Conversely, what kind of enterprise can be regarded as an e-commerce enterprise? Of course, using the Internet and websites to realize business is a basic feature, but the core is that enterprises must run on an "enterprise resource planning system (ERP)" based on perfect management ideas and workflow.
Enterprise e-commerce: e-commerce usually refers to a new business operation mode in which buyers and sellers conduct various business activities without meeting each other in a wide range of business activities around the world under the open network environment of the Internet, so as to realize online shopping of consumers, online transactions between businesses and online electronic payment, as well as various business activities, trading activities, financial activities and related comprehensive service activities. "China Internet Marketing Network" Tinlu related articles pointed out that e-commerce covers a wide range, which can generally be divided into business-to-business or business-to-consumer relationships. In addition, there is a consumer-to-consumer growth model. With the increase of netizens in China, the consumption patterns of online shopping and bank card payment are gradually popularized, the market share is also growing rapidly, and e-commerce websites are also emerging one after another. The most common security mechanisms of e-commerce are SSL and SET.
SSL (Secure Socket Protocol) The definition of SSL (Secure Socket Protocol) e-commerce;
First of all, e-commerce is divided into broad sense and narrow sense. E-commerce in a broad sense is defined as the use of various electronic tools to engage in business or activities. These tools range from basic telegrams, telephones, broadcasts, televisions and faxes to computers and computer networks to modern systems such as NII (National Information Infrastructure-Information expressway), GII (Global Information Infrastructure) and the Internet. Commercial activities are all activities based on the demand activities of pan-commodities (physical and non-physical, commodity and non-commodity production factors, etc.). ) to the reasonable and legal consumption of pan-commodities except the typical production process. In a narrow sense, e-commerce is defined as mainly using the Internet to engage in business or activities. E-commerce is the general name of people who master information technology and business rules, systematically use electronic tools and engage in various activities centered on commodity exchange with high efficiency and low cost in modern society with highly developed technology and economy. This analysis highlights the premise, center, focus, purpose and standard of e-commerce, and points out the level and effect it should achieve. It is a stricter definition of e-commerce and reflects the requirements of the times. It emphasizes the central position of people in the system from the perspective of system, organically links environment with people, people with tools, and people with labor objects, and defines e-commerce with system objectives and system components, thus making e-commerce productive. Five e-commerce modes: B2B, B2C, C2C, B2M and M2C.
B2B refers to business to business.
Just as enterprises do business with other enterprises, business-to-business e-commerce means that enterprises exchange products, services and information through the Internet. Generally speaking, the supply and demand sides of e-commerce transactions are merchants (or enterprises and companies), who use Internet technology or various business network platforms to complete the process of business transactions. These processes include: publishing supply and demand information, ordering and confirming orders, payment process, issuing, transmitting and receiving bills, determining distribution scheme and monitoring distribution process. Sometimes I write B as B, but for simplicity, I simply use its homonym B2B(2 is 2). The typical examples of B2B are Alibaba, China Manufacturing Network, Dunhuang Network and HC Network.
B2C is business to customer.
B2C mode is the earliest e-commerce mode in China, which is marked by the official operation of 8848 online mall. B2C means that enterprises provide consumers with a new shopping environment-online stores, and consumers shop and pay online through the Internet. Because this model saves time and space for customers and enterprises, it greatly improves the transaction efficiency, especially for busy office workers, this model can save valuable time.
C2C means consumer to consumer.
C2C, like B2B and B2C, is one of several modes of e-commerce. The difference is that C2C is a user-to-user mode. C2C business platform is to provide an online trading platform for buyers and sellers, so that sellers can actively provide online auction of goods, and buyers can choose their own goods for bidding. Typical examples of C2C are Baidu C2C and Taobao.
B2M talks business with the manager.
Compared with B2B, B2C and C2C, B2M is a brand-new e-commerce model. This kind of e-commerce is essentially different from the above three, and its fundamental difference lies in the different nature of the target customer groups. The target customers of the first three are consumers, while the target customers of B2M are the sellers or workers of enterprises or products, not the final consumers.
Enterprises publish their products or services through the network platform, professional managers obtain the information of their products or services through the network, and provide products sales or enterprise services for enterprises. Enterprises achieve the purpose of selling products or obtaining services through the services of managers. Professional managers get commissions by providing services for enterprises.
Compared with traditional e-commerce, B2M has been greatly improved. In addition to the essential differences in user groups, B2M has a greater characteristic advantage: developing e-commerce offline! The characteristics of the above three kinds of traditional e-commerce: the buyers and sellers of goods or services can only be netizens, while the B2M model can completely take the information of goods and services on the network offline. Enterprises release information, managers get business information, and provide goods or services to everyone, whether online or offline.
Taking the China market as an example, the traditional e-commerce website faces 65.438+400 million netizens, while B2M faces 65.438+400 million China citizens. In fact, B2M is essentially a proxy model.
M2C compares managers to consumers.
M2C is an extended concept for B2M e-commerce model. In the B2M link, enterprises publish their products or services through the network platform, professional managers obtain the information of their products or services through the network, and provide products sales or enterprise services for enterprises, and enterprises achieve the purpose of selling products or obtaining services through the services of managers. In M2C, the manager will face the consumer, that is, the final consumer.
M2C is an extension of B2M, and it is also an indispensable follow-up development link of B2M, a new e-commerce model. Managers will eventually sell their products to the final consumers, a large part of which will be in the form of e-commerce, similar to C2C, but not exactly the same. C2C is a traditional profit model, and what it earns is basically the price difference of goods. On the other hand, M2C's profit model is richer and more flexible, which can be price difference or commission. Moreover, the logistics management mode of M2C can be more diverse than that of C2C, such as zero inventory; Cash flow is also more advantageous than traditional C2C.
E-commerce on the Internet can be divided into three aspects: information service, transaction and payment. The main contents include: e-commerce advertising; Electronic purchase and exchange of transactions and electronic transaction vouchers; Electronic payment settlement and after-sales online service. The main types of transactions are business-to-person transactions (B-to-C mode) and business-to-business transactions (B-to-B mode). There are four subjects involved in e-commerce: customers (individual consumers or enterprise groups), merchants (including vendors, manufacturers, storage and transportation companies), banks (including issuers and acquirers) and certification centers.
From the perspective of trade activities, e-commerce can be realized in multiple links, or it can be divided into two levels. The lower-level e-commerce is e-commerce, e-trade, e-contract and so on. The most complete and advanced e-commerce should be to use the Internet to carry out all trade activities, that is, to completely realize information flow, business flow, capital flow and partial logistics on the Internet. In other words, you can negotiate with customers online, place orders, pay (receive) money, open electronic invoices and even pay taxes through electronic customs declaration in one go.
To achieve a complete e-commerce will involve many aspects, besides buyers and sellers, banks or financial institutions, government agencies, certification bodies, distribution centers and other institutions need to join. Because the parties involved in e-commerce don't know each other physically, the whole process of e-commerce is not a copy of business activities in the physical world. Online banking, online electronic payment, data encryption, electronic signature and other conditions and technologies play an important and indispensable role in e-commerce.
There are two other categories:
B2A e-commerce between commercial organizations and administrative organizations
Business-to-government e-commerce refers to the e-commerce activities between enterprises and government agencies. For example, the government will publish the procurement details online, and through online bidding, enterprises will also bid electronically.
At present, this method is still in the preliminary experimental stage, but it may develop rapidly, because the government can establish an image in this way and promote the development of e-commerce through demonstration. In addition, the government can also manage the administrative affairs of enterprises through this kind of e-commerce. For example, the government can issue import and export licenses and carry out statistical work through e-commerce, and enterprises can handle tax payment and tax refund online.
The government should play an important role in promoting the development of electronic commerce. In the United States, the Clinton administration decided to electronically purchase 70% of the federal government's public procurement in the near future. In Sweden, the government has decided that at least 90% of public procurement will be conducted online.
China's Jinguan Project is to establish an e-commerce framework dominated by foreign trade, and promote the development of various e-commerce activities in China through e-commerce from commercial organizations to administrative organizations, such as issuing import and export licenses, handling export tax rebates, and electronic customs declaration.
C2A Consumer-to-Manager Electronic Commerce
Consumer-to-government e-commerce refers to government-to-individual e-commerce activities. This kind of e-commerce activity has not really taken shape yet. However, in some developed countries, such as Australia, the government tax authorities have designated private tax offices or financial accounting companies to submit individual tax returns electronically. Although this kind of activity has not yet reached the real electronic tax return, it has already had the embryonic form of consumer-to-administrative e-commerce.
With the development of electronic commerce between commercial organizations and consumers, and between commercial organizations and administrative organizations, the government will provide more comprehensive electronic services to individuals in society. Various services provided by government departments to social taxpayers, such as paying social welfare funds, will be conducted online in the future. E-commerce started at 1997. If American e-commerce is "business-driven", then China e-commerce is "technology-driven", which is the biggest difference in the development model between China e-commerce and American e-commerce. In the United States, the practice of e-commerce is earlier than the concept of e-commerce, and the business needs of enterprises "promote" the progress of network and e-commerce technology and promote the formation of e-commerce concept. When the Internet era came, the United States already had a relatively advanced and developed e-commerce foundation. In China, the concept of e-commerce precedes the application and development of e-commerce, and the "enlighteners" are IT vendors such as IBM. Network and e-commerce technology need to constantly "pull" the business needs of enterprises, and then drive the application and development of e-commerce in China. It is very important to understand this difference, which is a major feature of e-commerce development in China and a key to understand the application and development of e-commerce in China.
1997 and 1998, the main body of e-commerce in China is some IT vendors and media, who conduct "enlightenment education" in various ways to stimulate and guide people's understanding, interest and demand for e-commerce. After this stage, in 1999 and 2000, e-commerce service providers with websites as their main features became the earliest e-commerce users in China and the main body of e-commerce in China at this stage. With the deepening of the application and development of e-commerce and the bursting of the capital market bubble, website e-commerce began to fall into a trough, and enterprises, especially traditions, began to enter the field of e-commerce on a large scale. China e-commerce entered the third stage from 200 1, and enterprise e-commerce became the new subject of China e-commerce.
This change is profound, but it also leads to some incorrect views on the e-commerce situation in China. People have become accustomed to taking website e-commerce, especially some "hot" websites e-commerce as an important or even the only basis for understanding and judging the e-commerce situation. Therefore, the decline of e-commerce in some "hot" websites has led many media and professionals to judge that e-commerce in China is at a low ebb, heading for recession or never recovering. Therefore, many people have great doubts about the development prospect of e-commerce, and more and more negative and negative opinions have begun to appear on the advantages of e-commerce.
This view is understandable, but not correct. In fact, contrary to the surface, e-commerce in China is developing in depth and breadth, and the overall situation is healthy. The main body of e-commerce is changing from IT vendors, media and e-commerce service providers to enterprises. Traditional enterprises are entering the field of e-commerce on a large scale, which is characterized by firmness, effectiveness but not attracting "eyeballs". Enterprise e-commerce is the main perspective to observe and judge the future e-commerce situation.
In the application and development of e-commerce in China, there are many basic issues that need to be reconsidered, such as what is e-commerce, whether e-commerce is e-commerce, the scope of e-commerce, whether government procurement is e-commerce or e-government, whether online advertising is e-commerce, whether e-commerce packages do not include ERP, and how to calculate the transaction amount of e-commerce in order to provide customers with convenient and safe trading methods. Credit card is the most common means of payment on the Internet, and about 90% of online payment is done by credit card. In the past, encrypted credit card number information was transmitted between customers and merchants through independent third-party payment gateways, and now most small businesses and individual merchants still do so. Nowadays, most large companies handle credit card transactions directly on their websites through agreements with commercial banks or credit card companies.
Provide high reliability and security for transactions. For example, parallel computing, hardware redundancy, fault handling, information encryption and network firewall technology are used to meet this requirement.
Provide a 360-degree view of customer relationship, that is, ensure that employees, suppliers and partners of the company can get a complete and consistent view of customers, rather than filtered or filtered information. Because customers will not have a good evaluation of the feeling of monitoring in authoritarianism (big brother).
Establish a business model. If there is such a passage in the textbook in 2000, it will be a lot. " The company may not go bankrupt.
Design an e-commerce value chain, focusing on a limited number of core competitiveness, rather than a one-stop solution. If properly programmed, online stores can get one of the professional or general functions.
Operate cutting-edge technology or be as close to cutting-edge technology as possible, and keep up with technological changes. But remember, the basic rules of business are very different from those of technology, so don't follow suit in business model.
Establish an organization that is sensitive and agile enough to respond to any changes in economy, society and environment in time.
Provide an attractive website. This goal can be achieved by tastefully using colors, pictures, animations, photos, fonts and enough white space.
Smooth business processes can be obtained through process reengineering and information technology.
Provide information that can fully understand goods and services, including not only all product information, but also reliable consultant suggestions and selection suggestions.
Naturally, the e-commerce supplier industry needs to implement universal principles, such as ensuring the quality and availability of goods provided, the reliability of logistics, and handling customer complaints in a timely and effective manner. (1) business-to-business application system (b to b)
E-commerce among enterprises will be the main body of e-commerce business, accounting for about 90% of the total transaction volume of e-commerce. At present, e-commerce has greatly improved the efficiency of enterprises in supply, inventory, transportation and information circulation, and the most enthusiastic promoter of e-commerce is merchants. Business-to-business transactions are places where the introduction of e-commerce can produce many benefits. For a commercial enterprise in the circulation field, because there is no production link, e-commerce activities almost cover the management activities of the whole enterprise, and it is the enterprise that uses e-commerce the most. Through e-commerce, commercial enterprises can obtain consumer information more timely and accurately, so as to order goods accurately, reduce inventory and promote sales through the network, thus improving efficiency, reducing costs and obtaining greater benefits.
The general transaction process of e-commerce among enterprises can be divided into the following four stages. The first is the preparation before the transaction. This stage mainly refers to the preparatory activities of the buyers and sellers and the parties involved in the transaction before signing the contract. The second is transaction negotiation and contract signing. This stage mainly refers to the negotiation of all the details of the transaction between the buyer and the seller, and the results of the negotiation between the two parties are determined in the form of documents, that is, the trade contract is signed in the form of written documents and electronic documents. The third is to go through the formalities before the transaction. This stage mainly refers to the process from the signing of the contract between the buyer and the seller to the beginning of the performance of the contract. The fourth is the performance of the transaction contract and the claim.
(2) Enterprise Consumer Application System (B t0 C)
In the long run, business-to-consumer e-commerce will eventually occupy an important position in the field of e-commerce. However, due to various factors, at present and for a long time, this level of business can only account for a relatively small proportion. It takes the Internet as the main means to provide services, realize public consumption and provide services, and ensure the electronization of related payment methods. With the appearance of the World Wide Web (WWW), it has developed rapidly, and it can be regarded as an electronic retail. At present, there are all kinds of commercial centers all over the Internet, providing all kinds of consumer goods and services, from flowers and books to computers and cars.
This shopping process has completely changed the traditional shopping methods such as face-to-face transaction, cash delivery and interview. This is a new and effective way of electronic shopping. Of course, we need a very effective e-commerce security system if we want to conduct e-shopping activities with confidence and boldness.
(3) Enterprise-Government Application System (B to G)
Including government procurement, taxation, commodity inspection and management rules. Everything between the government and enterprises can be covered. For example, the government procurement list can be published through the Internet, and enterprises can reply electronically. With the development of e-commerce, such applications will grow rapidly. The government has two roles here: it is the user of e-commerce, making purchases and acting as a commercial actor. It is also the macro-manager of e-commerce and plays a supporting and normative role in e-commerce. In developed countries, the development of e-commerce often relies mainly on the participation and investment of private enterprises, and the government only plays a guiding role. Compared with developed countries, enterprises in developing countries are small in scale, backward in information technology and low in solvency. Government participation is helpful to introduce technology, expand the scale of enterprises and improve the solvency of enterprises.
(4) Consumer-consumer application systems (C to C)
This application system is mainly reflected in the establishment of online stores. Now there are many online trading platforms, such as Taobao and Yi Bei. These trading platforms provide many consumers with the opportunity to open stores online, which makes more and more people enter the system.
According to the survey, by the end of June, 2006, 5438+February, the registered members of Taobao exceeded 30 million, and the annual turnover in 2006 exceeded 654.38+69 million, far exceeding the total online shopping market in China in 2005. According to Alexa's evaluation, Taobao is the most visited e-commerce website in China, ranking 22nd in the world and 7th in China.
(5) Enterprise-Professional Manager Application System (B to M)
This application system is gradually improving its management mode, transaction mode and other details. Compared with traditional e-commerce, B2M has been greatly improved. In addition to the essential differences in user groups, B2M has a greater characteristic advantage: developing e-commerce offline! The characteristics of the above three kinds of traditional e-commerce: the buyers and sellers of goods or services can only be netizens, while the B2M model can completely take the information of goods and services on the network offline. Enterprises release information, managers get business information, and provide goods or services to everyone, whether online or offline.
Taking the China market as an example, the traditional e-commerce website faces 65.438+400 million netizens, while B2M faces 65.438+400 million China citizens.