Prague school
Also known as functional language school. The school was founded in 1926 and 10. The establishment of the Prague Linguistic Society marked its founder Matt Hughes, who was the first president of the Association. Matthews, an early theorist of Prague School, deeply analyzed the defects of New Grammar School and emphasized cooperative language learning.
Trudeau's phonological principle that parts of speech are based on outstanding representatives of Prague School is a classic of modern phonology. The outstanding achievements of Jacques B. Johnson, another representative figure, are of great significance to theoretical modern linguistics. Although Martin, a famous French linguist, did not formally participate in the Prague Linguistic Society, some scholars called him the representative of the Prague School because his view of language reflected the academic thought of the Prague School. Prague schoolbr/>
The language of structural functional school is necessary. Their view is the combination of structure and function, and their language is a multifunctional structural system, which consists of more interdependent subsystems, phoneme theory, language alliance theory and sentence segmentation theory.
The main contribution of Prague School in phonemic research is to clarify the task, principle and research method of the first system, which makes it ahead of the field of structuralist linguistics. Brin, an American linguist, said: "No other European language group, such as the Prague Linguistic Society, would have such a great influence. "
Copenhagen school, also known as Danish school, is also known as semiotic school. Founded in 193 1, it is the symbol of its establishment. Hjelmslev, the representative of the Copenhagen Linguistic Society, and Bloendal, the chief of Uncaria, represent his works. Hjelmslev's language theory platform, General Bloom's structural linguistics, General Uncaria's symbols, compilation.
Liu Hemmes, the core figure of Copenhagen School, observed his language in detail and noticed some important features of language: the relationship between language heredity, society, symbols, language thinking and the relationship between language and culture; The difference between language and speech. He advocates the distinction between content plane and formal plane, which is divided into unit form, content form, expression form and entity. Language symbols, the task is to study the relationship between language expression plane and content plane. His theory is called the symbol of learning, which has the nature of algebra, and focuses on the use of assumptions to explain the research methods.
The relationship between the language structures of Copenhagen school, this study studies the known properties of mathematics. Although this theory is abstract and has no practical application program, it represents the trend of combining humanities with precision science. Mr. Wang, a famous linguist, pointed out: "The theory of Copenhagen School is a very delicate academic ivory tower." Perhaps semiotic principles will be applied to computational linguistics, a new discipline of phonetic engineering.
American descriptive language school
Also known as the American Institute of Structuralism, it is a pioneer gradually formed in the 20th century in the United States on the basis of some scholars' investigation and study on the language and development of American Indians. Sapir, a student of boas (also translated as ASI), is the main representative of bloomfield, followed by Harris and Hoctor. BR/>；
19 1 1 year, American scholars said that boas had got rid of the concepts and methods of traditional linguistics, and emphasized the objective description of language facts in the preface of American Indian Handbook. Sapir's masterpiece Language in the Interpretation of Language Phenomena is in the position of calculation, and he advocates that language phenomena are related to human psychology, society and culture. Sapir is related to his student Wolff's famous Sapir-Wolff hypothesis. The basic idea is: the form of language determines the view of language users on the universe, the world described by language, how do we observe the world, different languages? In the world, the analysis of people of all nationalities in the world is also different.
/& gt； Bloomfield is the most important figure of this school. He is called "American linguist". 1933 published "On Language", announcing the American structuralist school. The basic principles and methods of the development of language structure in Language Bloomfield is the theoretical guidance of this school, which is called Bloomfield School.
In 1950s, the school entered a mature stage. Structural Linguistics published by Harris, the tasks and basic procedures of language structure analysis, and the methods stipulated in this book. Hoctor, another important figure in this period, faithfully inherited Field's academic thoughts. His Modern Linguistics is a famous textbook of structuralist linguistics, which has played a very good role in the spread of structuralist linguistics.
When the school pays attention to spoken language and people's co-writing descriptive language, it pays attention to language form analysis to avoid semantic problems; The distribution method and substitution method of language structure analysis are mainly used to establish language structure analysis method and component analysis method. Their academic viewpoints and methods are greatly influenced by Saussure's language learning.
Theoretically speaking, the three basic viewpoints of structuralist linguistics schools have something in common, but they also have their own characteristics. To put it simply, Prague School focuses on languages with functional structures, Copenhagen School focuses on the relationship between language structures, and American Language School focuses on the description and analysis of language structures. The three schools have made great contributions to the study of human language.