1. Definition: The process by which individuals infer and judge the reasons for their own and others' behaviors according to relevant information and clues.
2, the classification of behavior reasons:
(1) Internal cause and external cause: ① Internal cause refers to the internal causes of individuals, such as personality, quality, motivation, attitude, mood, state of mind, degree of effort and other personal characteristics. Attributing behavior reasons to personal characteristics is called internal attribution. (2) External factors refer to the external conditions of behaviors or events, including background, opportunities, the influence of others, and the difficulty of tasks. Attributing the cause of behavior to external conditions is called external attribution or situational attribution. In many cases, the occurrence of behavior and events is not caused by a single factor of internal factors or external factors, but by both factors, which is called comprehensive attribution.
(2) reasons for stability (internal factors: personality characteristics and ability; External factors: nature and difficulty of work) and variability (internal factors: people's emotions; External factors, climatic conditions) (3) controllable causes and uncontrollable causes: attribution of controllable causes and prediction of changes. Make an accurate prediction of the attribution of uncontrollable factors.
3. Control point theory: Roth put forward a theory of specific attribution tendency in 1950s and 1960s. Individuals have different explanations for what happened in their own lives and the source of control of the results.
(1) Internal controller: The control point is within the individual. He believes that the outcome of most things in personal life depends on the degree of effort of individuals in doing these things, and that he can control the development and outcome of things. In the face of possible failure, there is no doubt that there may be improvement in the future. Facing the difficult situation, I can make greater efforts and increase my work input. Attitude and behavior are in line with social expectations.
(2) External controller: the control point is outside the individual. Views and behaviors are just the opposite of those of internal controllers.
4. Attribution principle
(1) Invariance: In 1958, Hyde, the founder of attribution thought, proposed that the principle of invariance is usually used, that is, to find the unchangeable relationship between a particular result and a particular reason.
(2) Discount: 1972. Kelly found that if there are other seemingly reasonable reasons, the effect of a certain reason on a specific result will be discounted.
(3) Covariance: In 1967, Kelly pointed out that people try to find out the regular covariance of various conditions in which an effect occurs when attributing, just like scientists seek laws in scientific research. People may attribute it through three kinds of special information (specificity, * * identity and consistency information), which is also called three-dimensional theory. All three are high external attribution; Low specificity, low * * *, high consistency and internal attribution.
5. Factors affecting attribution
(1) Social perspective: Actors (parties) and observers (outsiders) have different views on actors' behavior, and their explanations of the reasons for behavior will be obviously different.
(2) Self-value protection tendency:
(1) The explanation of things involving self often has an obvious tendency to protect self-value, that is, it is attributed to the direction that is conducive to the establishment of self-value. In the attribution of success or failure, individuals tend to attribute internally when they succeed; Individuals seldom use personal characteristics to explain failure, but tend to be attributed externally.
(2) When you succeed, internal attribution is conducive to affirming your self-worth, while when you fail, external attribution reduces your responsibility for failure, which is a self-defense strategy.
Under competitive conditions, individuals tend to attribute others' success to others, thus alleviating the psychological pressure brought by others' success. If others fail, they will often be trapped inside. Due to the success or failure of others, individuals have an obvious tendency to put themselves in a favorable position and protect their values. This tendency is called Motivation attribution bias.
Insomnia patients often have the opposite attribution tendency, that is, insomnia is caused by internal factors, such as neurasthenia, anxiety, tension and so on. Insomnia patients can be relieved to some extent by changing the attribution model.
(3) Observation position: People often attribute the cause of things to prominent people or things at the center of attention.
(4) Time factor: As time goes on, attribution becomes more and more situational, and people will interpret past events as background reasons, not the reasons of actors and stimulus objects.
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