Generalized intermediary business is equivalent to generalized off-balance-sheet business, which can be divided into two categories, narrow financial service business and narrow off-balance-sheet business. In our daily work, the intermediate business is the generalized intermediate business stipulated by the People's Bank of China, while the off-balance sheet business refers to the narrow off-balance sheet business reflected from the perspective of accounting standards. Therefore, according to the traditional business and development of commercial banks, the business of commercial banks can be roughly divided into three categories: asset business, liability business and intermediary business, and can also be divided into four categories: asset business, liability business, intermediary business and off-balance sheet business.
Intermediary business covers a wide range, including settlement, agency, guarantee, trust, leasing, financing, information consultation, derivative financial instrument trading and so on. Therefore, there are different standards for the classification of intermediate business. The People's Bank of China divides the intermediary business of domestic commercial banks into nine categories in the Notice on Implementing Relevant Issues (2002):
1. Payment and settlement intermediary business refers to check settlement, import bill of lading, acceptance bills and other fee-based businesses related to monetary payment and fund transfer caused by creditor-debtor relationship.
(1) settlement tool. The main settlement tools for settlement business include bank draft, commercial draft, cashier's check and cheque.
1. A bank draft is a bill issued by the issuing bank and unconditionally paid to the payee or holder according to the actual settlement amount at sight.
2. A commercial bill is a bill issued by the drawer and entrusted by the payer to unconditionally pay a certain amount to the payee or holder on a specified date. Commercial bills are divided into bank acceptance bills and commercial acceptance bills.
3. A cashier's check is a bill issued by a bank that promises to pay a certain amount unconditionally to the payee or holder at sight.
4. The cheque is issued by the drawer, and the bank entrusted to handle the cheque deposit business unconditionally pays a certain amount of bills to the payee or holder when seeing the cheque.
(2) Settlement methods, mainly including settlement methods in the same city and settlement methods in different places.
1. Remittance business is the settlement business in which the payer entrusts the bank to remit the money to the foreign payee. Remittance settlement is divided into three forms: telegraphic transfer, letter transfer and draft.
2. Collection business refers to a settlement method in which creditors or sellers draw a bill to foreign debtors or buyers in order to collect money, and entrust banks to collect money on their behalf.
3. Letter of credit business is a written guarantee document issued by the bank to the beneficiary according to the requirements and instructions of the applicant, which contains a certain amount and pays at the designated place within a certain period of time with the specified documents.
(3) Other payment and settlement services, including fund transfer and liquidation through modern payment systems, and transfer through internal and external networks of banks.
2. Bank card business is a credit payment tool that authorized financial institutions to issue to the society with all or part of the functions of consumer credit, transfer settlement, cash deposit and withdrawal, etc.
(1) Bank card business can be divided into credit card business, quasi-credit card business and debit card business according to payment methods. Debit cards can be further divided into debit cards, special cards and stored-value cards.
(2) Bank cards can be divided into RMB card business and foreign currency card business according to different settlement currencies.
(3) According to different users, bank cards can be divided into corporate cards and personal cards.
(4) According to different carrier materials, bank cards can be divided into magnetic cards and smart cards (ic cards).
(5) According to the different credit ratings of users, bank cards can be divided into gold cards and ordinary cards.
(6) According to the circulation scope, bank cards can also be divided into international cards and regional cards.
(seven) other classification methods, including commercial banks and for-profit institutions/non-profit institutions jointly issued joint cards/accreditation cards.
Three. Agency intermediary business refers to the business that commercial banks accept the entrustment of customers, handle the economic affairs specified by customers, provide financial services and charge a certain fee, including agency policy banking business, agency payment business, agency securities business, insurance agency business, agency bank card acquiring business, etc.
(1) Acting as an agent for policy banks means that commercial banks accept the entrustment of policy banks to handle the business that policy banks cannot handle due to the limitation of service functions and network settings, including the management of agency loan projects.
(II) Acting for the People's Bank of China refers to the business that should be undertaken by the central bank according to policies and regulations, but is designated or entrusted by the central bank to undertake by commercial banks due to institutional setup and professional advantages, mainly including financial deposit agency business, treasury agency business, issuing bank agency business and gold and silver agency business.
(3) Agency business of commercial banks refers to the business of mutual agency between commercial banks, such as handling cheque collection for entrusted banks.
(4) The collection and payment business of commercial banks refers to the business that commercial banks use their own settlement facilities to handle the receipt and payment of designated funds on behalf of customers, such as acting as an agent for various public utility charges, acting as an agent for administrative and financial charges, acting as an agent for paying wages, withholding the repayment of housing mortgage consumer loans, etc.
(5) Agency securities business refers to the business of issuing, redeeming and buying and selling all kinds of securities entrusted by banks, and also includes entrusted services such as debt service, stock dividend and securities fund settlement. The securities here mainly include government bonds, corporate bonds, financial bonds, stocks and so on.
(6) Insurance agency business refers to the business that commercial banks handle insurance business on behalf of insurance companies. As for insurance agency business, commercial banks can accept the entrustment to insure all kinds of insurance on behalf of individuals or legal persons, or sign agency agreements with insurance companies as representatives of insurance companies to undertake related insurance business on behalf of insurance companies. Insurance agency business generally includes policy business and insurance payment business.
(7) Other agency business, including financial entrustment business and bank card acquiring business of other banks.
Four. Guarantee intermediary business refers to the business that commercial banks provide guarantees for customers' solvency and bear customers' default risk. Including bank acceptance bills, standby letters of credit, various guarantees, etc.
Guarantee intermediary business refers to the business that commercial banks provide guarantees for customers' solvency and bear customers' default risk. It mainly includes bank acceptance bills, standby letters of credit and various guarantees.
(1) A bank acceptance bill is a commercial bill issued by the payee or payer (or acceptance applicant), which is applied by the acceptance applicant to the opening bank and accepted by the bank after examination.
(2) Standby letter of credit is a special letter of credit opened by the issuing bank at the request of the borrower, with the lender as the beneficiary of the letter of credit, so as to ensure that the issuing bank pays the principal and interest to the beneficiary in time when the borrower goes bankrupt or fails to fulfill its obligations in time.
(3) All kinds of letter of guarantee business, including bid guarantee, contract guarantee, repayment guarantee and loan guarantee.
(4) Other guarantee businesses.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) commitment intermediary business refers to the business that commercial banks provide agreed credit to customers on a certain date in the future according to the agreed conditions, including revocable commitments such as loan commitment and overdraft limit, as well as irrevocable commitments such as standby credit line, repurchase agreement and note issuance facilities.
(1) The revocable commitment is accompanied by specific terms that the customer must perform before obtaining the loan. During the bank's commitment period, if the customer fails to fulfill the terms, the bank can cancel the commitment. Revocable commitments include overdraft limit, etc.
(2) Irrevocable commitment is a loan commitment that the bank can't cancel at will without the customer's permission, which is legally binding, including standby credit line, repurchase agreement, note issuance facilities, etc.
6. Transactional intermediary business refers to the capital trading activities conducted by commercial banks with various financial instruments to meet the needs of customers' hedging or their own risk management, including financial derivatives such as futures and options.
(1) Forward contract refers to an agreement between two parties to buy and sell an agreed amount of assets at an agreed price at a specified time in the future, including interest rate forward contract and forward foreign exchange contract.
(2) Financial futures refer to futures contracts with financial instruments or financial indicators as the subject matter.
(3) Swap refers to the cash flow exchange between two parties based on their respective comparative interests, which is generally divided into interest rate swap and currency swap.
(4) Option means that the buyer of option pays royalties to the seller in order to obtain the right to trade with the seller of option in an agreed amount at the exercise price during the duration or expiration date of option. Options can be divided into stock index options, foreign exchange options, interest rate options, futures options, bond options and so on.
Seven, the fund custody business, refers to the qualified commercial banks entrusted by the fund management company, safe custody of all assets of the custody fund, used for the custody of fund settlement funds.
Eight. Consulting business is a service activity that commercial banks rely on their own information and talent advantages, collect and sort out relevant information, and combine the characteristics of bank and customer's capital flow to form a systematic plan for customers to meet their business management needs, mainly including financial consulting and cash management business.
(a) enterprise information consulting business, including project evaluation, enterprise credit rating evaluation, registered capital verification, credit certification, enterprise management consulting, etc.
(2) Asset management consulting business refers to providing comprehensive asset management services for institutional investors or individual investors, including portfolio advice, investment analysis, tax services, information provision, risk control, etc.
(3) Financial consulting business, including large-scale construction project financial consulting business and enterprise merger and acquisition consulting business. The financial consulting business of large-scale construction projects refers to the professional scheme put forward by commercial banks for the financing structure and arrangement of large-scale construction projects. Enterprise M&A consulting business refers to the financial consulting business provided by commercial banks for both sides of enterprise mergers and acquisitions. Banks not only participate in the process of enterprise merger and acquisition, but also participate in the planning and operation process of enterprise restructuring, capital enrichment and re-approval, bankruptcy and enterprise restructuring in distress as consultants for sustainable development of enterprises.
(4) Cash management business means that commercial banks assist enterprises to manage cash account positions and demand deposit balances scientifically and reasonably, so as to achieve the purpose of improving capital liquidity and efficiency.
Nine, other types of intermediary business, including safe deposit box business and other businesses that cannot be classified into the above eight categories. Generally speaking, the development of intermediary business of commercial banks in China has gone through two stages. /kloc-from 0/995 to 2000, it was mainly deposits. The main purpose of developing intermediary business is to maintain customer relations, stabilize and increase deposits. Accordingly, the innovation of intermediary business mainly focuses on the business fields of collection and payment, entrusted loans and so on. After 2000, it gradually turned to the income-oriented stage, with the main purpose of preventing risks and increasing income. Correspondingly, high-yield intermediary businesses such as agency insurance, investment banking and asset custody have become the focus of innovation. In a few short years, the intermediary business of China's commercial banks has become an important field of business competition and innovation. In 2002, the intermediary business income of China commercial banks accounted for 3.8% of the operating income, which reached 5.63% in 2003 and around 8% in 2004. During the ten years from 1995 to 2004, the intermediary business income of domestic institutions of the four major banks of industry, agriculture, China and China Construction increased from 6.9 billion yuan to 38.9 billion yuan, with an average annual growth rate of 25.6%. Take China Industrial and Commercial Bank as an example. During the five years from 2000 to 2004, the income of intermediary business of domestic institutions was 3 1 billion yuan, 3.8 billion yuan, 5 billion yuan, 7.9 billion yuan and 1, 65.438+0.5 billion yuan respectively. In the same period, the proportion of intermediary business income to net operating income increased from 4% to 8.77%, and the proportion of intermediary business income to spread income increased. The proportion of intermediary business income in non-interest income increased from 12.9% to 30.5%, the per capita intermediary business income increased from 7,000 yuan to 30,000 yuan, and the intermediary business income per 10,000 yuan of assets increased from 7.7 yuan to 2 1 yuan. In the process of intermediary business development, commercial banks have also explored a set of intermediary business management framework in line with national conditions and their respective market conditions. For example, in 2002, ICBC established an intermediary business committee, with three bank leaders as directors and deputy directors, and the investment banking department took the lead in organizing and managing the development of intermediary business of the whole bank, and established an intermediary business department to formulate special assessment methods for intermediary business; Recently, Bank of China set up a business development committee to co-ordinate the innovation and development of the whole group's business, and set up a special intermediary business management department, which effectively prevented all kinds of risks in the rapid development of intermediary business and achieved legal compliance.
From the 2007 China Financial Stability Report published by the People's Bank of China in March 2008, it can be seen that the net income of domestic business fees of 16 commercial banks increased by 52.8% year-on-year, among which the four major commercial banks increased by 50.7% and other commercial banks increased by 66. 1%. In addition, according to statistics, in 2006, the domestic intermediary business income of major commercial banks in China totaled 76,654.38 billion yuan, up 2 1.8% year-on-year. Among them, RMB 7.0/kloc-0.90 billion yuan, accounting for 92.2%. Foreign currency is equivalent to RMB 5965438+ billion, accounting for 7.8%. Among all kinds of intermediary business income of major commercial banks in China, the income from high-risk guarantee, commitment and transaction business is 6.36 billion yuan, accounting for 8.3%. The income from low-risk payment and settlement, banking and agency services was 69.74 billion yuan, accounting for 965,438+0.7%. The income from custody business increased the most, 1.9 times, of which the income from agency fund business increased by 4.4 times. The income from financing consulting business increased by 765,438+0.3%, the income from bank card business increased by 32.3%, and the income from agency business increased by 365,438+0.8%. In 2006, the net interest income of major commercial banks in China was 4349 1 100 million yuan, and the ratio of intermediary business income to net interest income was 1:5.7, which was slightly higher than the same period last year (1:5.8). In recent years, China's intermediary business has grown steadily and maintained a good momentum of development. According to statistics, the intermediary business income of international commercial banks generally accounts for 40%-50% of the total income, and some banks account for more than 70%. The proportion of non-interest income in the total income of American banks increased from 18.8% in 2000 to 36.5% in 2005 and reached 42.90% in 2005. The non-interest income of European banks accounted for 26% of the total income in 2000 and reached 39% in 2005. The proportion of developed countries such as Britain rose from 28.5% to 4 1.5%. In 2000, among the annual income of 654.38+06 billion DM, the interest income of German commercial banks was only 5.5 billion DM, and nearly 654.38+00 billion DM came from intermediary business income. By 2005, German banks made a profit of DM 34 billion through intermediary business, accounting for 65% of the total profit. Take Deutsche Bank as an example. In 2005, its fee income increased by 42% on the basis of 52% in the previous year. In 2005, Deutsche Bank's operating income was 28.7 billion euros, of which the net interest income was 6.8 billion euros, and the fee income was11500 million euros, accounting for 40%, which was the largest source of income for the bank.