number of people in party member was greatly reduced.
In this situation, Stalin came to Baku and led the local workers to continue their struggle. He published many articles in Whistle that he participated in editing, insisting that oil companies must negotiate with representatives of the whole industry.
The wage system must be changed. What workers need is not a little more bonus, but a European wage system. Together with his comrades Ordzhonikidze and voroshilov, he led the oil workers against their employers. After the factory owner agreed to negotiate with representatives of the whole industry, he called on 50,000 Baku oil workers to elect their representatives, and the authorities promised to grant workers' representatives immunity.
Stalin and others also organized oil workers to strike many times, forcing factory owners to make concessions to workers.
The struggle in Baku attracted Lenin's attention. Especially those with positive struggle emotions, Lenin expressed great admiration. Stalin is becoming more and more famous in Baku. The reactionaries hated him so much that they sent a large number of policemen and detectives to find and follow him.
1on March 25th, 908, Stalin and his comrade-in-arms Ordzhonikidze were arrested at the same time and detained in Bailov prison in Baku.
Originally, Bailov prison could only accommodate 400 people. Now it is the darkest period of Russian rule before the October Revolution. By the time Stalin was arrested, 1500 people were detained here.
Prisoners sleep in crowded cells, corridors or stairs. Except for a few criminals with serious crimes, the doors are all open, and criminals and political prisoners can walk freely between houses in the yard.
Death row inmates eat and live with other prisoners, and the place of execution is in the prison yard. So you can always hear the cries of the dead and the cries of despair in your cell.
Watching people who might have just been together be taken to the yard and hanged, people were nervous, but Stalin was as cool as a cucumber. Vereshak, his fellow prisoner, recalled: "Buck slept soundly, or he read Esperanto quietly."
In prison, Stalin not only studied Esperanto, but also used his spare time to study, and continued to pay attention to the struggle of oil workers in Baku, constantly writing comments for Whistle and Baku proletarians.
He was held here for seven and a half months, and then sentenced to two years' exile in Livic Gotz, Vologda province. Suffering from typhus in exile, he didn't arrive in exile until the end of 1909. Soon, he fled the exile and returned to the capital, Petersburg, to start a new battle.
Stalin was arrested and sentenced to exile in Baku in 1908, and was arrested and exiled three times in 19 12. But he escaped every time, which was really disastrous in Stalin's revolutionary career.
In a prison sentence of 19 1 1, he was elected as a member of the Central Russian Bureau in absentia.
19 12 At the end of the year, Stalin was once again called to Krakow to attend a joint meeting chaired by Lenin. After some hardships, Stalin finally arrived in Krakow and attended the meeting as scheduled.
Stalin was arrested again because of the traitor's informer.
After living in Petersburg prison for five months, Stalin was sentenced to exile in the Turuhansk region, under public surveillance by the police for four years. Turuhansk Territory is a famous exile. Stalin was under extremely close surveillance there. At first, he intended to escape from the exile, but the increasingly close surveillance of the enemy made him give up the idea of escape.
19 17 In February, the famous February Revolution broke out in Russia. The tsarist system was completely overthrown, and Stalin's exile ended with the victory of the February Revolution.
Stalin was arrested seven times and exiled six times in his life, focusing on the period from 2000 to 2009, which really turned everything into steel.
After the February Revolution, the bourgeoisie launched the July Incident. The police accused Lenin and Zinoviev of being German spies, and the Bolsheviks encountered new setbacks and had to go underground.
The provisional government tried its best to persecute Lenin, saying that he was a spy sent by Germany and wanted him to surrender to the government, so Lenin could not appear in public.
Stalin undertook the task of arranging Lenin to go underground. Lenin hid in the home of the old Bolshevik Aliluyev for a few days.
The central Committee discussed whether Lenin and Zinoviev accepted the request of the interim government to "appear in court for trial", and everyone had different opinions, some in favor and some against it.
Lenin also hesitated, because he was afraid that if he evaded the trial, he would convince those who didn't know the truth of the charges against them.
Instead, Stalin advised them to hide. He said that the students could not escort Lenin to prison, and they would be killed on the way. Lenin must get reliable cover.
Facts have proved that Stalin was right. Once Lenin agrees to appear in court, the consequences will be very serious. Finally Lenin and Zinoveyev made up their minds to hide. After dark, Stalin personally put Lenin in makeup on the train, and Lenin lived in seclusion in a hut near a small railway station thousands of meters away from Petersburg.
Stalin became the secret liaison between Lenin and the Central Committee.
The October Revolution is approaching, the ranks of the Party are constantly expanding, and the tasks on Stalin's shoulders are even heavier. He is the head of Pravda and a member of the Executive Committee of all Russia and the Soviet Union.
Stalin worked nervously and didn't sleep well all day and all month. He often remembers that Baku oil workers often praise him for his strong will.
So he used Stalin as his pen name for a long time. Stalin means steel in Russian, and Stalin did have an iron will all his life.
19171kloc-0/0 On October 7, Lenin secretly returned to Petrograd and the CPC Central Committee held a secret meeting. At the meeting, Lenin firmly adhered to the judgment that "armed uprising is inevitable and the time is completely ripe".
Everyone's opinion is very different. Some people think that Lenin's plan is too urgent, too sudden and too dangerous. Zinoviev and Kamenev were especially alert and strongly opposed Lenin's thought.
In this debate, Stalin did not express himself too much, but at the critical moment of voting, he sided with Lenin, and Lenin's proposal to hold an armed uprising was passed by a majority.
Under the influence of Stalin, the meeting cancelled the proposal to expel them from the party, but Kamenev was removed from the editorial department of Pravda.
Stalin also raised objections and proposed "resignation" in protest. The Central Committee did not accept his resignation, and Kamenev remained in the editorial department of Pravda.
Stalin protected Kamenev and Zinoveyev organizationally, but stood firmly on Lenin's side in line and policy.
19171kloc-0/October 24th, Lenin once again secretly came to the Smolny Institute to take part in the command of the armed uprising. Under Trotsky's direct organization and command, the armed uprising was successful. The October Revolution overthrew the bourgeois provisional government, and the workers' Soviet monopolized the political power.
In the October Revolution, Lenin was the recognized leader, and Trotsky's role was second only to Lenin's.
1918165438+10. On 6 October, in order to commemorate the first anniversary of the victory of the October Revolution, Stalin published an article entitled "October Revolution" in Pravda, in which he said: The inspiration for the uprising was always the CPC Central Committee headed by Comrade Lenin. On the evening of October 24th, 65438/KLOC-0, he was invited to lead the general movement at Smolny Institute. All the actual organizational work of the uprising was completed under the direct command of Comrade Trotsky, Chairman of Petrograd Soviet. We can say exactly that the garrison troops soon came to the Soviet side, and the work of the Military Revolutionary Committee was done so well. The party believes that this is first attributed to Comrade Trotsky.
After the victory of the October Revolution, Stalin served as the People's Committee for Ethnic Affairs.
According to Trotsky's suggestion, the new people's regime does not follow the name of the minister of the interim government, and all ministers are renamed the people's committee to increase the visibility of the new regime.
Stalin began to form a new people's committee for ethnic affairs. Although he is a department of the Ethnic Affairs Commission, he doesn't even have a room now. Without desks and chairs, Lenin was only equipped with an assistant-Polish Peskovski.
At that time, the revolution had just won and everyone was very busy. Nothing, it's a mess. You have to do everything yourself.
Pestkovsky found an empty table in an empty room in the smolny institute. He pushed the table aside, put it down against the wall, and went to another room to find two chairs and put them aside. There is a piece of paper on the wall at the door, which reads "Ethnic Affairs Department of People's Committee".
Stalin also asked pest Kovsky to borrow 3000 rubles from Trotsky, a member of the Foreign People's Committee, as necessary funds. In this way, the People's Committee for Ethnic Affairs was established.
The only advantage of this office is that it is close to Lenin, which gives Stalin the opportunity to get in touch with Lenin and learn from him, and also makes it possible for Lenin to understand and help Stalin.
In fact, Stalin became Lenin's right-hand man in his first few days in power. His calm, decisive and effective handling ability was appreciated by Lenin.
Peskovski once recalled: "Lenin could not live without Stalin for a day ... During the day, Lenin always called Stalin away endlessly or took him away from our office. Stalin spent most of his time with Lenin. "
The Constituent Assembly was originally the consistent proposition of Lenin and his comrades-in-arms, who thought it was a measure to implement democracy.
However, as the Constitutional Convention approached, Lenin began to worry that the Bolsheviks would not have an advantage in the election, so the power of the new regime would be weakened.
The election result was as Lenin expected: the Bolsheviks only occupied 25% of the seats. This made Lenin and others feel unbearable. So he decided to cancel the constitutional convention, and Lenin made careful planning and preparation.
The Constitutional Convention was held in Farida Palace. At the first meeting of the Constituent Assembly, Sverdlov, on behalf of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, read out the Declaration on the Rights of Exploited Working People and asked the meeting to approve it.
After the resumption of the meeting, all the representatives of the Bolshevik Party and the left-wing social revolutionaries left the conference hall and withdrew from the Constituent Assembly.
When the other delegates came to the front of Tower Falida Palace to continue the meeting, they were stopped by the guards. Debinko, who was in charge of the guards, issued an order to the guards: "It is forbidden to continue the meeting of the Constituent Assembly."
In the face of Bolshevik's tough attitude, Menshevik and representatives of social revolutionaries were very angry, and they immediately organized demonstrations to protest. Lenin was ready for this, and Bolshevik Red Guards fired guns to disperse the parade.
Lenin immediately announced: "We hereby order the guards and sailors who perform health duties in the Tower Falida Palace not to take any violent actions against the counter-revolutionary members of the Constituent Assembly. Everyone should be allowed to leave the Tower Farida Palace freely. But no one is allowed to enter without special approval. "
In this way, the Constituent Assembly stopped its activities on June 5438+09 18+ 10/9.
Stalin was once again deeply encouraged by the swift and decisive action of dissolving the Constituent Assembly. He fully realized that it is extremely powerful to take necessary administrative measures in the political struggle. Even if the action seems rude, it can achieve the expected goal most quickly and effectively.
After the October Revolution, Stalin went to Helsinki as the special envoy of the Central Committee to attend the Finnish Social Democratic Workers' Party Congress. In his speech at the meeting, he stressed that Finland should solve its own problems according to the principle of national self-determination, and signed a decree on Finnish national independence with Lenin.
However, after Finland's independence, the Social Democratic Labor Party did not take power, and the political power was transferred to the Finnish bourgeoisie.
Therefore, Stalin's principle of national self-determination was criticized by some people in the party, who thought it was a surrender to petty-bourgeois nationalism.
Faced with various pressures, Stalin gave a new explanation to the principle of national self-determination when he gave a report on ethnic issues at the All-Russian Soviet Congress held in 5438+09 18+ 10. He said: the principle of self-determination must be interpreted as the self-determination of the working people of the nation, not the self-determination of the bourgeoisie. The principle of self-determination should be a means to strive for socialism and should be subordinated to the principle of socialism.
His new principle was verified in the later establishment of Ukraine.
The Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic was founded in19171212. At that time, Ukraine still had the Central Parliament, a joint institution of bourgeois and petty-bourgeois political parties and groups. The Ukrainian Soviet government fought fiercely with the Central Rada.
Ukraine did not become independent in the end, but joined the Russian Federation as a socialist autonomous Republic.
The victory of the October Revolution resounded through Europe, causing great hatred and panic in capitalist countries. They sent troops to intervene in an attempt to destroy the new Soviet Union in its cradle.
Not content with their demise, the overthrown ruling class in China organized self-defense forces to hold rebellion, and the whole country was filled with smoke. By the summer of 19 18, three-quarters of the territory of the Soviet Union had fallen into the hands of the enemy, and the Soviet countries were besieged on all sides.
The young Soviet Republic is in jeopardy. Facing the grim reality, Lenin put forward that "everything is for the front line" and declared the whole country to enter the wartime system. Moving the capital from Petersburg to Moscow, the citizens of Petrograd can only get an eighth pound of bread every day.
The wartime system includes: establishing 15 front armies to deal with the war; Implement military capitalism; All enterprises are nationalized; Cancel the market and private trade and implement the supply system; Implement the surplus grain collection system, set up armed grain collection teams, and forcibly collect the "surplus grain" in the hands of farmers; A Revolutionary Military Commission chaired by Trotsky was established to command all the battlefields in the country.
1965438+On June 6, 2008, Lenin sent Stalin as the Central Commissioner to tsaritsyn in southern Russia to collect food. Lenin gave Stalin full power, and local governments at all levels, military, railway, post and telecommunications, grain and other departments must carry out Stalin's orders.
The day after Stalin arrived in tsaritsyn, he told Lenin that there was chaos and speculation.
He immediately took effective measures: rationing and fixing food prices, dismissing corrupt and incompetent officials, dissolving unnecessary committees, and severely cracking down on those who robbed food trains. He promised Lenin that he would deliver 654.38 million tons of grain to Moscow within a week.
He decisively ordered that anyone who dared to rob food would burn their village to ashes, so that they would not dare to attack the train again.
Stalin was busy collecting grain here and sent five trains of grain to Moscow in five days.
In addition, Stalin also directly participated in military leadership. He led the District Military Commission, united the scattered troops, formed some new divisions, special forces and armored train columns, and established the workers' militia. In the face of danger, Stalin didn't panic, showing the boldness and fortitude of monopolizing power.
At the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, the Red Army was formed. In view of the lack of a large number of military experts in the Bolshevik Party, Trotsky proposed to add the old officers of the Tsar to the Red Army as commanders at all levels. Lenin agreed and adopted this proposal, but Stalin did not understand Lenin's intention and did not agree with it in his heart.
Stalin, who was in power in tsaritsyn, distrusted the old officers and withdrew them. The position of most people in the North Caucasus Military Region. Then they were arrested and imprisoned on a boat on the Volga River.
Trotsky sent a telegram immediately after hearing the news, demanding their release, but Stalin "ignored". The Supreme Military Council sent a fact-finding mission to tsaritsyn to investigate the matter. As a result, only the commander of the military region was released, and the rest of the arrested people sank into the Volga River together with their ships and people.
Since then, the differences between Stalin and the old officers have become more and more serious, and the friction has gradually escalated, which eventually led to the direct confrontation between Stalin and Trotsky.
To outdo each other, Lenin supported Trotsky's idea from the overall situation and sent Sverdlov to tsaritsyn to take Stalin back to Moscow by special train on behalf of the Central Committee. In order to appease Stalin, Lenin also made Stalin a member of the Revolutionary Military Commission.
1965438+In March 2009, Stalin attended the Eighth Congress of Russia. He was elected as a member of the Central Committee by a majority of votes, and was elected as a member of the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee and a member of the Organization Bureau at the meeting of the Central Committee after the Congress. Then, he was appointed as a member of the State Supervisory People's Committee, and his position and prestige in the party rose rapidly.
19 19 Spring, the situation in Petrograd was grim. The White Army led by Yudenich launched a crazy attack on Petrograd. The situation is critical. The seventh army stationed there failed to stop the enemy's attack. The enemy captured Fort Young, and then occupied Pskov and Yam. The seventh army fought and retreated to Petrograd. Petrograd is the pre-war capital and the national cultural and political center, with an important position.
At this time, the central government decided to send Stalin to the front of Petrograd as a special correspondent of the National Defense Commission in order to take all necessary emergency measures.
Stalin arrived in Petrograd on May 19 19. On the same day, the Commander-in-Chief, the Commander of the Western Front and the Commander of the Seventh Army attended a meeting to study the situation in Petrograd. Later, Lenin called Stalin and asked him to pay attention to the "organized rebellion" in the rear and in front, and take "emergency measures" once it was discovered.
According to Lenin's instructions, Stalin called on the troops defending Petrograd to fight deserters and traitors.
He took a series of measures to dismiss incompetent people, hand over the officers he thought were responsible for the defeat to military courts, and adjust the supply system. These measures have obviously improved the situation on the Petrograd front, strengthened the discipline of the troops and improved the combat effectiveness.
19 19 June 13, a counter-revolutionary rebellion took place in the Red Army Fort and Fama Fort, important coastal defense sites in Petrograd. The red army immediately attacked the rebels from land and sea. 16, the red army occupied two fortresses.
On June 2 1 day, the seventh army began to counterattack the white guards. At the Battle of Verdery, the Red Army pushed the White Guards to the border.
On August 5th, the main force of the Seventh Army liberated Fort Yang. On August 26th, the15th Army attacked the northwest and retaken the Pskov region.
For defending Petrograd, Stalin, like Trotsky, won the Red Flag Medal.
After returning to Moscow from the battle of Petrograd, Stalin was sent to the southern front, where he led the heavy responsibility of defending Moscow.
1920 65438+ 10/6. Stalin was ordered to go to the North Caucasus and Azerbaijan to guide the work of the party and the Soviet Union there, and did not return to Moscow until 165438+ 10.
At the end of 1920, the civil war ended in the defeat of Vrangel. 1920165438+1October, Moscow celebrated its victory.
In the struggle, Stalin often fought in various battlefields as a plenipotentiary or political commissar, showing Stalin's professionalism and iron will. Lenin also saw Stalin's performance: Stalin was a calm realist, which was very important in wartime. After the war, the party and the country need such people more.