The Main Influence of Tianjin Treaty
Tianjin Treaty was an unequal treaty signed by Britain, France, the United States and Russia during the Second Opium War.
Since it is an unequal treaty signed with the four countries, there must be treaties corresponding to the four countries, namely, the Sino-Russian Tianjin Treaty, the Sino-American Tianjin Treaty, the Sino-British Tianjin Treaty and the Sino-French Tianjin Treaty. Among them, the signing of the Sino-Russian Tianjin Treaty and the Sino-American Tianjin Treaty had a great influence.
The Sino-Russian Tianjin Treaty is an unequal treaty signed by China and Russia, which has seriously damaged China's sovereignty. With the signing of the Sino-Russian Tianjin Treaty, Russia gained the coastal trade right of China after the First Opium War. And obtained the most-favored-nation treatment through the Tianjin Treaty between China and Russia, that is to say, Britain, France, the United States and other countries may obtain the same aggressive rights and interests in China in the future. In addition, the signing of the Sino-Russian Tianjin Treaty also indicates that Russia will further invade China's territory in the name of demarcation.
The Sino-American Tianjin Treaty is an unequal treaty signed between China and the United States, and its signing marks the further destruction of China's sovereignty by the United States. The United States not only obtained more extensive aggressive rights and interests than in the original Wang Xia Treaty, but also obtained all the privileges obtained by Britain and France in the Second Opium War through a more comprehensive and stricter one-sided MFN clause. The signing of the Tianjin Treaty between China and the United States is not only the criminal evidence of American aggression against China's sovereignty, but also a typical product of American cooperative aggression against China.
In addition to the above four treaties, there is also a Sino-British Trade Charter, which stipulates that China should? Opium is allowed to be imported, and the import tax is 320 per 100 Jin. ? After that, opium began to be openly imported in China. Foreign trade seriously eroded China's economy and deepened China's semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.
Introduction to the background of Tianjin Treaty
During the Second Opium War, it was also called the battle of British and French allied forces. 1856, Britain captured the China ship in Huangpu, Guangzhou under the pretext of Guangdong navy. Yarrow? The pirates on No.1 sent troops to attack Guangzhou. France also invaded under the pretext that the French Catholic priest Marais was killed in Xilin, Guangxi. 1857, the British and French allied forces captured Guangzhou.
1858, the British and French fleets attacked Dagukou with the support of the United States and Russia. Dagubao fell and the British and French forces invaded Tianjin. The Qing government sent imperial envoys Gui Liang and Hua Shanna to sign the Tianjin Treaty with representatives of Russia, the United States, Britain and France respectively. In the same year, Russia forced Yishan in Heilongjiang to sign the Ji Hui Treaty by force.
1June, 859, Britain, France and the United States led a fleet to shell Dagu on the grounds that they were refused to change their contracts in Beijing. Shi Rongchun, the prefect, led the defenders to fight back, sinking and injuring the enemy ship 10, killing nearly 500 people, seriously injuring Herb, commander of the British fleet, and Shi Rongchun died. 1August 860, 18000 British and French troops landed from Beitang and occupied Tianjin. In September, the Qing army defeated the British and French allied forces at Baliqiao in Tongzhou, Beijing. Emperor Xianfeng of Qing Dynasty fled to Chengde with his queen and Yi Guifei. 65438+1October 13 Allied forces invaded Beijing from Andingmen. The Allies discovered that the Qing army mistreated the British and French diplomatic missions and killed many people, so they decided to retaliate against China's barbaric behavior and taught the China royal family not to despise Britain and France in the future. 10 year 10 month 18 day, British and French troops occupied Beijing, looted and burned Yuanmingyuan (see burning Yuanmingyuan). The British and French allied forces burned and looted the suburbs of Beijing for nearly 50 days, and the royal gardens in the suburbs of Beijing, such as Yuanmingyuan, Qingyi Garden, Jingming Garden (Yuquan Mountain), Jingyi Garden (Xiangshan) and Changchun Garden, were all set on fire. The Qing court sent a game? Peace talks were held for plenipotentiaries, and the Beijing Treaty between China, Britain and France was signed. Allied forces looted and burned Yuanmingyuan and Jingyi Garden. The Yuanmingyuan fire lasted for three days and nights, and more than 300 eunuchs and maids were buried in the fire. French writer Victor? Hugo once strongly condemned this, calling it? The victory of two robbers? .
In June 65438 +065438+ 10, Russia coerced the Qing government to sign the Sino-Russian Beijing Treaty. China paid huge reparations and lost a large area of territorial sovereignty.
1856 ~ 1860 (Xianfeng six to ten years), the war of aggression against China jointly launched by Britain and France with the support of Russia and the United States. It was named because its essence was the continuation and expansion of the Opium War, also known as the war between Britain and France.
The Second Opium War forced the Qing government to successively sign the Tianjin Treaty, the Beijing Treaty, the Sino-Russian Aihui Treaty and other peace treaties, and the invasion of foreign powers deepened. As a result, China lost 1.5 million square kilometers in the northeast and northwest. After the war, the Qing government was able to concentrate on suppressing the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and maintaining its rule. Qing history is called tongzhi zhongxing.
Tianjin Treaty Signing Process
Tianjin Treaty was an unequal treaty that Britain, France, Russia and the United States forced the Qing government to sign in Tianjin during the Second Opium War in the eighth year of Xianfeng (1858).
On the eighth day of April (May 20, 2008), the British and French allied forces captured Dagu Fort, went up the Baihe River and advanced on Tianjin. Tan Tingxiang, governor of Zhili, was terrified out of her wits and advocated complete surrender. 12, he said to Xianfeng emperor:? Look at the situation in a unified way and examine the situation of foreigners? ,? You can't fight, you can't defend, but you have to caress. ? /kloc-on 0/4, the British and French allied forces arrived at the gates of Tianjin, and the British and French ministers informed the Qing government that the other two fashion ministers would come to Tianjin to discuss, or take Tianjin first and then attack Beijing, and wait for a reply within two days. 16, the Qing government hurriedly sent Gui Liang (1785? 1862), Shang Shuhua Shanna (1806? 1859), as the plenipotentiary minister, went to Tianjin to make peace with Britain and France. 18, Erjin and Ge Luo arrived in Tianjin by gunboat, while Puyatine and Levi Lian took a Russian ship? America? The quantity is the same. Immediately notify the Qing government, the imperial envoys must have? Everything is cheap. Title, still going to Beijing. On the 20th, the Qing government ordered Gui Liang and Huashan South to act cheaply and handle the matter from the right. On 23rd, Gui Liang and Hua Shana, who arrived in Tianjin two days ago, met Erjin for the first time at Guang Hai Temple in the south of Tianjin. Later, in the negotiations, Erjin and Ge Luo appointed Wade (18 18? 1895), Horatia Nelson Lay (1832? 1898) deals with the actual negotiations with maersk, mainly with Horatia Nelson Lay. He is a British employee of Shanghai Customs. He has frequent contacts with China officials. This time, he served as a Chinese translator and consultant for the British-French allied forces. During the negotiation, he posed as the spokesman of the victorious country, bullying the weak and being afraid of the hard, and his attitude was outrageous. He used all means to intimidate and bully Gui Liang and Vasana. In the negotiations, the biggest headache for the supreme ruler of the Qing Dynasty was that the foreign minister stationed in Beijing, opened trading ports and allowed foreigners to travel and preach in the mainland. Because all these will affect the autocratic rule of feudal monarchs in Qing Dynasty. Therefore, Emperor Xianfeng repeatedly bargained and refused to give in. Sometimes I even think, if I have to, do I have to use force? . Although Gui Liang and Hua Shanna knew the difficulties of Emperor Xianfeng, they were afraid of the enemy like a tiger and shouted to Emperor Xianfeng. Is it necessary to call? ,? If you fight, you lose? . Because at this time, the feudal rulers of the Qing Dynasty were most afraid of the Taiping Rebellion, not the invasion by foreign enemies. Therefore, the troops mobilized in foreign wars are not the main forces, but the long-range forces. In this case, under the coercion of the British and French allied forces, they finally had to yield and surrender.
Tianjin treaty treaty content
Go to Russia
On June 3, 2003, Gui Liang, the representative of Qing Dynasty, signed a contract with Russian representatives, the terms of which were *** 12.
1. Seven trading ports have been opened to Russia, including Shanghai, Ningbo, Fuzhou, Xiamen, Guangzhou, Taiwan Province Province (Tainan) and Qiongzhou, where Russian warships can berth.
2. Expand land trade, and then there will be no restrictions on the number of Russian land merchants who bring goods and capital.
Russia has to set up consulates in various trading ports. In case of disputes or other accidents between Russians and China, officials of the two countries should? Will you handle it together? . Russians who commit crimes in China shall be tried according to Russian laws.
4. Russian missionary work in mainland China is not prohibited in China.
5. What political and trade privileges will China grant to other countries in the future? Needless to say, it will be implemented with Russia? .
6. Will the two countries send personnel to investigate? Before, there was no clear boundary? ,? Be sure to clean up the border and add it to this peace treaty? .
Go to the United States
On June 8, 2008, Gui Liang, the representative of the Qing Dynasty, signed a contract with the representative of the United States, with a total of 30 items.
1. If the Qing government agreed or reached an agreement with other countries on the issue of the minister's presence in Beijing, the United States also enjoyed the same rights.
2. If an American official ship sailed off the coast of China, the Qing Dynasty should provide assistance in purchasing food, drawing fresh water and repairing the ship. If American ships are destroyed or robbed, American official ships should be allowed to chase thieves. If Americans are hurt by bandits, local officials must immediately send troops to expel bandits and severely punish them to protect Americans.
3. Add Chaozhou (later changed to Shantou) and Tainan as trading ports. Americans can live in treaty ports or rent land to build their own buildings, hospitals, churches and cemeteries. American officials and people can hire comprador, servant, craftsman, sailor and water diversion in Qing Dynasty, and they can ask Han people to teach language and help write ink. Local officials and people must not obstruct or frame them up slightly.
For missionaries, local officials should be protected as a whole, and others should not be harassed, that is? Tolerance clause? . ? Tolerance clause? The point is that not only foreign missionaries but also China believers are protected by unequal treaties.
5. After the Qing Dynasty, what preferential treatment, favors and benefits were given to other countries and their businessmen, and the United States and the people were integrated.
For Britain, France
On June 26th and 27th, Gui Liang, the representative of the Qing government, signed a peace treaty with representatives of Britain and France, each with 56 articles and 42 articles, plus the attached agreement.
1. Add Niuzhuang, Dengzhou (now the old port of Anping in Tainan), Danshui, Chaozhou (later changed to Shantou), Qiongzhou, Nanjing, Zhenjiang, Hankou and Jiujiang in Taiwan Province Province as trading ports.
English and French can travel and preach in the mainland.
British and French merchant ships can sail in the ports of the Yangtze River.
4. Crimes committed by British and French in China shall be handled by the consul of that country.
5. Tariffs are agreed by both parties and revised once every ten years.
6. The two sides exchange ministers; It is feasible for the ambassador to be polite to the west and be stationed in Beijing.
7. The Qing Dynasty compensated Britain for four million and two thousand silver and France for two million and two thousand silver.
The annex also provides that:
1. Opium is renamed foreign medicine and can be bought, sold and imported freely.
2. The Customs employs British people to help pay taxes.
3. Modify the tariff to? Is it worth a hundred to five? (that is, 5%) is the principle.
Guess you like:
1. What are the impacts of the Tianjin Treaty?
2. Brief introduction of the main impact of the signing of the Beijing Treaty.
3. The influence of the Beijing-Tianjin Treaty
4. What are the main contents of Tianjin Treaty?
5. Influence of Yantai Treaty