Question 2: What are the teaching principles of primary and secondary schools in China at this stage? Mainly: 1) the principle of unity of science and ideology. The principle of unity of science and ideology is that teaching should be guided by Marxism, give students scientific knowledge, and combine knowledge teaching to educate students on socialist morality, correct outlook on life and scientific world outlook. 2) The principle of integrating theory with practice means that teaching should be guided by learning basic knowledge, understand knowledge from the connection between theory and practice, pay attention to using knowledge to analyze and solve problems, and achieve the purpose of applying what you have learned. 3) Intuition principle Intuition principle means that in teaching, students should observe the image description of what they have learned or the teacher's language, guide students to form a clear representation of what they have learned and the process, and enrich their perceptual knowledge, so as to correctly understand book knowledge and develop their cognitive ability. 4) Inspirational principle Inspirational principle means that in teaching, teachers should recognize students as the main body of learning, pay attention to mobilizing their learning initiative, guide them to think independently, actively explore, learn lively, consciously master scientific knowledge, and improve their ability to analyze and solve problems. 5) The principle of step by step The principle of step by step refers to teaching in accordance with the logical system of the subject and the order of students' cognitive development, so that students can systematically master basic knowledge and skills and form strict logical thinking ability. This principle is also called the system principle. 6) The principle of solidity The principle of solidity means that teaching should guide students to master knowledge and skills firmly on the basis of understanding, and keep them in memory for a long time, and they can be quickly reproduced as needed to facilitate the application of knowledge and skills. 7) Acceptability principle Acceptability principle means that the content, method, weight and progress of teaching should be suitable for students' physical and mental development, which is acceptable to them, but it must be difficult for them to master through hard work, so as to promote students' physical and mental development. 8) The principle of teaching students in accordance with their aptitude means that teachers should proceed from the actual situation and individual differences of students, and carry out differentiated teaching in a targeted manner, so that each student can make full use of their strengths and avoid their weaknesses and obtain the best development.
Question 3: What are the teaching principles? They are: the principle of unity of science and ideology, the principle of combining theory with practice, the principle of intuition, the principle of inspiration, the principle of gradual progress, the principle of consolidation, the principle of development, and the principle of teaching students in accordance with their aptitude.
1. The principle of unity of science and thought
(1) meaning
The principle of unity of science and ideology is that teaching should be guided by Marxism, impart scientific knowledge to students, and educate students on socialist morality, correct values and world outlook in combination with knowledge teaching.
(2) Basic requirements
① Ensure the scientificity of teaching;
(2) To explore the ideological content of teaching materials and pay attention to moral education for students in teaching;
③ Pay attention to supplement valuable information, examples or videos;
Teachers should constantly improve their professional level and ideological accomplishment.
2. The principle of integrating theory with practice
(1) meaning
The principle of integrating theory with practice means that teaching should be guided by learning basic knowledge, understand knowledge from the connection between theory and practice, pay attention to applying what you have learned, develop practical ability and understand the value of knowledge.
(2) Basic requirements
① The teaching of book knowledge should be combined with practice;
② Pay attention to guiding students to use knowledge;
③ Gradually cultivate and form students' comprehensive ability to use knowledge;
④ Supplement necessary local teaching materials.
3. The principle of intuition
(1) meaning
Intuition principle means that in teaching, students are guided to observe the content or image they have learned, and teachers are listened to describe the image of the content they have learned in language, so as to form specific and clear representations of related things and understand the content they have learned.
(2) Basic requirements
① Correct selection of intuitive teaching AIDS and modern teaching methods;
② combination of intuition and explanation;
(3) prevent the improper and abuse of intuition;
④ Pay attention to the intuitive use of language.
4. Heuristic principle
(1) meaning
The enlightening principle means that teachers should stimulate students' learning subjectivity in teaching, guide students to consciously master scientific knowledge, learn to analyze problems, and establish truth-seeking consciousness and humanistic feelings through active thinking and inquiry.
The heuristic principle seems to be stronger than the teacher's inspiration, but in fact, it is more important to arouse students' active inquiry, emphasize students' understanding, mastery and awakening, and let students actively and creatively acquire the all-round development of knowledge, intelligence and personality. Therefore, this principle can also be called the principle of inquiry, or the principle of combining inspiration with inquiry, which can better reflect the spirit of the times.
(2) Basic requirements
① arouse students' initiative in learning;
(2) Be good at asking questions to arouse doubts and guide teaching step by step;
③ Focus on inspiring students to acquire knowledge by solving practical problems;
④ Carry forward teaching democracy.
5. The principle of gradual progress
(1) meaning
The principle of gradual progress refers to teaching according to the logical system of the subject and the order of students' cognitive development, so that students can systematically master basic knowledge and skills and form strict logical thinking ability.
(2) Basic requirements
① Teaching according to the systematization of teaching materials;
(2) Grasp the principal contradiction and solve the key and difficult points;
③ From shallow to deep, from easy to difficult, from simple to complex;
④ Combine the coherence, flexibility and diversity of the system.
6. The principle of merger
(1) meaning
The principle of consolidation means that teaching should guide students to master knowledge and skills firmly on the basis of understanding, and keep them in memory for a long time, so as to reproduce them quickly and use them effectively according to needs.
(2) Basic requirements
① Consolidate on the basis of understanding;
② Pay attention to organizing various reviews;
③ Actively consolidate in expanding, reorganizing and applying knowledge.
7. Development principles
(1) meaning
The principle of development means that the content, method and progress of teaching should be suitable for students' development level, but there are also some difficulties, which need them to master through hard work, so as to effectively promote students' physical and mental development.
(2) Basic requirements
① Understand students' development level, and proceed from reality to teach;
② Considering the characteristics of students' cognitive development.
8. Teaching students in accordance with their aptitude
(1) meaning
The principle of teaching students in accordance with their aptitude means that teachers should proceed from the actual situation, individual differences and personality characteristics of students, and carry out differentiated teaching in a targeted manner, so that each student can make full use of their strengths and avoid their weaknesses, learn from each other's strengths and make up for their weaknesses, and get the best development.
(2) Basic requirements for implementing this principle.
① Differentiate teaching according to students' characteristics;
② Take effective measures to fully develop talented students. ...& gt& gt
Question 4: What are the contents of the teaching principle system commonly used in primary and secondary schools in China? (1) Intuition principle.
Definition: according to the needs of teaching activities, let students directly perceive the learning object. This principle is put forward in view of the contradiction between the theoretical knowledge such as words, concepts and principles in teaching and the things they represent.
Generally speaking, there are three specific intuitive means.
1. Physical intuition. Physical intuition is carried out through physical objects, which are directly presented to students. When learning unfamiliar contents in children's life, physical intuition can provide students with the necessary perceptual experience most truly, effectively and fully.
2. The model is intuitive. Visual simulation is the simulation of physical objects by various means, including pictures, charts, models, slides, audio, video, movies, television and so on. Although physical intuition has real and effective characteristics, it is often impossible to use because of the limitations of actual conditions; Intuitive simulation can effectively make up for the shortcomings of intuitive objects, especially the application of modern technology in the field of education, which makes the scope of intuitive simulation wider, from cosmic celestial bodies to molecular structures, and intuitive effects can be achieved through some technical means.
3. The language is intuitive. Language intuition means that teachers use students' existing knowledge and experience to describe vividly in their own language, arouse students' perceptual knowledge and achieve intuitive results. Compared with the first two kinds of intuition, language intuition can get rid of the limitations of time, space and material conditions to the maximum extent, which is the most convenient and economical. The application effect of language sense mainly depends on teachers' own quality and accomplishment.
Implementing the principle of intuitive teaching in teaching has the following basic requirements for teachers.
1. Choose intuitive means appropriately. Different subjects, different teaching tasks and different age characteristics of students need different intuitive means.
2. Intuition is a means, not an end. Generally speaking, when the teaching content is unfamiliar to students and students encounter difficulties or obstacles in understanding and mastering, teachers need to use intuition. Intuition can only lead to the decrease of teaching efficiency.
3. Improve students' understanding ability on the basis of intuition. Intuition gives students perceptual experience, and the fundamental task of teaching is to let students master theoretical knowledge. Therefore, teachers should pay attention to guidance when using intuition, such as asking questions and explaining, encouraging students to observe carefully and deeply, inspiring students to distinguish between primary and secondary, and guiding students to think about phenomena, essence, cause and effect.
(B) Incentive principle
Definition: In teaching, we should fully mobilize students' initiative in learning, and let students take the initiative to learn, so as to understand and master what they have learned. This principle is put forward to unify the leading role of teachers and the main position of students in teaching activities.
Implementing the inspiring principle in teaching activities has the following basic requirements for teachers.
1. Stimulate students' positive thinking. Teachers' inspiration should arouse students' intense and vivid intellectual activities, so that students can deeply understand and master knowledge, gain various experiences and exercise and develop. Therefore, inspiration should choose those questions that are difficult and require students to carry out complex thinking activities, but they can get basically correct results through conscious and positive thinking. Simple facts and memorized knowledge are of limited value even if they can "inspire" the results smoothly.
2. Establish students' dominant position. Students are the masters of learning, and teachers' inspiration can only avoid blindness if it conforms to students' reality. Only by recognizing students' dominant position and truly studying and understanding students' learning needs can teachers' inspiration be realized.
It may be targeted and effective.
3. Establish a democratic and equal relationship between teachers and students. In the authoritative teacher-student relationship, the teacher is the truth spokesman and academic authority above the students, and it is difficult for the students to ask questions and think freely and fully. Only by making students truly feel that teachers regard themselves as completely equal in personality can they really mobilize their learning consciousness.
(3) Systematic principle (also called gradual principle)
Definition: Teaching activities should be carried out continuously, coherently and systematically. This principle is put forward to deal with the complex relationship among the order of teaching activities, the system of subject courses, the system of scientific theories and the law of students' development. To implement this principle in teaching, teachers have the following requirements:
1. Teaching in the order of syllabus (curriculum standard). Syllabus (curriculum standard) is the reflection of the internal logic system of each course, which is based on the general law of primary school students' development, and all kinds of teaching materials are based on it. & gt
Question 5: What are the teaching principles that teachers should follow? The education law mainly stipulates seven basic principles: (1) the principle of political, ideological and moral education for the educated; (two) education should inherit and carry forward the excellent historical and cultural traditions of the Chinese nation and absorb all the outstanding achievements of the development of human civilization; (3) The principle that citizens enjoy equal rights and opportunities for education according to law; (four) the principle of the state to help ethnic minorities, poverty-stricken areas, the disabled and other vulnerable areas and groups to develop education; (5) The principle of education reform and coordinated development; (six) educational activities must conform to the interests of the state and society, and the principle of separation from religion; (7) The principle that no organization or individual may establish schools or other educational institutions for profit.
Question 6: The Principles of Education and Teaching in Xue Ji comprehensively summarizes the education and teaching experience, educational purpose, educational system, teaching organization form, teaching content, principles and methods, the position and role of teachers, and the relationship between teachers and students, and reveals the universal laws of education and teaching. Among them, the elaboration of educational and teaching principles still has the significance of inheriting and drawing lessons from modern education.
1 the principle of learning from each other.
The phrase "learning from each other" was first seen in Xueji, which wrote: "Although there are good dishes, I don't know what the purpose is. Although there is supreme Tao, Buddhism does not know its goodness. It is to learn and then know the deficiency, and to teach and then know the difficulty. If you don't know enough, you can give up on yourself; if you know difficulties, you can be self-reliant. So teaching and learning are also beneficial. He said to his life:' If you learn half, you will be nothing!' It means: although there are good fish, you don't know its taste until you eat it; Although there is a good truth, but unlearned, I don't know its depth. Therefore, only by studying can we know our own shortcomings, and only by teaching can we know our own poverty. Only by knowing the shortcomings can we reflect on ourselves; Only by knowing poverty can we strive for self-improvement. Teaching and learning complement each other. Duiming that "teaching and learning are equally divided" is also the same reason [3].
Confucius said, "The afterlife is awesome. How do you know that new people are not as good as this life?" ("The Analects? Zi Han), and said, "Do your duty" (The Analects? Wei Linggong "). Xunzi also said: "Those who are not me are also my teachers; It's me who scares my friends; Flatter me, I am a thief ",and he also proposed that" green is better than blue; "Ice, water is colder than water." People think that teachers should not only learn from the younger generation and students. Xue Ji's idea of mutual learning is that teachers can promote learning in the teaching process, which shows that teachers' own learning is a kind of learning, and the process of teaching others is also a kind of learning.
The principle of learning from teaching profoundly reveals the dialectical relationship between teaching and learning, which are interdependent and mutually reinforcing. Teaching and learning are unity of opposites. Without either party, the teaching process will cease to exist. Teachers should realize that students are both the object of teaching and the subject of learning. In the teaching process, only by mobilizing students' enthusiasm and initiative can we give full play to students' subjective initiative and think positively. At the same time, students should give full play to their subjective initiative, actively study under the guidance of teachers, and consciously regulate themselves in the learning process. The process of teacher-student communication is also the process of teacher-student interaction. Teachers and students should carry forward teaching democracy, learn from each other and establish a good relationship between "teaching" and "learning" to achieve the goal of "learning from each other". 2 the principle of inspiration and induction
Xue Ji inherited and carried forward The Analects (The Analects? Zi Han), "If you don't get angry, you won't get angry, and if you don't worry, you won't get angry" (The Analects of Confucius? Shure), and sharply criticized the phenomenon of mechanical indoctrination in teaching at that time. Yukime pointed out that the reason why teaching can't achieve good results is that students' acceptance ability is not noticed and their enthusiasm for learning is not stimulated. "Talking about teaching while moaning, and then ignoring its safety, makes people have to be dishonest" is against the teaching law, which can only lead to students' disgust and confusion about learning. Based on this, Xue Ji put forward: "Therefore, the teaching of a gentleman is called Bi Xing. Tao leads, strong and restrained, open and far-reaching. Tao is harmonious, strong is easy, open is thinking, and thinking is a good metaphor. " The "metaphor" here, that is, Xiao Yu, means to inspire and induce. The meaning of this sentence is: the teaching of a gentleman focuses on inspiration and induction. Guide rather than pull students; Is to encourage rather than suppress; It's inspiration, not indoctrination. Guiding without pulling, the relationship between teachers and students will be harmonious; Encourage without repression, and learning will be brisk; Enlighten without instilling, students will think. If the relationship between teachers and students is harmonious, students will be interested in learning. Such a teacher can be said to be good at inspiring and inducing. In order to achieve the teaching effect of "thinking in harmony", teachers should also be "as good as your word, implicit and not easy to use metaphors", that is, teachers are required to explain simply and thoroughly, incisively and appropriately, although metaphors are often used, but the meaning should be clear. The psychological basis of Xue Ji's heuristic principle is "ambition". "A scholar should learn from his ambition", "distinguish his ambition", "swim his ambition", "follow his ambition" and "be strong without opposing" all emphasize ...
Question 7: What are the teaching principles that school education should follow? In teaching practice, we must follow the following principles: 1, the principle of individuality. Teachers' teaching activities have a strong personal color and are teachers' personalized experience. Facts have proved that only by making students interested in what they have learned can they enter their minds, cherish it for a long time and effectively promote their growth. 2. The principle of interest. The design of classroom teaching process should be as novel, vivid, attractive and interesting as possible, which can effectively stimulate students to actively participate in learning activities and induce students' questioning and innovative consciousness. 3. The principle of multi-sensory participation. Guide students to move their eyes, brains, hands and mouths in learning activities, so that the deeper they feel, the more likely they are to produce works with individuality and innovative consciousness. 4. The principle of interaction. While emphasizing students' learning, it also strengthens teachers' learning. Teachers inspire students to take the initiative to understand things, and students constantly produce and raise new questions in the process of understanding. Teachers create emotional situations on the basis of students' understanding and constantly inspire students to explore. This is an interactive bilateral learning process. Let teachers and students develop together in teaching and learning. 5. Practical principles. Practical activities are also the field of teaching and the carrier of personalized development. It is produced and developed in practice. It constructs the spiritual world of learners' subjectivity and personalized development. 6. Creative principle. We should pay attention to the cultivation of students' innovative consciousness and innovative thinking. Stimulate and protect students' curiosity and self-confidence, let students fully express their ideas, respect students' individual differences and interests, and encourage students to have the courage to continue to improve. 7. The principle of openness. Teaching is not a narrow self-enclosed and isolated activity, and should not be confined to the classroom, bound by the norms of teaching materials, or confined to the circle of teachers' guidance and arrangement. It is open, extending from single discipline to multi-discipline, from in-class to out-of-class, and from inside to outside.
Question 8: What principles and methods of education and teaching did Xue Ji put forward? The so-called principle is the fundamental law or standard to follow when speaking or doing things. Teaching principle is the basic law and standard that should be followed in carrying out teaching activities, and it is the general principle to guide teaching work. (5) Xue Ji's teaching principles mainly include:
First, the principle of learning from each other
"Xue Ji" said: "Learn and then know the deficiency, teach and then know the difficulty, know the deficiency, and then can reverse it; Know the difficulties, and then you can strengthen yourself. Therefore, teaching and learning learn from each other. " (6) Xue Ji was the first person in the history of education to clearly put forward the proposition and principle that teaching should learn from each other, which was his outstanding contribution to teaching theory.
teach
Mutual learning can be divided into original meaning and extended meaning. The original intention is only to teach this party to learn through teaching, which shows that the teacher's own learning is a kind of learning, while the process of teaching others is a kind of learning. He found his own confusion through teaching.
It is these two different learning forms that promote each other and make teachers make continuous progress. Say "half learned" to Ming. (7) But it was later extended when someone commented that "teaching benefits from learning".
It is regarded as a process in which teachers and students promote and improve each other through teaching, and it is also regarded as an important teaching principle put forward by Xue Ji. The principle of learning from each other embodies the dialectics of teaching.
It is one of the most important teaching principles in ancient China and the most precious spirit of our national education, "even in modern world educational works". (8) It still plays an active role in guiding our teaching activities.
Use.
Second, the precautionary principle.
The Book of Learning says, "What is forbidden is foresight". The precautionary principle is put forward for university education.
Go ahead,
There are two ways for teachers to educate students: one is to impart knowledge and form good study habits; Or moral education, so that it can form excellent moral quality, and the second is to help students overcome it in the process of imparting knowledge and moral education.
Bad study habits and the correction of bad moral quality. However, once bad study habits and bad moral qualities are formed or accumulated, they will be out of place and difficult to overcome and correct, just as the Book of Learning said.
Goal: "If you ban students, you will not be able to defend discipline". This requires teachers to do a good job of investigation, understand students from all aspects, prevent problems before they happen, and try to nip them in the bud. Now, the precautionary principle has been
Widely used in all walks of life.
Thirdly, Xue Ji advocates timely teaching.
"Come as soon as you can", we should grasp the best learning opportunity, learn at the right time and teach at the right time.
Seize every opportunity to teach students, especially students' existing learning desire and motivation. When they are thirsty for knowledge, teachers must seize this opportunity to teach in time.
This seized the opportunity to tell, as Mencius said, "it melts when it rains"; From the aspect of students' learning: First, students receive education according to their age characteristics, that is, what level of education students should receive at what age, which cannot be wrong.
It's time to teach and learn, that is, to teach at the right time. For example, Sun Xidan of A Qing Dynasty explained that "when you enter primary school at the age of eight, you enter university at the age of fifteen, which is called time". (9) Otherwise, "it will be very hard and difficult to learn after time".
It involves the age characteristics, psychological preparation, teaching content and order of middle school students, and requires finding the best combination of various factors to make teaching effective. In modern times, many educators have also studied this, and they
It is believed that the best content of learning at different ages is different, and the acceptance rate will be slower after missing it. Therefore, they also advocate timely teaching. Fourth, the principle of gradual progress.
The Book of Learning summarizes the practice of Confucius and Mencius.
The idea of step by step puts forward "calling it a grandson without paying attention to festival", "learning without being quick" and "respecting it as a grandson", opposes "giving without paying attention to grandchildren" and advocates "making things easy first"
We should pay attention to "learning from the past, learning from the future". Only step by step, teaching will succeed, otherwise, it will fail.
On the gradual principle of teachers' teaching and students' learning in Xueji
Summarized two main aspects of learning. First, we should teach the corresponding knowledge to the target students in order of age; On the other hand, teachers are required to proceed from the reality of teaching content and start from both positive and negative aspects.
This paper expounds that students should study in a certain order. The principle of gradual progress requires that teaching activities must follow the order and objective laws of knowledge, students and teaching.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) >>
Question 9: What are the principles of modern teaching in China and China?
1) The principle of teaching integrity has two meanings: first, the tasks undertaken by teaching are holistic, and the completion of teaching tasks should be complete and comprehensive, without any negligence; Second, it refers to the integrity of teaching activities, and teaching is a complete system composed of a series of teaching elements.
(2) The principle of inspiring creation. This teaching principle means that teachers should mobilize students' enthusiasm and consciousness in teaching activities to the maximum extent, stimulate students' creative thinking, and enable students to fully develop their creative ability and personality while fully mastering knowledge.
(3) The principle of integrating theory with practice. This teaching principle means that teaching activities must adhere to the combination and unity of theory and practice, analyze reality with theory and verify theory with practice, so that students can understand and master knowledge from the combination of theory and practice, and learn to use knowledge in the process of this combination.
(4) the principle of sequence. This teaching principle refers to combining the logical structure of the subject with the physical and mental development of students, teaching in an orderly and step-by-step manner, so that students can effectively master systematic scientific knowledge and effectively promote the healthy development of students' body and mind.
(5) The principle of teacher-student cooperation. This teaching principle mainly means that in teaching activities, teachers should not only give full play to their own role, but also fully mobilize the enthusiasm and initiative of students, so that the teaching process is really in a state of coordinated activities and mutual promotion between teachers and students. Its essence is to deal with the relationship between teachers and students, teaching and learning.
(6) The principle of teaching students in accordance with their aptitude. The principle of teaching students in accordance with their aptitude requires teachers to take different ways and methods in teaching activities, starting from the reality of students and according to the specific conditions of different teaching objects, so that each student can get full and best development on his own basis.
(7) The principle of accumulation and proficiency. This teaching principle means that teaching activities should enable students to acquire extensive, profound and solid basic knowledge and skills on the basis of understanding, form good personality quality, and then enable students to master knowledge and skills skillfully and freely.
(8) The principle of feedback adjustment. This teaching principle means that in teaching activities, teachers and students can get the feedback information of teaching activities in time, so as to know the teaching situation in time, and can effectively control the smooth development of teaching activities in time to improve teaching efficiency and quality.
(9) The principle of teaching optimization. This teaching principle refers to the comprehensive adjustment of various factors that restrict the teaching effect in teaching activities in order to implement the best teaching and achieve the best teaching effect. [3]