In ancient times, there were no words to remember knots, and knots were used to remember. "Easy. Cohesion: "In ancient times, there was a method of tying ropes, and later sages changed it into a book contract." Confucius said, "Zheng Kangcheng, people tied the rope and put a note on the cloud. If this matter is tied up, this matter will be summarized. " Jin Bao Pu Zi Shi Jun: "If the boat and the car replace each other, the writing and pen and ink will become a knot, and the latter is better than the former." According to ancient books, the method of tying rope is: "tying rope for big events;" Small things, sum up their ropes, and the number depends on many things "(19 Yan Jia), that is, according to the nature, scale or quantity of the events involved, different knots are made. Ethnological data show that some ethnic minorities still record objective activities by knotting in modern times. Today, no one remembers things in this way. However, for ancient people, these knots were the only clues they used to recall the past. ?
In ancient China, drums were used to transmit information through sound for a long time. According to the records in Oracle Bone Inscriptions unearthed in Yin Ruins, the earliest organized communication activities were to report the military situation on the border by beating drums and using sounds. In Oracle Bone Inscriptions's records about the report of the frontier fortress of Pan Geng in Shang Dynasty to the emperor, there is a word "to drum", which means "beating drums to give orders". According to textual research, most of the powerful enemies in the Yin and Shang Dynasties were in the west and north. On the border, the king not only sent heavy guards, but also set up bronze drums with a diameter of 2 ~ 3 meters and put them on high shelves, with soldiers waiting beside them. Once the enemy situation appears, the drum guard immediately beats the drum and expresses different contents through the interval rhythm of the drum. Drums came frequently, station after station, and quickly reported the emergency military situation of foreign invasion to the son of heaven. During the tumultuous Spring and Autumn Period, there were many small vassal countries, and this method of transmitting information by drums became the main means of combat communication, which effectively played the role of communication and ensured that all countries could defend themselves in time and unite with the enemy. The book Han Feizi records such a story: Li, the king of Chu, once got drunk and played drums. The whole city's soldiers and civilians took up arms and gathered in front of the palace. Li, the king of Chu, suddenly woke up and quickly told everyone that this was a false alarm. In ancient times, China used "beating drums to March" and "ringing gold to retreat" to direct the war. When using chariots to fight, the main commander and the generals at all levels hang drums horizontally on their cars, and the rest of the chariots must charge according to the drums of the main commander. The intention and rhythm of charge are expressed by neat and heavy drums, and the command of retreat is conveyed by the sound of metal gongs that can penetrate the whole battlefield. ?
As early as the Zhou Dynasty, Fiberhome Communication had a method of transmitting information in China. As a primitive means of acousto-optic communication, bonfire served the ancient military war. From the border to the capital and the frontier line, a beacon tower is built at regular intervals to store firewood. When the enemy invaded, they lit bonfires one by one and called the police. When the princes of all walks of life saw the flames of war everywhere, they immediately sent troops to help and resist the enemy. During the Western Zhou Dynasty, in order to guard against enemy invasion, the "bonfire tunnel" was used as the contact signal for border defense emergency. In the ancient history book "Zhou Li", there is such a record, "countries from the frontier to the hinterland? On the passage, a beacon tower is built at intervals, one after another. A cage with oranges on the stage and firewood on its head. When the enemy invaded, the beacon tower set off fireworks to convey the alarm. " Every night, the watchman lit the firewood in the cage and held it high, calling it a "lighthouse" to convey information to the leaders. During the daytime warning, the firewood piled up on the stage is lit, and the smoke is used to indicate the urgency, which is called "embarrassment". In order to make the smoke straight without bending, so that it can be seen from a distance, the ancients often used wolf dung instead of firewood, so it was also called wolf smoke. The Zhou Dynasty stipulated that when the emperor raised a bonfire, local governors must immediately lead troops to rescue and fight against the enemy. Bomei people laugh, and the story of Zhou Youwang's "war drama princes" finally dying is well known. ?
Jeff Jeff is a voucher for the ancient imperial court in China to convey orders, recruit soldiers and use it for various affairs. It is made of gold, copper, jade, horn, bamboo, wood, lead and other different raw materials. When in use, both sides hold half, and combine them to test the authenticity, such as military symbols and tiger symbols. Jeff in the pre-Qin period has many kinds, different forms and different uses. The earliest known Jeff can be traced back to the Warring States period, and some of them are used for tax exemption, such as the bamboo bronze festival of the Oroqen Banner. Some are used to send troops to fight, such as the tiger-shaped "Bi Dafu" bronze tiger festival; Some are used for postal transmission, such as the bronze Dragon Boat Festival of "Wang Ming Chuan", which looks like a dragon head. In addition, there are cows, bears, swallows and ducks. In the Warring States period, except for the Du bronze tiger charms unearthed in Chang 'an, Shaanxi Province, most of them are called knots rather than symbols. Khufu was also used in the Han Dynasty and generally followed the Qin system. After the song dynasty, cards were used. There are many kinds of Jeff in the past dynasties, and their inscriptions reflect the political and military system at that time.
Pigeons Pass Books Pigeons Pass Books, which is familiar to everyone, because there is also a pigeon association now, and long-distance pigeon flight competitions are often held. The homing pigeon won't get lost in a long flight, which stems from its unique function, that is, it can tell the direction by feeling the magnetic force and latitude. Pigeons pass books. That's true. At present, there is no clear statement about the starting time, but as early as the Tang Dynasty, it was very common to send books by carrier pigeons. There is a record of "Pigeons Pass Books" in Wang Renyu's "Kaiyuan Tianbao Legacy" in the Five Dynasties: "When Zhang Jiuling was a teenager, he raised a group of pigeons at home. Every time I communicate with my relatives and friends, I only go to the pigeon's foot book department, follow the instructions and fly to vote. I was a flying slave when I was nine years old, and people liked to be surprised. " Zhang Jiuling was a statesman and poet in the Tang Dynasty. He not only used carrier pigeons to deliver letters, but also gave carrier pigeons a nice name-"flying slaves". Since then, homing pigeons have been playing an important role in people's communication life during the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. ?
Kite Communication Kites that we use for entertainment today played an important role as an emergency communication tool in ancient times. Legend has it that as early as the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, Lu's skillful craftsman lost the game (that is, Lu Ban) once imitated the shape of a bird. "Cutting bamboo and wood thought it was a magpie and flew three days later." This flying "wooden magpie" made of bamboo and wood is the predecessor of kite. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Cai Lun invented papermaking. People made a frame with bamboo sticks and then pasted it with paper, which became a "paper kite". In the Five Dynasties, when people made paper kites, they tied a bamboo whistle on them. The wind blows a bamboo whistle, which sounds like a kite, hence the word "kite". The original kites were made for military needs, mainly used for military reconnaissance or for transmitting information and military intelligence. It was not until the Tang Dynasty that kites gradually became an entertainment toy and spread among the people.
Post station and post station system are early organized communication methods. By the Western Zhou Dynasty, China had a relatively complete postal system. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, with the progress of politics, economy and culture, postal communication gradually became complete. A whole set of evacuation system was formed in Qin and Han Dynasties. Especially in the Han Dynasty, the documents delivered were graded, and the documents of different grades should be delivered by special personnel and special horses in accordance with the prescribed order and time. The sending and receiving of these documents must be registered and marked with time, so as to clarify the responsibility. During the Three Kingdoms period, Cao Wei's greatest achievement in postal history was the formulation of postal orders. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the cause of evacuation developed unprecedentedly. The official postal transport line in the Tang Dynasty centered on Chang 'an, the capital city, radiating in all directions and reaching the frontier, with a post station about 30 miles away. According to the Six Codes of the Great Tang Dynasty, at its peak, there were 1 639 post stations in China, with more than 20,000 people specializing in postal services, including 1.7 million post soldiers. The post is divided into three types: land post, water post and waterway merger. Each station is equipped with a station house, a post horse, a post donkey, a post boat and a post yard. In the Tang Dynasty, there were also explicit provisions on the itinerary of the post station. Lu Yi's trotters walk six posts a day, that is, 180 Li, and then they have to walk 300 Ali days, and the fastest requirement is 500 Ali days. Pedestrians travel 50 miles a day; Sailing against the current, the river is forty miles, the river is fifty miles, and the other six miles; The Shunyi Law stipulates 100 to 150 Li. The poet Cen Can wrote in the poem "A Judge on the Road to Longshan" that "after a post, the post rides like a Milky Way; Pingming sent Xianyang, the curtain and the top of the mountain. " Here, he compares the post horse to a meteor. On November 9th, 14th year of Tianbao, An Lushan rebelled in Fanyang. At that time, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty was in Huaqing Palace, three thousand miles apart. Within six days, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty learned the news, and the speed of communication reached 500 miles per day. It can be seen that the organization and speed of postal communication in Tang Dynasty reached a high level. In the Song Dynasty, all official documents and letters were called "delivery", and "express delivery shop" appeared. There is a bronze bell tied to the collar of the riding whistle in a hurry. Running on the road, ringing the bell during the day, lighting the fire at night, not responsible for killing people. Shopping for horses, shopping for people, rain or shine, day and night. In the early years of Southern Song Dynasty, Yue Fei, an anti-gold general, was forcibly recalled to Lin 'an from the front with 12 gold medals by Song Gaozong. This kind of gold medal is a gold plate sent by express delivery, indicating urgency. The biggest feature of the post system reform in Qing Dynasty is the combination of "post" and "post". After the middle of Qing Dynasty, with the establishment of modern postal service, the ancient postal system was gradually eliminated.
There used to be a "Ma Xiangyue" from the People's Information Bureau who went to visit relatives in southwest provinces with a message. According to legend, the farmers who moved to Xiaogan Township, Macheng County, Hubei Province, missed their hometown and made an appointment to send representatives back to their hometown every year to bring some local products and letters back and forth. Later, a people's letter bureau was gradually formed. During the Yongle period of the Ming Dynasty (1403- 1424), Ningbo helped businessmen to establish a "People's Information Bureau". The People's Information Bureau is a private profit-making organization, whose business includes delivering letters and articles and handling foreign exchange. During the reign of Tongzhi, Xianfeng and Guangxu in the Qing Dynasty, there were thousands of people's information bureaus all over the country, with organizations all over Asia, Australia and the Pacific where overseas Chinese lived in concentrated communities, forming inland information bureaus, ship information bureaus and overseas Chinese approval bureaus (Fujian dialect pronounced "letter" as "approval", so the overseas Chinese approval bureau is also the overseas Chinese information bureau, which specifically serves overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia). The large-scale People's Information Bureau has set up its headquarters and business center in Shanghai, with branches and agencies in various places. All people's information bureaus also cooperate with each other to form a non-governmental exchange network. 1928, the then Nanjing National Government held a meeting on transportation work and passed a resolution: "The People's Information Bureau was abolished in the 19th year of the Republic of China (1930)". At 1935, the Human Resources and Social Security Bureau completely disappeared.