In the southwest of China.
There is such a place.
The hillside is covered with dense lines.
Between the lines is a glassy water surface.
Reflect the sky and clouds.
Like the palette of the earth.
this is
Hani terrace
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It is about 80 kilometers away from terraced fields.
A small railway station with only 2 square kilometers.
Because of the release of the movie "Youth"
It has aroused the concern of Chinese people.
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There are also steamed chicken, crossing the bridge rice noodles and other special foods.
Has quietly boarded the China people's table.
Become the representative of Yunnan flavor
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These wonderful things that amaze the world.
All from Honghe prefecture
Full name Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture
(Location and administrative division of Honghe Prefecture, drawing @ Gong &; Sui Chen/Planetary Institute)
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What the hell is this?
What kind of land is it?
0 1
Create mountains and rivers
Honghe prefecture
Located in the south of Yunnan Province.
Located between the eastern Yunnan Plateau and Ailao Mountain.
The Red River and the Pearl River meet here.
The Tropic of Cancer runs through it.
Has an extremely rich natural environment.
(Topography and water system of Honghe Prefecture, cartography @ Gong &; Sui Chen/Planetary Institute)
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The plateau in the northeast
It is composed of very thick limestone.
Millions of years of water erosion
Formed a typical karst landform.
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Ailao Mountain in the southwest is towering and continuous.
The mountains are shrouded in clouds and forests are widely distributed.
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Between Ailao Mountain and Plateau
The Red River (Yuanjiang River) flows through.
Red soil is mostly distributed in the places where it flows.
The river is like a red ribbon.
Winding among the mountains.
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Good natural environment
Created a variety of life worlds.
Ailaoshanshang
More than 2000 kinds of plants
Formed a dense forest
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in the forest
The remains of thorn grass in dinosaur era in China.
Branches are as big as umbrellas.
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Between branches and leaves
The western black-crowned gibbon is wandering.
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Tree shrews are foraging around.
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Countless birds, amphibians and other animals
Make this your home.
This land full of vitality
Hidden in the cascading peaks.
Awaken its people
Coming soon
02
Awakening land
"In ancient times.
There is a place on the horizon called Huni Huna.
The red stone head burns like a skyfire.
The dark stone head was shrouded in the night.
There are thousands of strange stones.
This base has become a magical mountain ... "
-Hani migration epic "Hani Apetsongpo"
More than two thousand years ago
A part of the frontier ethnic group in northwest China.
From singing plateau to south.
After a long migration
Sui and Tang Dynasties
Cross the red river
Standing at the foot of Ailao Mountain
(Hani migration route, cartography @ Gong Xiangjie &; Sui Chen/Planetary Institute)
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Go through a long period of change and integration.
They became a special nation.
Hani ethnic group
Their mode of production
From nomadism to farming.
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Agricultural activities in Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau at that time
It is still in a relatively primitive stage.
Most of Ailao Mountain is still a wilderness.
The arrival of Hani ancestors
Will completely change the face of the earth.
They first chose a gentle slope facing the sun.
Open up dry land
Several rounds of dry land crops were planted on it.
Thereby leveling the land and solidifying the soil.
(Terrace construction process 1: from dry land to dry land, mapping @ all all all all all all all all all all)
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soon
Pile soil layer by layer at the edge of the platform.
Form a ridge
Transfer to other places
Turn dry land into rice fields
(Terrace Construction Process 2: Building Ridge-Water Diversion-Paddy Field, Drawing @ Sui Chen/Planetary Institute)
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The landscape drawn through the canal.
After sand and gravel precipitation
Step by step into different scale fields.
Eventually it flows into the river at the foot of the mountain.
(Hani Terrace Water Diversion System, Drawing @ Sui Chen/Planetary Institute)
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Carefully maintained terraced fields
Water is full all year round.
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In order to better manage terraces
The Hani people have created a unique agricultural calendar.
Put the labor of the four seasons
Terraces integrated into the four seasons
"Kang E Po" with Spring Seedling Growth
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In order to pray for a good summer harvest, "open" Zhazha.
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"Car Picking" in Autumn Harvest Season
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And "Zallet" in winter fallow.
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Hani people who love singing and dancing
It will also be the work of the four seasons.
It was merged into "Hani Four Seasons Production Tune"
(máng) Enthusiasm and strength of encouragement.
Singing and dancing continue the ancient tradition.
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Hani people believe that:
"The lifeblood of a man is a field.
The lifeblood of this land is water.
The lifeblood of water is forests and trees. "
A little higher than the terrace.
This is a Hani village.
Living with terraces * * * *
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The village is full of them.
Everyone has a deliberately reserved forest.
It is considered as "the residence of the gods"
While the alpine areas retain virgin forests.
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Forests, villages, terraces and water systems
Form a situation of "four-element isomorphism"
The perfect homeland of Hani people is thus formed.
(Schematic diagram of four-element isomorphic landscape of Hani Terrace, drawing @ Sui Chen/Planetary Institute)
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In the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties
Due to war and reclamation, etc.
A large number of Han people migrated from the north to the red river basin.
The area of terraced fields began to expand rapidly.
Now it has spread all over Yuanyang, Honghe, Luchun and Jinping counties.
The total area is as high as 654.38+0 million mu.
(Distribution range of Hani terraces, cartography @ Gong &; Sui Chen/Planetary Institute)
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In addition to terraces
In the northern part of Honghe prefecture
Villages were also developed.
Reclaim large and small farmland
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Extensive agricultural development
Let Honghe Prefecture gradually become rich.
Changjie banquet
It expresses a blessing for a bumper harvest.
It is also a gratitude for the gift of nature.
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tomorrow
In the development history of Yunnan
Is an important dividing line.
On the dam with good production conditions
The ruler established Lin 'an House (now Jianshui).
Jurisdiction over most areas of Honghe Prefecture.
Jianshui became prosperous.
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Its economy is developed.
On the rich side of Yunnan
Lin 'an Zhong Cheng
A businessman with a lot of money.
Build a deep house compound
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A cultured scholar
Playing purple pottery between stock indexes
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On board
Build an elegant and magnificent stone bridge
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Second only to Qufu Confucius Temple.
The second largest Confucius Temple in China
Jianshui Confucian temple
In the far southwest
Spread the Central Plains culture
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And people who have lived in this land for generations.
Han, Hani, Yi, Miao, Dai and Zhuang.
Yao, Hui, Lahu, Bulang, Buyi
1 1 indigenous people
It continues and develops its own national tradition.
Among ethnic minorities,
Yi people have the largest population.
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Multiethnic integration
Create unique food
Crossing the bridge rice noodles, steamed chicken, baked tofu, small rolls of rice noodles. ...
Activated the taste buds of Honghe people.
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For hundreds of years.
Awakening Honghe Prefecture is rich and peaceful.
Silently guarding the southwest land.
But in modern times,
Will be hit by a new round.
This is also related to the gift of the earth.
03
The influence of modernization
Violent crustal movement
Below the surface of Honghe prefecture
Created a mineral deposit
There is a metallic mineral.
In the history of Honghe prefecture
Played an important role.
this is
tin ore
(Distribution map of mineral resources in Honghe Prefecture, drawing @ Gong &; Sui Chen/Planetary Institute)
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History of tin mining in Honghe Prefecture
It can be traced back to the Western Han Dynasty.
Subsequent system
Have been developed and utilized one after another.
Even once accounted for 60% of the national tin production.
But the real turning point happened in the late Qing Dynasty.
At that time, Britain, France and other western countries realized industrialization one after another.
Tin is widely used in industry.
In order to develop and transport tin ore
Mengzi on the traffic trunk line
The earliest customs in Yunnan appeared.
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As soon as the customs opens
It's like turning on the tap of tin mine production.
The annual output of Gejiu tin mine has increased from more than 900 tons in the middle of Qing Dynasty.
Directly soared to more than 5,300 tons
A large number of tin ore exports
Stimulated the local caravan.
And the shipping of the Red River.
Mules and horses are endless, and ships are connected.
How many lines does Gejiu Tin pass?
It was shipped to China Haiphong and Hongkong.
And other coastal ports.
Then it flows into western industrial countries by sea.
(The main export route of Gejiu tin mine in modern times, cartography @ Gong &; Sui Chen/Planetary Institute)
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however
The Red River Channel Bay is full of water.
Bandits are rampant along the way.
The capacity of the caravan is even lower.
The demand for tin in industrial countries is increasing year by year.
A new mode of transportation is imperative.
This is the Yunnan-Vietnam Railway.
However, it is necessary to build a railway in Yunnan with high mountains and deep valleys.
This is not an easy task.
From Vietnam to Yunnan
The altitude rises gradually.
Where the Red River flows.
All over the v-shaped canyon
In addition, there are dense forests with serious boils.
The construction of this railway is full of difficulties.
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Most dangerous
There is nothing better than the Sichahe Grand Canyon in Pingbian County.
The two walls of the canyon are only more than 60 meters apart.
The depth of the valley exceeds 100 meter.
Under the technical conditions at that time.
It is impossible to build a pier.
for this reason
Hundreds of tons of customized steel members
From France to Yunnan Pingbian
Then laborers in China carried them up the hill one by one.
One belongs to Tiesola.
A bridge supported by a herringbone steel beam
become
(Construction process of herringbone bridge, drawing @ Zheng Borong/Planetary Institute)
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This is an engineering miracle.
Renzi bridge
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After nearly 10 years of construction
300,000 laborers participated in the construction.
After making great sacrifices,
The Yunnan-Vietnam Railway was finally completed at 19 10.
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soon
The local nobles raised money to build it.
Gobi stone railway
Connecting Yunnan-Vietnam Railway
* * * isomorphic became the artery of Yunnan at that time.
(Roads of Yunnan-Vietnam Railway and Gobi-Stone Railway &, Drawing @ Gong &; Sui Chen/Planetary Institute)
▼
This aorta
Greatly improve the transportation efficiency.
From Mengzi in Yunnan to Haiphong in Vietnam
Time has been shortened from tens of days to two days.
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meanwhile
In the opposite direction
The railway will also combine western architecture with western lifestyle.
Bring it into Honghe prefecture
Electric wire, electric light
Restaurants, cinemas, bars
Coffee shop, tennis court
Companies, banks, hospitals, schools, post offices
And the earliest "courier company"
Subverted the way of life in southern Yunnan that lasted for thousands of years.
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The intersection of Yunnan-Vietnam Railway and Gobi Railway.
Bise village
Become a heavyweight transportation hub
At that time, the limelight was the same.
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19 13 years
A group of Yunnan students were selected to study in Japan.
We went abroad by Yunnan-Vietnam Railway.
19 15
Cai E has been to China, Hongkong and Viet Nam.
Finally, along the Yunnan-Vietnam railway to Kunming.
Launch a crusade against Yuan Shikai.
1938
A group of students from Nankai, Tsinghua, Peking University.
Via China, Hongkong and Viet Nam.
Go north to Kunming along the Yunnan-Vietnam railway
I studied at the National Southwest Associated University there.
▼
Yunnan-Vietnam Railway changed the southwest of China.
Even in the process of modernization in China.
It also played an indispensable role.
1943
The railway is managed by China.
Then it was blocked by the war twice.
Until 1996
Restore traffic.
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Honghe prefecture at this time
Also changed the appearance.
04
End of movement
When the once famous southwest artery
Gradually submerged by ordinary life.
Current special station
Gradually forgotten
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The area where Honghe Prefecture is located.
Follow the peak of ancient mountain agriculture
Southwest trade and cultural center.
After the pioneer of China's modernization
Lead cleaning
When we stood at the top of the mountain
When millions of acres of terraced fields flooded into our eyes like huge waves
We will be surprised to remember.
There are deep waves under the seemingly calm appearance.
Just as Hani terraces are called "sculptures of the earth"
Glorious history
Also engraved on this land.
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1957165438+10/8.
Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture was formally established.
This weather-beaten land
There is a new development direction.
Honghe prefecture today
It is home to a large number of rare animals and plants.
It is an important planting base for tropical and subtropical cash crops.
The fertile ground for the development of modern agriculture in the plateau
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Honghe prefecture today
The railway and highway networks are more developed.
Nature, humanities, history, food
Become within reach.
▼
Honghe prefecture today
Thousands of years ago
Centennial situation
Blend into the unchanging mountains and rivers
In the south of Yunnan
Waiting for you to find out
The creative team of this article
Author: Zhang Zhao
Photography: Qin Nan
Design: Sui Chen and Zheng Borong.
Map: Gong
Revision: Shu Shumao, Li,
Attachment: The main references in this paper:
[1] Honghe Prefecture Local Records Compilation Committee. History of Honghe Prefecture [M]. Yunnan People's Publishing House, 20 13.
[2] The writing group of this book. Overview of Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture [M]. Ethnic Publishing House, 2008.
Min Qingwen, et al. Hani terrace system in Honghe, Yunnan [M]. China Agricultural Press, 20 14.
[4] Huang Shaowen. From Norma Mae to Ailao Mountain [M]. Yunnan Nationalities Publishing House, 2007.
[5] Liao Li. The Rise and Fall of Gejiu in Xi Du [M]. Yunnan Education Press, 20 17.
Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture Tourism Development Committee. Centennial Yunnan-Vietnam Railway [M]. Yunnan People's Publishing House, 20 15.
[7] Yang Juan. Research on the development of old tin mines under the background of modern international economic integration [D]. Yunnan university, 20 16.
[8] Zhang Yongshuai. Research on the opening of Yunnan ports and port trade in modern times [D]. Fudan University, 20 1 1.
... is over ...
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