Symptoms and classification
"Diabetes" is a disease in which glucose in the blood tends to accumulate too much. It has been dubbed as "silent black boy" abroad, especially "adult diabetes". The infection rate of middle-aged people over 40 years old is particularly high. In Japan, the population over 40 years old accounts for 10%, that is, one in ten people has diabetes. Once suffering from "diabetes", life expectancy will be reduced by as much as ten years, and possible complications will spread all over the body. The complications of so-called "diabetes" can be from the top of the head to the bottom of the foot-anxiety, autonomic nerve disorder, neurological disorder (paralysis of hands and feet, paralysis of consciousness), cerebral thrombosis, brain obstruction, cataract, tooth decay, stomatitis, bronchitis, skin diseases, myocardial infarction, pneumonia, tuberculosis, cirrhosis, abnormal fertility, abortion, renal insufficiency, uremia, impotence and female lower body inflammation. Among these complications, retinopathy, nephropathy and nervous system disorder are the most common, which are called the "three major complications" of diabetes. These three major complications are all within 20 years after the birth of "diabetes", and 80% of people will definitely develop these diseases. Arteriosclerosis is also included, because excess glucose in the blood will gradually corrode the organs and tissues of the whole body. Once suffering from "diabetes", the human body's troubles will follow, because the immune function is weakened, and it is easy to be infected with various infectious diseases such as colds, pneumonia and tuberculosis, and it is not easy to cure. And can selectively destroy cells and phagocytes. The defense function of anti-cancer cells will be greatly weakened, which will make cancer cells actively gather and lead to cancer patients. Diseases with such a wide range of complications caused by diabetes are almost rare except "diabetes". Because of complications, some people say that once you get diabetes, your life expectancy will be reduced by at least ten years. The earliest medical books in China, Huangdi Neijing Su Wen and Lingshu, recorded the name of "diabetes". Zhang Zhongjing, a famous doctor in Han dynasty, also recorded the symptoms of "sanduo" in the article "synopsis of the golden chamber" In the early years of the Tang Dynasty, Zhen Liyan, a famous Chinese medicine practitioner, first pointed out that the urine of diabetic patients is sweet. Diabetes is divided into 1 type diabetes, type 2 diabetes, gestational diabetes and other special types of diabetes. Among diabetic patients, the proportion of type 2 diabetes is about 95%.
1 type diabetes mellitus
Among them, 1 type diabetes mostly occurs in teenagers. Because of insufficient insulin secretion, they rely on exogenous insulin to maintain their lives. .
Type 2 diabetes mellitus
Insulin is the only hypoglycemic hormone secreted by human pancreatic B cells. Insulin resistance refers to the decrease of the sensitivity of peripheral tissues to insulin, and the resistance of peripheral tissues such as muscle and fat to insulin to promote the absorption, transformation and utilization of glucose. Edit this paragraph of secondary diabetes
Edit this paragraph of symptom analysis
Eat more and urinate more, and the urine volume reaches 3000 ~ 5000 ml every day and night, and the highest can reach more than 10000 ml. lose weight
Weight loss: Due to insufficient insulin, the body can't make full use of glucose and accelerate the decomposition of fat and protein to supplement energy and calories. In this way, carbohydrates, fat and protein in the body are consumed in large quantities, and the patient loses weight and gains weight, and in severe cases, the weight can drop by dozens of pounds, resulting in fatigue and listlessness. Early symptoms of diabetes
1. Eye fatigue, decreased vision, eye fatigue, decreased vision. When you feel that your eyes are easily tired, you can't see clearly, your eyes are black when you stand up, your eyelids are drooping, your vision is narrowed, your vision is blurred, and your eyes suddenly change from hyperopia to myopia or presbyopia that you didn't have before, you should have an eye examination immediately. 2. Hunger and Overeating Because the sugar in the body is excreted in the form of urine sugar, it can't absorb enough calories to maintain the basic needs of the body. I often feel extremely hungry and eat a lot, but I am still very hungry. 3. Paralysis and trembling of hands and feet Diabetic patients will have intractable paralysis of hands and feet, trembling of hands and feet, poor finger movement and pain, severe inflammatory foot pain, lower limb paralysis, low back pain, unwillingness to walk, leg cramps at night, eye motor nerve paralysis, poor attention and autonomic nerve disorder. Once found, you should go to the hospital for examination immediately.
Edit the theoretical analysis of etiology.
Common etiology
1, which is related to 1 type diabetes:
Autoimmune system defects: Because many autoimmune antibodies can be found in the blood of 1 type diabetic patients, such as glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody (GAD antibody) and islet cell antibody (ICA antibody). These abnormal autoantibodies can damage the pancreatic structure.
Damage the insulin-secreting human islet B cells, making them unable to secrete insulin normally.
2. Factors related to type 2 diabetes mellitus
Genetic factors: Similar to 1 type diabetes, type 2 diabetes also has the characteristics of familial disease. So it is probably related to genetic inheritance. This genetic feature is more obvious in type 2 diabetes than in 1 type diabetes. For example, one twin has 1 type diabetes, and the other has a 40% chance of suffering from this disease; But if it is type 2 diabetes, another person has a 70% chance of developing type 2 diabetes. Obesity: Obesity may be an important factor in type 2 diabetes. Genetic causes can lead to obesity and type 2 diabetes. Body-centered obese patients have excess fat concentrated in the abdomen, and they are more likely to develop type 2 diabetes than those who have fat concentrated in the buttocks and thighs. Age: Age is also a risk factor for type 2 diabetes. Half three. Related factors of gestational diabetes mellitus.
Pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus
Beta cells are also important targets of oxidative stress, and their antioxidant enzyme levels are low, so they are sensitive to ROS. ROS can directly damage islet β cells, promote β cell apoptosis, and indirectly inhibit β cell function by affecting insulin signal transduction pathway. Beta cells are damaged, the insulin secretion level is reduced, the secretion peak is delayed, and the blood sugar fluctuation is intensified, so it is difficult to control the rapid rise of blood sugar after meals, which causes more significant damage to cells. (a) islet pathology
The pathological changes of type ⅰ and type ⅱ are different. Most type I cases are insulitis. The number of islets and β cells decreased greatly, suggesting absolute insulin deficiency. Type ⅱ, especially obese people, has larger islets and more β cells than normal in the early stage; Special staining was shown, and the section showed the decrease of β cell granules. (ii) Vascular diseases, diabetic retinopathy
1. More than half of patients have atherosclerosis, and its onset is not limited by age. It mainly involves aorta, coronary artery and cerebral artery, which often causes serious cardiac, cerebral and renal complications and leads to death. 2. Microvessels include capillaries, arterioles and venules. It was found by light microscope and electron microscope that diabetic microangiopathy is characterized by thickening of capillary basement membrane: the thickness of normal basement membrane is about 80 ~ 250 nm, and the thickness of diabetic basement membrane can reach 500 ~ 800 nm. There is sugar deposition in the basement membrane, in which hydroxylysine is mainly reduced in proportion, suggesting that lysine is hydroxylated into hydroxylysine. This microangiopathy is often accompanied by abnormal microcirculation, which is the pathological basis of many organ diseases. Widely distributed, especially the capillaries of glomerulus, fundus, nerve, myocardium and muscle, cause kidney diseases, fundus diseases, neuropathy and myocardial diseases, and become the main factors that determine the prognosis of patients. Diabetes treatment
There are two theories about the pathogenesis of basement membrane thickening: (3) Kidney.
Diabetic glomerulosclerosis accounts for 25% ~ 44%, which can be divided into nodular type, diffuse type and exudative type. Especially in type I diabetes, pyelonephritis and renal arteriosclerosis are also common, and necrotizing renal mastoiditis is rare. People who die of diabetic coma may suffer from acute renal failure with tubular necrosis.
(4) Liver
Often swollen, accompanied by fat infiltration, edema degeneration and glycogen reduction, fatty liver is common.
(5) Heart
In addition to the coronary artery inside and outside the heart wall and its intramural branches showing extensive atherosclerosis with myocardial infarction, myocardial lesions have also been confirmed, including autopsy and various animal models (including BB mouse diabetes) and other evidence. Myofibrils in myocardial cells decreased obviously, and a large number of myofibrils were lost under electron microscope, and focal necrosis of myocardial fibers occurred in severe cases. There are many lipid droplets and glycogen particles deposited in myocardial cells. Mitochondrial swelling, crista rupture, matrix cavitation, myocardial cell membrane rupture, and the formation of medullary corpuscles and lipofuscin particles can be seen. The intercellular space of intercalated disc mucosa was enlarged, and microvascular lesions, basement membrane thickening, endothelial cell proliferation, vascular wall thickening, PAS positive glycoprotein and vitreous substance deposition only occurred in BB rats with diabetes 16 weeks or more. Perivascular myocardial interstitial fibrosis.
(6) nervous system
All nerves can participate. Peripheral neuropathy is the most common, showing edema, degeneration, fracture and sheath shedding; Axonal degeneration, fibrosis and swelling of motor endplate. The vegetative nerve showed chromatin dissolution, vacuolar degeneration and nuclear necrosis, and cholinesterase activity decreased or lacked. Tissue sections showed that the vegetative nerve showed rosary or spindle fracture, vacuolar degeneration and so on. Spinal cord and its nerve roots showed atrophy and rubbery degeneration, myelin membrane became thinner, axial mutation became thinner, severe glial fibrosis accompanied with vacuolar degeneration, anterior horn cells shrank and were replaced by adipose tissue. Diabetic coma is common with brain edema and ganglion cell edema and degeneration.
Edit the diagnostic criteria in this paragraph.
Diabetic fasting ≥ 6. 1≥ 6. 1≥ 7.0
2 hours after taking sugar ≥10.0 ≥11.1≥1.
Impaired glucose tolerance on an empty stomach
2 hours after taking sugar, 6.7 ~10.07.8 ~1.1.7.8 ~1.
Fasting blood glucose was impaired by 5.6 ~ 6.15.6 ~ 6.16.1~ 7.0.
2 hours after taking sugar
Edit the diagnostic criteria of high-risk population of diabetes in this paragraph.
1, age ≥45 years old; Body mass index (BMI) ≥ 24; Those who once owned IGT or IFG; Or glycosylated hemoglobin Alc is between 5.7 and 6.5%. 2. People with a family history of diabetes. 3. Low high density lipoprotein (2.8 mmol/L). 4. Patients with hypertension (adult blood pressure ≥ 140/90mmHg) and/or cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Pregnant women over 5.30 years old have a history of gestational diabetes; Give birth to a big baby (≥ 4 kg); There is an unexplained delay; Women with polycystic ovary syndrome. 6. Do not participate in physical activities all the year round. 7. Use glucocorticoids and diuretics. Check islet function (C-peptide secretion test) at least twice a year for early diagnosis and treatment.
Edit this TCM syndrome differentiation
1, vegetarian yin deficiency
2. Poor diet and obesity.
① Long-term overeating is sweet and thick, which will damage the transport function of the spleen, accumulate in the stomach, accumulate hot and dry heat, hurt the yin and consume body fluid, make the stomach dry and hot, eliminate the valley and aggravate hunger. (2) Because fat people have a lot of phlegm, phlegm blocks heat, and it also consumes yin and hurts body fluid. If yin and body fluid are insufficient, it can be transformed into dryness and heat, and dryness and heat can damage yin. Such a vicious circle leads to diabetes.
3. Emotional disorder and stagnation of liver qi
4, exogenous six evils, toxic invasion
Edit this complex function
1. Cardiovascular diseases
diabetes
In addition to strict control of diabetes and long-term persistence, various cardiovascular problems should also be dealt with as soon as possible. 2. Kidney disease
Early control of diabetes can reverse the early pathological changes. For the early stage of nephropathy and microalbuminuria, whether there is hypertension or not, the first or second generation angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) can reduce urinary albumin excretion. According to blood pressure, captopril is 12.5 ~ 25mg, 2 ~ 3 times /d or enalapril) 5mg, 6544. In addition to urinary albumin, urinary transferrin and urinary endothelin excretion decreased significantly, mainly because ACEI has a unique effect on the circulation of small renal units, which makes glomerular arterioles expand more than afferent arterioles, thus reducing the pressure in glomerulus and reducing protein filtration.
3. mental derangement
Early control of motor nerve conduction velocity in diabetes mellitus can reverse and return to normal, but the curative effect of sensory nerve is poor. I tried vitamin B 4 before. Retinopathy.
The basic treatment is early control of diabetes. If there is any lesion, you should seek medical treatment without delay, so as not to delay the best treatment opportunity.
5. Foot ulcer
Commonly known as "diabetic foot", it is mainly local compression or even injury caused by neuropathy and vascular disease of lower limbs. Like other chronic complications, prevention is more important than treatment. Patients should pay attention to protect their feet, wash their feet with warm water at 50 ~ 60℃ every day, and dry the water between their toes with a soft towel to prevent nails from growing in. If there is callus, handle it in time to avoid local oppression, injury and secondary infection. Socks should be soft, undamaged, and shoes should be loose. Before wearing shoes, check whether there are sharp and hard foreign objects in the shoes. Special insoles can also be used to reduce the pressure on local protruding parts.
First, immunotherapy.
At present, there are many treatments in the medical field. The latest diabetes treatment method adds immunotherapy, strengthens the human immune system and enhances the insulin secretion function. For example, the immune substance "8/100/1/electricity/powder" imported from Japan has a good effect! Second, nutritional therapy.
1. Calculate the total heat. According to gender, age and height, look up a table or a simple formula to get the ideal weight (ideal weight kg= height cm- 105), and then calculate the total calories according to the ideal weight and the nature of work and referring to the original living habits. Give rest adults 25-30kcal calories per kilogram of ideal body weight every day, adjust it appropriately according to the degree of physical labor, and increase it as appropriate for pregnant women, nursing mothers, children, malnourished people or people with wasting diseases. Obese people should lose weight properly and lose weight properly. 2. The content of nutrients accounts for about 50-60% of the total calories. It is recommended to use coarse grains, flour and a certain amount of miscellaneous grains, and avoid eating glucose, sucrose, honey and their products. Generally, the content of protein does not exceed 15%. For patients with renal insufficiency, the intake of protein should be reduced (according to the doctor's advice), the intake of fat should be around 30%, and the intake of cholesterol should be controlled at no more than 300mg/ day. 3. Distribute each gram of sugar, protein (4 kcal) and fat (9 kcal) reasonably, make recipes after converting calories into food, and make arrangements according to living habits, illness and drug treatment. The food intake in the morning, noon and evening can be allocated according to 1: 2: 2, or 1: 1. 4. Follow-up is only a principle estimation. Obese people should further reduce their diet if they don't lose weight under the premise of proper measures; If emaciated patients gain weight, they should also adjust their diet to avoid further weight gain.
Third, physical exercise.
Fourth, disease surveillance.
Every patient should have his own blood sugar self-monitoring diary and form a good habit of recording it every day. The contents of the blood sugar self-monitoring diary include: 1, the date and time of blood sugar test, urine sugar test or HbAlc test. 2, the relationship with eating, that is, before or after meals. 3, the result of blood sugar or urine sugar. 4. Time, type and dosage of insulin injection or oral hypoglycemic agents. 5, any factors that affect blood sugar, such as the type and quantity of food eaten, exercise, illness, etc. 6. The time of hypoglycemia symptoms, the relationship with drugs, diet or exercise, and the experience of symptoms. Every time you go to the hospital, you should bring a blood sugar monitoring diary and discuss with your doctor how to adjust your treatment.
Verb (abbreviation for verb) oral drug therapy
Commonly used are: chemical drugs including insulin secretagogue, biguanides, AGI, etc. ; Among them, the following diabetic patients cannot take chemical drugs: (1) 1 diabetic patients (insulin dependence). (2) pregnant women. (3) Patients with obvious hepatic and renal insufficiency. (4) Taking a lot of hypoglycemic drugs still can't control blood sugar well. (5) Severe systemic or local infection. (6) Major stress situations, such as major surgery, severe trauma and long-term fasting. (7) Patients who are allergic to oral drugs or cannot tolerate their side effects. Please use it under professional guidance! Avoid side effects, contraindications and so on.
Sixth, insulin therapy.
Indications: ① 1 type diabetic patients need insulin therapy and life-long insulin replacement therapy to maintain their lives because of the impaired function of islet β cells and the absolute lack of insulin secretion. It accounts for about 5% of the total number of diabetic patients. ② On the basis of lifestyle and oral hypoglycemic drugs, patients with type 2 diabetes can start the combined treatment of oral drugs and insulin if their blood sugar still cannot reach the control goal. Generally, when the HbA 1c is still greater than 7.0% after taking drugs orally for many times, insulin therapy can be considered.
Emergency and first aid
1, ketosis, ketoacidosis (1) Mechanism Due to the lack of insulin, the available energy of cells is reduced, which leads to the acceleration of fat decomposition in the body. Ketones are substances produced after fat decomposition, which are rarely detected in blood under normal circumstances. When the decomposition of fat is accelerated, the ketone bodies in the blood increase greatly, which is called ketosis. At this time, the blood will become acidic, which is called ketoacidosis, and in severe cases, coma will occur. (2) Manifestations ① It is easy to occur when people suffer from various infections or suddenly stop diabetes treatment. ② Loss of appetite, abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting. (3) Sleepiness, confusion, accelerated breathing, breathing like rotten apples, and finally coma. ④ Laboratory examination: The blood sugar is very high, ketone bodies appear in the blood, and the blood is acidic. (3) Insulin is the first choice for the treatment of ketosis. At present, it is believed that correct dietary intervention is helpful to prevent and alleviate ketosis. Xinhuanet recently forwarded Nie's Principles of Dietary Intervention, emphasizing the importance of protecting grains and applying insulin. 2, hypoglycemia, hypoglycemia coma (1) mechanism ① There are two ways to treat diabetes: oral hypoglycemic drugs or insulin injection. As a result, it is easy to lower blood sugar. But if it is not used properly, the blood sugar will drop too much, which will cause hypoglycemia. ② If the patient has poor appetite for various reasons, or doesn't eat at all, and has diarrhea and vomiting, but still takes hypoglycemic drugs or insulin injections at the usual level, not only hypoglycemia reaction occurs, but also hypoglycemia coma can be caused in severe cases. (2) Identification of hypoglycemia ① Palpitation, cold sweat and trembling all over. ② Abnormal fasting or hunger and nausea. ③ Sleepiness, lethargy, headache and inattention. (3) Identify hypoglycemia coma ① I felt flustered, sweaty and nauseous before, and gradually fell asleep, so I should stop screaming. ② When I got up in the morning, I couldn't wake up, and I was cold and broke out in a cold sweat, but I didn't find any obvious abnormal vital signs. ③ Have a history of diabetes, take oral hypoglycemic drugs, have abnormal diet recently, or have diarrhea, vomiting, cold and fever, and gradually become unconscious and delirious, and develop into coma. (4) The most common way to treat and prevent hypoglycemia is to carry a candy bar. Once hypoglycemia coma occurs, glucose should be supplemented immediately. 3. Three main causes of diabetic coma (1) Hypoglycemic coma is called hypoglycemia when the blood sugar is lower than 3 mmol/L, and severe hypoglycemia can cause coma. Common reasons are: too much insulin or too much oral hypoglycemic drugs and eating less; The amount of exercise has increased, but the amount of food has not increased accordingly. (2) The coma causes of ketoacidosis are: 1. Diabetic patients stop using insulin or reduce insulin too fast, or their condition gets worse; 2. Various acute and chronic infections; 3. Stress state, such as trauma, surgery, delivery, pregnancy, acute myocardial infarction, hyperthyroidism, etc. ; 4. Eating disorders, eating too much or too little, drinking too much, etc. (3) Non-ketotic hyperosmolar coma is more common in elderly diabetic patients over 60 years old. The main clinical manifestations are severe dehydration, hyperglycemia, high plasma osmotic pressure and neuropsychiatric symptoms.
Pay attention to the level of urine protein when editing this paragraph to prevent diabetic nephropathy.
Diabetic nephropathy is a serious and complicated nephropathy, and the patient's kidney will gradually lose its original function. Dr Ravishad Hani and his colleagues compared the urine albumin samples of 62 subjects with type 2 diabetes and normal renal function from Bama tribe in India. Shadhani followed up their diabetic nephropathy for 10 years. Researchers have confirmed that by identifying protein "signals", we can effectively predict the occurrence of diabetic nephropathy. The normal value of urine protein is of great clinical significance for judging the degree of renal damage and analyzing the therapeutic effect of diabetic nephropathy. We should not be blindly pessimistic about the early stage of diabetic nephropathy. At the same time, repairing renal tubular function and treating diabetic nephropathy from the root can effectively avoid the further development of the disease.
The misunderstanding of editing this paragraph
Myth 1: Diabetes is not a very serious disease. In fact, diabetes is more likely to eventually lead to death than breast cancer and AIDS. Myth 2: Eating too much sugar leads to diabetes. So far, there is no scientific evidence that eating more sugar will lead to diabetes. The etiology of diabetes is extremely complicated, involving many factors such as heredity, infection, genetic variation, environment, diet and so on, which has not been fully clarified by the medical community so far. Therefore, diabetes cannot simply be equated with eating too much sugar. Myth 3: Obesity leads to diabetes. A body mass index (BMI) of more than 25 is just one of many risk factors for diabetes. Many overweight people are completely healthy, while some people with normal weight suffer from diabetes. Myth 4: Diabetes means that the diet is different from ordinary people. In fact, both healthy people and people who love sugar need a healthy diet, that is, choose foods with low fat, comprehensive nutrition and moderate calories. Myth 5: Once diabetes is diagnosed, insulin should be injected. 1 type sugar friends really need such treatment, and most type 2 sugar friends can control it through reasonable diet, regular exercise and oral medication. Myth 6: Only adults will get diabetes. Diabetes in children and adolescents is mostly 1 type. Nowadays, their chances of developing type 2 diabetes have also increased. The preventive measures are to let children develop good living habits, including watching less TV, taking part in more sports and eating less junk food.
Edit this paragraph to prevent misunderstanding.
Patients with emaciation should not take metformin.
Metformin can improve insulin resistance, at the same time, it can also adjust fat and lose weight, so metformin is listed as the first choice for obese patients with type 2 diabetes. However, thin diabetic patients should not take metformin, because metformin inhibits appetite, reduces weight, and will get thinner and thinner as they eat. We should be clear that not all diabetics need to control their diet, and even thinner diabetics need to increase their diet. The malnutrition and low immunity brought by thinness are sometimes more terrible than obesity. We often see such a patient in clinic, who turned out to be an obese diabetic. Taking metformin has made her lose weight obviously, and she has lost weight and is still taking it. This requires adjustment of drugs.
Patients are prone to make mistakes.
First of all, don't control your diet. Diet therapy is the basis of diabetes treatment, and its purpose is to reduce the burden of islet β cells and help them recover their functions. It is wrong and dangerous to take more hypoglycemic drugs instead of controlling diet, just like "flogging a sick horse". Second, it is the right medicine. Typical symptoms of diabetes, such as excessive drinking, excessive urination, excessive eating and weight loss, only appear when blood sugar is very high. Many patients adjust the dosage of hypoglycemic drugs at will because there is no obvious discomfort, which leads to poor blood sugar control. Third, irregular follow-up visits. Some patients don't monitor blood sugar, blood lipid and blood pressure, pay attention to the factors that affect their blood sugar and urine sugar changes, and don't summarize their own medication rules. But follow the trend, which is the main reason why diabetic patients in China are more serious and have more complications than those in some developed countries. Fourth, don't accept insulin treatment when using insulin. Fifth, I don't know the characteristics of oral hypoglycemic agents. For example, the efficacy of some sulfonylurea hypoglycemic drugs is gradually enhanced over time, so there is no hurry to change the medicine. Moreover, each hypoglycemic agent has a maximum effective dose. Don't jump to conclusions without using the maximum effective dose. Sixth, I think high-priced drugs are good drugs. There is no question of which medicine is better, and scientifically speaking, which hypoglycemic drug is more suitable. Drugs that are effective for A may not be effective for B, and may even be harmful. Seventh, blind pursuit of diabetes specific drugs that can be "uprooted". Some patients even stop effective treatment at this stage and look for a "panacea" when blood sugar has been well controlled. As we all know, the comprehensive treatment of diabetes, including diet, exercise and drugs, is the wisdom crystallization of people's long-term struggle with diabetes, and it is an effective method that has been strictly verified. Eighth, blindly worry about the side effects of drugs. Some people think that long-term medication will damage liver and kidney function. In fact, the dosage of hypoglycemic agents is safe as long as it is within the scope stipulated in the Pharmacopoeia. The side effects are only seen in individual patients, and disappear after stopping the drug, which will not bring serious influence. In fact, the consequences of uncontrolled hyperglycemia are much more serious than the possible side effects of taking medicine.
Edit the life rules and preventive measures in this paragraph.
First, don't overeat, live a regular life, chew slowly, eat more vegetables, and try not to eat foods containing a lot of glucose and sucrose in a short time, which can prevent blood sugar from rising rapidly in a short time and help protect pancreatic function, especially for friends with family history of diabetes. Second, the law of sexual life, to prevent infectious diseases; Don't take too many antibiotics. Some viral infections and excessive antibiotics can induce diabetes. Third, friends with abnormal glucose tolerance or family history of diabetes can prevent the occurrence of diabetes to the maximum extent: eating nicotinamide, Vb 1, Vb6 and methyl Vb 12 for three months every year can enhance pancreatic function; When changing seasons, take Vc and Ve for half a month, and the dosage should be large, which can improve your immunity and remove free radicals. Fourth, exercise more and stay up late less. V. Sugar intake This is relative. People with diabetes can't eat sugar, which means they can't eat sucrose and glucose directly in their daily diet. Fructose is edible, and the decomposition of fructose does not require the participation of insulin. But the main components of honey are fructose and glucose, so patients should be careful to eat honey.
Edit the precautions for diabetic patients in this paragraph.
1. Don't turn off the lights when diabetics sleep, so as to reduce the risk of retinopathy! 2. Quit smoking. As we all know, smoking is a risk factor for type II diabetes. The research results published by American researchers on 20 10 and 1.3 show that the rapid weight gain after quitting smoking may increase the risk of developing type 2 diabetes in the short term. Therefore, researchers suggest paying attention to weight control while quitting smoking. In the new issue of American Journal of Internal Medicine, researchers from Johns Hopkins University reported that they recruited 10892 middle-aged people without diabetes as research objects, ranging from 1987 to 1989, and regularly registered their blood sugar levels and weight data in the follow-up survey of 17. The researchers found that in the first three years after quitting smoking, smokers gained an average weight of about 3.8 kilograms and their waistlines increased by about 3.2 centimeters. Compared with never smokers, the risk of developing type II diabetes in the first six years after quitting smoking is 70% higher, and the risk returns to normal after 10 years. During the study period, the risk of diabetes among smokers was 30% higher than that of non-smokers. In addition, people who smoke the most and gain the most weight after quitting smoking have the highest risk of diabetes. Researchers say that the increased risk of quitting smoking is related to weight gain after quitting smoking. In particular, they stressed that this research result should not be used as an excuse not to quit smoking, because its fundamental message is: never smoke. If you smoke, you should quit smoking as soon as possible and pay attention to weight control.
Editing this exercise to lower blood sugar is learned.
1. Diabetic patients should pay attention to low-impact aerobic exercise. One of the simplest and most suitable exercises for middle-aged and elderly patients is walking. For a person weighing 60 kilograms, walking 1 hour can consume 200 kilocalories. When walking, you can also combine other types of exercise to increase interest and effect. Besides walking, there are many opportunities for exercise. For example, try to walk downstairs and take fewer elevators; When you go out, you might as well get off one or two stops in advance and walk; When watching TV, you can also watch it while cutting your hands, which is fun and healthy. Other suitable moderate exercises include Tai Ji Chuan, aerobics and Qigong. 2. Diabetic patients should avoid exercising in too hot or too cold weather, and get into the habit of checking their feet before and after exercise every day to see if there is any damage, broken skin or blisters on the soles of their feet. When going out for exercise, you should bring your ID card. When diabetic patients have proliferative retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, ischemic heart disease and severe hypertension, they should avoid jogging, ball games, jumping, aerobic dance and other high-impact strenuous exercises to avoid the deterioration of their condition.
3. Before exercising, diabetics must be fully prepared and carry drinks and food with them in case of emergency; Attention should be paid to the prevention of hypoglycemia and the protection of feet during exercise. In order to avoid hypoglycemia, diabetics should try not to exercise on an empty stomach or before meals. Generally, it is better to exercise after meals 1-2 hours. Those who use insulin therapy should avoid exercising at the peak of insulin action; Don't drink alcohol before and after exercise and during exercise, otherwise it may lead to hypoglycemia; Once hypoglycemia occurs during exercise, you should immediately stop exercising and supplement sugar or food. For patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, when the blood sugar exceeds 250 mg/dl, the blood sugar may increase after exercise, so we should pay attention to moderate exercise. In addition, diabetic patients should not exercise alone, but should exercise together to cope with possible hypoglycemia and other emergencies.
In this paragraph, edit the dietary principles for controlling diabetes.
1. Avoid obesity and maintain an ideal and suitable weight. 2, regular quantitative, each meal diet according to the planned amount of food, can not be arbitrarily increased or decreased. 3, eat less fried, fried, crisp and high-fat foods such as pig skin, chicken skin and duck skin. 4. Steaming, boiling, cold salad, rinsing, roasting, burning, stewing and bittern are often used in cooking. Not too salty, the salt intake should be less than 6 grams. 5. The diet should not be too salty, and eat less foods with high cholesterol content, such as kidney, liver and kidney. 6. Vegetable oil should be used for cooking. 7. Cooperate with long-term appropriate exercise, medicine and diet control. 8. Always choose foods with high fiber content, such as unprocessed fruits and vegetables. 9. Foods with high starch content and Chinese and western snacks should be eaten according to the planned amount, and they should not be eaten at will to avoid excessive absorption. 10, eat less refined sugar foods, such as condensed milk and candied fruit.