Then, it is the flow of Confucianism. After Confucius. Confucianism has many branches. Han Feizi put forward the division method in the article Han Feizi's Xianxue, and thought that Confucianism was divided into eight parts. Among these eight families, there are great Confucianism, elegant Confucianism, vulgar Confucianism and humble Confucianism. The following are the specific branches of Confucianism.
The first one is Zhang Zizhiru.
Confucius was dissatisfied with him and once criticized him for "being a teacher by example" and "being a teacher by example". Xunzi is called a "base Confucian" in Fei Shi Er Zi.
The second school is Confucianism.
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, there were two schools, one was Yuan Xian, a student of Confucius, and the other was Zi Si, a grandson of Confucius. It may be the Confucianism that Han Fei refers to. He is also the teacher of Mencius, a great scholar. It is generally believed that Mencius' teacher is Confucius' grandson Zisi.
Zisi, surnamed Kong, named Ji, grandson of Confucius. It is said that he teaches in Ceng Zi. Mencius was a disciple of Zisi, who developed Zisi's thought and formed the Meng Si School.
Xunzi discussed the knowledge of Zisi and Monk in Non-Twelve Sons, saying: "I was a little ignorant of the rule of law before the monarch, but I was still ambitious in material drama and listened a lot." The case is said to be old-fashioned, called Wuxing. Very unconventional, classless, hidden without words, closed without solutions. The case is decorated with its words, only respecting it:' This is the words of a true gentleman'. Zisi sings it, and Monk sings it. "
The third is strict Confucianism.
Scholars have always had different opinions on what strictness refers to. Yan Hui, Yan Xing,,, Yan Zu, Zou, etc. The mainstream view refers to Yan Hui.
Yan Hui is the most proud student of Confucius, whose surname is Yan, Ming Hui and Zi. Lu people in the late Spring and Autumn Period. Confucius is thirty years younger.
The fourth school is Montessori's Confucianism.
Refers to Mencius school. Mencius is a disciple of Confucius' grandson Sisi. He is another most influential Confucian master after Confucius. In the feudal era, he was honored as "Ya Sheng" and was also called "Confucius and Mencius" with Confucius.
The fifth school is Qi Diao's Confucianism.
Confucius had three disciples, namely Qi Diao, Qi Diaokai, Diaoduo Qi and Qi Diao. Therefore, people often say different things about their identity. It is usually considered to be the Seven Carved Kai.
Qi Diao Kai: Confucius' student. , real name Kay, real name, also known as Zi Ruo. Lu people in the late Spring and Autumn Period. Confucius was eleven years younger. According to the Records of Literature and Art, his descendants wrote Thirteen Sons of Qi Diao, which formed the Confucian School.
The sixth school is the Confucianism of Zhongliang family.
Zhong Liang's family background: Ming Huai, Lu people. Mao Zhuan quoted Tan Gongshang and Ding Feng as biographies, while Zhong Chuan and Zhong Chuan were two schools of Ceng Zi and Zi Xia.
The seventh is Sun Shi's Confucianism.
Sun Shi: I'm afraid I'll lose the word "Gong". It should be GongSunZi. According to the Records of Hanshu Yiwenzhi, there are 28 articles by Gongsun Nizi.
The eighth school is Confucianism at the time of Lezheng.
Le Zhengzi: Mingke, a student of Mencius, is an official in Lu. "Mencius Hui Liang Wang Xia": "Le Zhengzi joined the club." Mencius Gaozi Shang: "Lu wants to make Le Zhengzi a politician."
Confucius, Mencius and Xunzi are three great mountains of Confucianism in the pre-Qin period, and they are also three great mountains of Confucianism in the history of China. Confucian scholars of later generations, whether Han Confucianism, Tang Confucianism, Song Confucianism, Ming and Qing Confucianism, are hard to forget. There is nothing better than this.
China's cultural orthodoxy develops along the following lines: morality before morality, morality before benevolence, benevolence before righteousness, courtesy before righteousness, courtesy before law. All China's knowledge comes down in one continuous line and is used together.
As a result, Laozi's theory, which is suitable for innocent people, withdrew from the stage, followed closely by Confucius' theory, sticking to a society that has been unpopular with human nature and calling on people to be gentlemen. The order of benevolence collapsed, and Mencius began to appear, calling on those who lost benevolence to give lectures and be human. Social injustice, Mencius also withdrew from the stage. Xunzi stood up and thought that we should pay equal attention to etiquette and law and reform these heartless and unjust bad guys. Therefore, he believes that human nature is evil and should be changed into falsehood.
After Xunzi, Han Fei thought that society was getting worse and worse and it was impossible to be polite. He changed from paying equal attention to Xunzi's ceremony and Wang Ba's ceremony to a simple method of emphasizing hegemony.
After Han Fei, simple law seems to be no good. Because the Qin dynasty wiped out the six countries with powerful force, and finally realized the unification of the world. This is a dream of Xunzi. It is also a dream of Han Fei. The first emperor helped them realize this. But in just over ten years, I died. Explain that there should be problems with the ruling ideology.
After Qin's death, the intellectuals in China began to reflect. I think Qin's political thought is too cruel and overbearing. Legalists' thoughts have no humanity and human feelings, and there is no benevolence and righteousness. They thought that there should be problems with China's cultural orthodoxy, so a cultural traceability movement began to appear. The study of Huang Lao once became the orthodoxy of the Western Han Dynasty, and it was a return from hegemony to kingship.
The study of Huang Lao played a great role in restoring the vitality of the early Han society. This tone slowed down, and a unified empire must be equipped with a set of Wang Ba Thought. At this time, Dong Zhongshu came into being and founded Han Confucianism. Han Confucianism is a hodgepodge pot, which mixes many pre-Qin thoughts together.
It can be said that Han Confucianism was congenitally deficient from the beginning. Piece together the broken mirrors on the ground to make a complete mirror. Although the outside looks good, the inner core is full of cracks. Finally, a lot of demon moths were produced.
With the demise of the Han Dynasty. The mirror-breaking problem of Han Confucianism was finally solved again. The cultural trend in China once again witnessed a tracing movement. That's metaphysics in Wei and Jin Dynasties. Once again returned to the source of orthodoxy, but the initiator of this cultural wave, the level is not so good. Therefore, this rising knowledge has many disadvantages. Han Confucianism at least wants to combine orthodoxy. Wang Bi, these people, with a wave of their sleeves, threw a pile of broken mirrors directly into the trash can. There's nothing, nothing.
Taoism is so bad, the following Tang dynasty was unified for hundreds of years, and there were not many great scholars. The orthodoxy of Laozi, Confucius, Xunzi and Han Fei was swept away in the Tang Dynasty. In 300 years, there have only been two scribes with temples. It can be seen that the Tang Dynasty was a dynasty without culture. Jay Chou was sung by the whole people, and Tang Shisheng was defeated by knowledge.
Tang Confucianism is basically not worth talking about. Therefore, Song Confucianism once again started the cultural traceability movement. In this movement, there appeared many intelligent and radiant university experts, namely, Rusongtiantuan, represented by Wuzi in the Northern Song Dynasty. Compared with Tang Ru, Ru Song bullied Tang Ru. Compared with Han Confucianism, it is also more brilliant. This time, Ru Songtian Group once again returned to the source of China culture. They began to help Confucianism with Taoism, which is the biggest feature of Confucianism in Song Dynasty. Therefore, many people in later generations once thought that Neo-Confucianism was a branch of Taoism.
The works of Song Confucianism are better than those of Han Confucianism. However, their path seems a little biased. And further and further, it gradually deviated from the original intention of Confucianism. It is systematic and ontological. That is to say, Neo-Confucianism in Song Dynasty is more like Plato's thought than Lao Zi, Zhuangzi and Confucius. Although their work is excellent, it seems that they have uprooted the source too hard. So that the later dynasties could no longer launch the cultural traceability movement.
Confucianism in Ming and Qing Dynasties is only a footnote of Confucianism in Song Dynasty. There is nothing to talk about. Among these people, there are two great scholars, one is Wang Yangming and the other is Wang Fuzhi. And Wang Fuzhi strongly opposes Wang Yangming. It is believed that Wang Xue made people willful and abandoned their studies, which was an unshirkable responsibility for the subjugation of the Ming Dynasty.
With his own efforts, Wang Fuzhi completed the criticism and revolution of Ru Songtian Tuan, and also helped Wang Change Yangming's life. He is the swan song of China's Confucian classics for thousands of years, and it is also a full stop. Just like the sunset in the evening, so beautiful and so melancholy, because everything is coming to an end.
There was a spiritual student named Zeng Guofan, Wang Fuzhi, who once defeated Mao Mohism, which was the last salvation of China orthodoxy. This is also a battle for cultural dignity. China is dead, and China can't die any more. Wang Fuzhi's thought and spirit have influenced several generations, and Tan Sitong and Mao Zedong can be regarded as his spiritual students.
In the Republic, * * * and democracy. Although the Tatars were expelled, the foreign rulers were driven away. However, the Chinese culture is dead. Died of foreigners, died of the new culture movement. At this time, Gu Hongming appeared. If Wang Fuzhi is China's orthodox swan song, then Gu Hongming is China's orthodox elegy.
Gu Hongming sang a song, Huaxia as a culture has died. The zombie team appeared. This zombie team is Neo-Confucianism and Sinology.
Many people think that Confucianism is enslaved and brainwashed when they talk about it. This is because in the later period of Confucianism, there was no great Confucianism at all, and even elegance was gone. Only vulgar Confucianism and cheap Confucianism are left. Confucianism in Qing Dynasty is the most humble Confucianism in China for thousands of years. It is also an unprecedented heresy in China's culture for thousands of years.
What is the true Confucian spirit? Should be a great scholar who takes the world as his own responsibility. He is embodied in Confucius, Mencius, Xunzi, Zhang Zai, Wang Fuzhi and others. That is, a person can be a gentleman, a gentleman, a benevolent man, a saint and a holy king. As long as you can cultivate a sense of integrity and govern the country.
Confucianism is not a foot-binding cloth, nor is it a secular etiquette, nor is it stupid, loyal and filial. These are vulgar Confucianism in later generations. Therefore, people of insight, to learn Confucianism, must learn the way of great Confucianism. This is the true essence of Confucianism.