Shanghai; Jiangnan; relationship
1842, China and Britain signed the treaty of nanking, and Shanghai was listed as a trading port, allowing British people to trade and live here. 1843, a British officer named Buffel came to Shanghai, rented a house in the county seat and set up a consulate. As the first British consul in Shanghai, he announced that Shanghai will open in June 1843+065438+ 10/7. This was 160 years ago.
Before the opening of the port, Shanghai was a county of Songjiang Prefecture in the south of the Yangtze River, which was rich in beans, wheat and cotton. The cotton cloth produced occupies a certain position in the regional economy of the south of the Yangtze River, and another influence is that it has already enjoyed the reputation of "Southeast Metropolis" by the time of Qingganlong and Jiaqing. According to optimistic estimation, around 1843, Shanghai has a county population of more than 200,000, ranking 12 in the country. In the same period, Suzhou and Hangzhou along the Jiangnan Canal ranked second and fifth respectively. In the economically developed Jiangnan area, Shanghai is not a central city, but one of the "strong counties".
After the opening of the port, Shanghai grew rapidly and its position in China rose rapidly: about 10 years after the opening of the port, it replaced Guangzhou as the largest foreign trade port in China, and its import and export value accounted for more than 50% of the total import and export value of the country; After 30 years of opening, it has formed four shipping systems, namely inland river, Yangtze River, coastal and ocean, and has become a national shipping center. 1895, becoming the city with the most concentrated foreign-funded enterprises in China; 1900, Shanghai's urban population exceeded100000, making it the largest metropolis in China. In 1930s, Shanghai became the hub of national currency issuance and the confluence of foreign exchange and gold and silver transactions. At that time, the headquarters of China's so-called "four lines and two bureaus" were all concentrated in Shanghai. From the perspective of world cities, Shanghai is a famous financial center in the Far East and a big city with a high degree of internationalization. In terms of port and population size, the tonnage of ships entering and leaving Shanghai Port ranks seventh in the world with 193 1. From 65438 to 0934, the population of Shanghai ranked sixth in the world, reaching 3.35 million.
With the rise of Shanghai's status, the discussion on the driving force or factors of Shanghai's growth and development has also begun. Looking through all kinds of papers published at home and abroad since modern times, this discussion can be seen everywhere. There have been several focused discussions, such as the 50th anniversary of Shanghai's opening to the outside world held in1893165438+10 concession. During this period, many foreign missionaries, officials and businessmen commented on the role played by westerners in Shanghai. Among them, the views of British missionary Mu William are representative. He said, "Shanghai is our high civilization and Christianity. Obviously, in their view, it is "foreigner rule" that makes Shanghai prosperous. Of course, many people in China don't think so. In the late 1920s, the voice of China government demanding to recover the concession became louder and louder. 1930, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of Shanghai Public Concession invited Judge Tang Fei of the South African Supreme Court to inspect the concession. Under this background, foreigners and Chinese businessmen in Shanghai have argued about the main factors of Shanghai's urban development. To sum up, there are several viewpoints: 1, "the political status of the concession" and the sense of security brought by foreigners' political control, which is the only important factor for Shanghai's urban development. Many foreigners hold this view, especially when they are about to lose their privileges in Shanghai; 2. Shanghai's "superior geographical location" has created this big city; 3. A more eclectic view holds that it is important to recognize the early political security of foreign concessions in order to promote the concentration of capital and commerce in Shanghai. However, once the "extraterritorial jurisdiction" is abolished, Shanghai will still maintain its position as a financial center and get enough trade funds because of its geographical advantages and importance.
In the process of the growth of modern Shanghai, the establishment of concession and the establishment of western enterprises, the intervention of these "foreign forces" undoubtedly played a leading role. But at the same time, we think that modern Shanghai is not an "enclave". The rise of this city in a short period of time and its huge scale are inseparable from the economic resources and human environment in the surrounding areas, which is the "Jiangnan factor" that this paper focuses on.
First, from Suzhou and Hangzhou to Shanghai: the transfer of Jiangnan regional center
Jiangnan generally refers to Jiangnan, but due to the changes in administrative system and habits, different periods in history have different meanings. The "Jiangnan" here is based on the "Ten Houses" of Hangzhou, Jiaxing, Huzhou, Ningbo, Shaoxing, Suzhou, Songjiang, Changzhou, Zhenjiang and Jiangning in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, which is equivalent to Shanghai, southern Jiangsu and Zhejiang today.
Generally speaking, before the Tang and Song Dynasties, Jiangnan was located in the Central Plains, far away from the political center of gravity of China, and thus far away from the core of the conflict between political and military groups, thus avoiding the destruction and devastation of war. On the contrary, geographical factors make this side less impacted and enjoy a long-term peaceful and stable environment. From the late Tang Dynasty to the Song Dynasty, there were also wars in the south of the Yangtze River, but on the whole it was quiet and peaceful. During this period, the economic center of China shifted southward day by day, and Jiangnan became the national tax center. Abundance and happiness have gradually made Suzhou and Hangzhou in the south of the Yangtze River enjoy the reputation of "paradise on earth". During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the social and economic development of Jiangnan continued to maintain a leading position in the country.
Let's first look at the status of Jiangnan in the country from several data. In terms of taxable grain, nationwide, "the Soviet Union is the heaviest, followed by pine trees, Jiahu, Changzhou and Hangzhou." Specifically, in the twenty-sixth year of Ming Hongwu, the national summer tax and autumn grain was counted as mangoku, totaling * * * 29.44 million, including 28 1 10,000 in Suzhou, 0/0.22 million in Songjiang, 650,000 in Changzhou, 320,000 in Zhenjiang and 330,000 in Yingtianfu. In addition, the number of envoys in Zhejiang was 2.75 million, accounting for 8.08 million stones, and the proportion of Jiangnan "has increased since then. By the 25th year of Jiaqing in Qing Dynasty, the amount of land tax collected by the ten governments in the south of the Yangtze River was 2.85 million stone, accounting for about 3 1.8% of the whole country. In terms of collecting Diding silver, the amount of ten houses in the south of the Yangtze River is 4.279 million taels, accounting for 14.438+07% of the whole country. The land of ten houses in the south of the Yangtze River is 56.59 million 94 10 mu, accounting for only 7.58% of the total land area in China.
At the same time, Jiangnan is also an important cotton and cotton textile base and a major silk producing area in China. In the regional economy, Songjiang is connected with Suzhou, Taicang, Zhenjiang and other coastal areas along the Yangtze River, and Jiaxing, Hangzhou, Ningbo, Shaoxing and other places south of the banks of Qiantang River, forming a professional cotton textile production base. This base echoes the professional silk weaving area around Taihu Lake in the west, featuring mulberry reeling and playing the most active role in China's traditional economy. Taking "Songjiang Cloth" as an example, according to the estimation of relevant scholars, the annual output of cotton cloth in Songjiang area was about 30 million in the late Ming Dynasty, and it may reach 56 million in the early Qing Dynasty. Wen Song written by Qinshan in Qing Dynasty vividly depicts a large number of businessmen camping in the wind, sleeping in Dai Yue, traveling all over the country and trafficking Songjiang cotton cloth inside and outside the Great Wall. In addition, as early as the early years of Qianlong, the merchants of the British East India Company also began to distribute China fabrics. In trade, they found that the goods in Guangzhou are easy to fade after washing, while the cotton cloth produced in Jiangnan is not easy to fade. Therefore, by the 1980s of 18, the company often trafficked purple cloth woven in Susong area to Britain. At first, the number was around 20,000, and then it increased to 188 year by year. In addition to the European market, the United States and South China, "homespun has a market", especially the United States, where the cotton industry was underdeveloped at that time, became an important customer of China homespun. According to statistics, during the period from 60 years of Qianlong to Jiaqing 12 and from 22 years of Jiaqing to Daoguang 10, China's cotton exports were quite large, with an annual output of more than 6.5438+0 million. Jiangnan silk enjoys a high reputation at home and abroad. Jiangnan has been one of the centers of China silk industry since Song and Yuan Dynasties. In the Qing Dynasty, weaving officers were set up in Jiangning and Suzhou and Hangzhou, commonly known as "Three Weaving in Jiangnan". At first, the silk garments produced by the Third Weaving Bureau only met the needs of the imperial court, and the so-called "upper use" gradually developed into "official use" given by the imperial court to domestic and foreign officials. In addition to "tribute", the sales of folk silk fabrics are also very large. In modern times, silk produced in the south of the Yangtze River still occupies an important share in China's export trade.
In addition to grain, silk and cotton, other products such as tea, hemp, indigo, lacquer, tung, cypress, bamboo, wood, fishing and salt are all professionally produced in Jiangnan. Specialized handicraft production has also made great progress. This regional division of labor and industrial division of labor reflects the great improvement of production specialization level and the development of commodity economy in Jiangnan area. Jiangnan is the essence of traditional China, and a large number of rice, silk and cotton products are exported from here every year. At the same time, as the country's most important source of fiscal and taxation, government finance depends largely on Jiangnan.
"The world is rich in Jiangsu and Zhejiang", and the essence of Jiangnan in Ming and Qing dynasties is concentrated along the canal. After crossing the Yangtze River, the canal runs from north to south, followed by Zhenjiang, Changzhou, Suzhou, Jiaxing and Hangzhou. Between Suzhou and Jiaxing, there are rivers and ports connected with Huzhou and Songjiang Fucheng respectively. These cities are famous all over the country. Among the cities along the Jiangnan Canal, Suzhou and Hangzhou are the "pearls".
Suzhou plays an important role in Jiangnan, and sometimes some people say that there are four major gatherings in the world. Suzhou is a "gathering place" in the south of the Yangtze River, which mainly refers to economic prosperity, especially industrial and commercial prosperity. At that time, merchants gathered in Suzhou, department stores became prosperous, and businesses supported by a highly dense population also showed unprecedented prosperity. There are many records in this regard: "The rich land of the Big Four is like Jincheng and Haicheng"; "Nagato has gathered foreign businessmen, gathered goods and shells, turned over the mountains and ponds, and lived in Chengdu for a long time." At that time, Suzhou was a "Jiangzuo Famous District", with famous cultural relics all over the world, which was regarded as a place where both refined and popular tastes were enjoyed. The so-called "Sioux people think elegance, then the quartet will follow elegance; Vulgarity is from vulgarity ... domestic seclusion is far from effective. " There are many factors for Suzhou to become a central city in the south of the Yangtze River: First, its geographical location. Jiangnan is dominated by plains, with criss-crossing rivers and bifurcated harbors, but it is also "connected by lakes and rivers". Many rivers, lakes and ports form a dense water network. This water network closely connects all the points in the south of the Yangtze River, from provincial capitals to villages and towns. The meridian connection of waterways and rivers is not only geographical, but also refers to politics, economy and culture. Administrative control is inseparable from the "left-right balance" water network, and grain, cloth and various tributes also need to be transported by water. The exchanges between businessmen and the rise and fall of trade maintain the changes of rivers, so that scholars have to rely on waterways to get in and out. Developed water transport has created convenient conditions for the exchange and integration of Jiangnan in space and region. In the water network extending in all directions in the south of the Yangtze River, Suzhou is undoubtedly in the position of "Jin Yao", which is located in the east of Taihu Lake. The water of Taihu Lake flows into the sea from rivers and tributaries, running through the land of Jiangnan. Some people describe Taihu Lake as Wuxi as the head, Songjiang as the foot, Huzhou as the back and Suzhou as the chest. Suzhou, which is in the belly of the "chest", is connected with all parts of the country through the North-South Grand Canal. Secondly, the administrative system of the past dynasties has been constantly strengthened, strengthening the status of Suzhou. In China, the influence of administrative setup on regional political, economic, social and cultural development is remarkable. In view of Suzhou's outstanding geographical position, all previous dynasties paid more attention to the establishment of Suzhou. Judging from its evolution, there are different names such as Wu Jun, Wu Zhou, Suzhou, Wujun in Central China and Pingjiang. The geographical scope under its jurisdiction has been expanded again and again. By the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the area under the jurisdiction of Suzhou government was basically stable, forming a pattern of "three counties living in the country and six cities surrounded", which lasted for 500 years. At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, Suzhou, which had long ruled the city, was upgraded in administrative level. In the eighteenth year of Shunzhi, the right envoy of Jiangnan was stationed in Suzhou. In the sixth year of Kangxi, Jiangnan was divided into Jiangsu and Anhui provinces, and the right envoy changed to Jiangsu and still ruled Suzhou.
Hangzhou, another important town in the south of the Yangtze River, was a prosperous city with a large population in the Northern Song Dynasty and became an important town in the southeast. Jingkang, Song Gaozong in this, renamed Lin' an. Hangzhou, with a population of over one million, was once prosperous after it became the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty, and it can be called one of the most prosperous cities in the world in the 12th and 13th centuries. Hangzhou, as the capital of Zhejiang Province in Ming and Qing Dynasties, lived at the southern end of the Grand Canal, and still maintains the status of a big city in the south of the Yangtze River with a population of about one million.
Compared with the prosperous cities such as Suzhou and Hangzhou, Shanghai at that time played a "supporting role" in the cities in the south of the Yangtze River. On the one hand, the reasons for this situation are related to the long-term "sea ban" and closed-door policy implemented by the rulers since the Ming and Qing Dynasties; On the other hand, because the entire transportation and commercial network in Jiangnan at that time was centered on the canal, the canal undertook most of the logistics in this area. Shanghai is located at the end of the canal transportation system. However, Shanghai has the characteristics of riverside and sea, which indicates that Shanghai has more room for development. This sign was revealed before Shanghai opened its port. After Kangxi, the coastal areas were "forbidden". As a port city where rivers and seas meet, Shanghai's commercial trade has developed to a certain extent. During the Jiaqing period, the county annals wrote: "Shanghai is divided into counties with Huating, big seashore in the east, Wusong in the north and Huangpu in the southwest. Goods from Fujian, Guangxi and Liaoning, as far away as Siam, are also between 20 and 20 years old. With a vast territory and rich resources, it is known as numerous dramas. Sincere rivers and seas lead to Tianjin, a southeast metropolis. " It was rare to describe a county town with "rivers and seas connecting Tianjin and the southeast metropolis" at that time. In the meantime, although it does not rule out the elements of literati's exaggeration and flattery, it does partly reveal the fact that with the opening of the sea ban during the Ganjia period, Shanghai prospered because of Hong Kong and developed its commerce and trade. As a "supplement" to the canal, Shanghai, as a coastal port, has another meaning: it can play a certain "compensation" role when the canal is incomplete. In the early years of Daoguang, the North-South Grand Canal was once blocked and the water transportation was paralyzed, which affected the material supply in the capital and the northern region. In the sixth year of Daoguang, the Qing court set up the General Administration of Maritime Affairs in Shanghai, and rented thousands of sand boats, unlike dozens, to transport grain10.6 million stone from Jiangsu Province to Beijing twice.
Shanghai, a natural harbor in China, was really discovered by westerners because of its geographical advantages. However, westerners know Shanghai very late. Before the Amish of the East India Company arrived in the 12th year of Daoguang, few westerners had heard of the name Shanghai. It was not until ten years after 1832 that westerners really realized the importance of Shanghai. These westerners expressed great surprise at this latest discovery. From the report of Hu Xiami, the crew of Amish, and the comments of some businessmen and missionaries who have been to Shanghai since then, it can be clearly seen that Shanghai's "extraordinary advantages in foreign trade have not attracted considerable attention in the past, which is very surprising." Although Shanghai is only a third-rate county, it is the largest commercial center along the eastern coast of China, close to the rich Suzhou-Hangzhou area. A large number of silk brocade are brought in from here, and all kinds of western goods are sold to these areas. They think: "Shanghai's trade is at least equal to Guangzhou, if not more than Guangzhou's." The following process is well known. 1840, the British launched a war on opium. The following year, following the capture of Dinghai, Zhenhai, Ningbo and Zhapu in the south of the Yangtze River, it fell into Wusongkou, seized the county seat of Shanghai, spiraled along the river, and reached Zhenjiang and Nanjing in an attempt to block the connection between Jiangnan and Beijing, causing a fatal blow to the Qing court, which was in a "key position" of the empire. The Qing government could not bear such a blow, so it signed the treaty of nanking at 1842. In this treaty, Shanghai is listed as one of the five open ports.
Topographically speaking, Shanghai is located in the center of the Yangtze River Delta and the whole Yangtze River basin, and also the center of China's north and south coastlines, with a vast economic hinterland, which is unmatched by any other port in China. Westerners choose Shanghai because of its geographical advantages. As Jun Fu, an Englishman, said, "As far as the place I am familiar with is concerned, no town has such superior conditions as Shanghai. Shanghai is the gate of the Chinese empire, and it is also a vast local product trade market. ..... the inland transportation is convenient, which can't be compared anywhere in the world. ..... There is no doubt that in a few years, it will not only rival Guangzhou, but also become a more important city. " This is a fairly predictable summary. After Shanghai enjoyed the same trade opportunities as Guangzhou, the trade volume rose rapidly: 1846, Shanghai's export volume only accounted for 16% of the whole country, and after five years, the proportion reached 50%. By 1863, the total import and export value of Shanghai port was 100, 189564, while that of Guangzhou was only 6,046,365, less than one fifteenth of that of Shanghai.
Shanghai, which is close to the rich south of the Yangtze River, has an advantage in foreign trade with the opening of concession and the establishment of western enterprises. In the early days of port opening, Shanghai showed great vitality in import and export trade and port development, and the prosperity of foreign markets was comparable to that of Jiangsu and Hangzhou on the surface. However, the growth of a city, especially as a central city, is not only reflected in some economic indicators, but the traditional central city in the south of the Yangtze River still maintains its due position with its deep foundation, attracting a large number of people, at least in the first ten years of Shanghai's opening. There is a gradual process for the regional center in the south of the Yangtze River to move from Suzhou and Hangzhou to Shanghai. The changes in the current situation in China in the 1950s and 1960s, especially the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement, undoubtedly accelerated this process.
The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom originated in Guangxi. 185 1 year after Jintian, it is like a bamboo from southwest to east through two lakes. March 1853, Nanjing was conquered and renamed Tianjing. Since then, the Taiping Army swept across the south of the Yangtze River, successively capturing cities such as Hangzhou, Changzhou and Wuxi, and then attacking Suzhou, establishing Sufu Province with Suzhou as its capital. During this period, the Qing army had a long-term tug-of-war with the Taiping Army in the south of the Yangtze River, with wars everywhere and smoke everywhere. It was not until 1864 that the Jiangnan area was regained control by the Qing army. The ten-year-long war has made the densely populated south of the Yangtze River desolate. Except for Shanghai, which was not destroyed by the war under the protection of the concession, almost all other cities in the south of the Yangtze River suffered unprecedented catastrophe. Many towns were in ruins, and Lushe was reduced to ashes. On the other hand, the war triggered a wave of refugees. "At the beginning of the establishment of the Taiping Army, it was strictly neutral to its outsiders, so the concession was because it had to circle the front line. Therefore, refugees from far and near regard Shanghai as a paradise. " After the Taiping Army conquered Nanjing, rich friends from Jiangsu and Zhejiang began to take refuge in Shanghai. Since then, with the Taiping Army approaching Shanghai, Su Xichang and Hangjiahu were conquered by the rebel army, and Jiangsu and Zhejiang people set off a general trend of rapid flow to Shanghai. In a short time, the population of Shanghai has exploded. 1860, the number of China people in the three British-American-French Concessions increased to 300,000; 1862, it increased to 500,000. Many floating population are wealthy families with large fields and real estate. A large number of people in the inland of Jiangnan lost their lives or fled, which greatly destroyed the original economic order in Jiangnan.
Due to the concession, a large number of people poured into Shanghai. The war caused the adjustment and change of the urban pattern in this area. A scholar who studied the development of modern Hangzhou noticed such a phenomenon:
/kloc-Since the middle of the 0/9th century, Hangzhou has suffered a series of negative influences, which eventually led to the readjustment of the city center level in the south of the Yangtze River. First of all, Hangzhou has lost its strategic position as an ancient commercial network with the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal as its north-south lifeline. 1853, Taiping Army occupied Jiangnan and blocked the traffic on the Grand Canal. Therefore, the Qing court and merchants had to develop maritime transportation through Shanghai. Secondly, the battle between Taiping Army and Qing Army accelerated the decline of Hangzhou. 65438+ In the early 1960s, the Taiping Army destroyed Hangzhou, and the urban population dropped sharply from one million to two hundred thousand. What is important is that the day when Hangzhou declined happened to be the time when Shanghai rose. Thanks to the above two factors that destroyed Hangzhou's prosperity and the stimulation of foreign trade, Shanghai has rapidly developed from a market town to a metropolis.
Not only Hangzhou, but also Suzhou, another central city, is rapidly declining. It should be pointed out that the rise and fall of population has a certain relationship with the rise and fall of a city, but the influx of a large number of people may not necessarily create a modern metropolis. The peasant wars in China in the past dynasties also caused the rapid population expansion in some cities. However, its structure has not changed at all. /kloc-In the middle of the 0/9th century, the Taiping Army attacked Jiangnan, which was of special significance to Shanghai. At this time, Shanghai was already an open trading port, and a new city was born because of the establishment of western commercial enterprises. The impact of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom accelerated the decline of cities along the canal, such as Suzhou and Hangzhou. In this process, a large number of people and funds from the south of the Yangtze River flocked to Shanghai at an extraordinary speed, which promoted the rapid growth of this trading port.
Second, the contribution of Jiangnan economic resources to Shanghai's modernization.
By studying the growth track of Shanghai's cities, we can find that at first, it was "prospering the city with business", and strictly speaking, it was driven by foreign trade that triggered a series of other changes. In the first 20 years of Shanghai's trade, we can clearly see the role played by Jiangnan's economic resources in the variety, quantity and value of Shanghai's export commodities.