There are two kinds of property rights in raising funds to build houses; One is that the selling price of houses is higher than the cost price of housing reform in that year. Its property right is defined as the property right of affordable housing. The other is lower than the cost price of housing reform in that year, and its property right is the cost price of housing reform. There is a certain welfare nature, and all property units sell housing to employees according to the housing reform price announced by the government every year. The sources of such houses are generally commercial houses purchased by units, self-built houses and fund-raising houses.
The property right of housing reform is divided into three levels: cost property right, standard property right and standard preferential property right.
The property right of cost price belongs to complete property right. If there is no special agreement with the unit when re-listing, it may not be directly traded with the original property unit, but the house with this property right cannot be donated. The specific transaction method is the same as when the affordable housing is re-listed. Standard price property right Because the buyer only owns 94% of the property right of the house, its disposal and income will be limited to some extent. When the house is re-listed, the original property unit has the preemptive right, so it needs to obtain the consent of the original property unit, and its income needs to be divided in proportion after the transaction. But if the property owner is unwilling to share the income with the unit, the property owner can also make up the difference between the standard price and the cost price to the original property unit, and then he can own all the property rights of the house, just like the cost price transaction.
Standard price discount is a more favorable way than standard price. The property owner who owns this kind of property right only owns part of the property right of the house, and the original property right unit owns part of the value share. When the property owner wants to go public again, it is the same as the standard price property right re-transaction.
Directly managed public houses (directly managed by the Housing Authority)
Number of self-managed public houses (public houses owned by the whole people and managed by enterprises and institutions themselves)
The number of floors of a house refers to the natural number of floors of the house, which is generally calculated according to the indoor floors above 0; If the lighting window is in the semi-basement above the outdoor terrace, and the indoor floor height is above 2.20m (excluding 2.20m), the natural floor number shall be calculated. The total number of floors of a house is the sum of the upper and lower floors of the house. False floors, attached floors (mezzanines), inserted floors, attics (hidden buildings), decorative towers, stairwells and water tanks protruding from the roof are not counted.
Multi-storey residential building
Residential buildings below six floors.
Small high-rise residence
A house on the seventh to ninth floors.
high-rise housing
A house with ten or more floors.
Part of the tower
High-rise residential building with stairs and elevators as the core.
Unit high-rise residence
A high-rise residential building consisting of multiple residential units, each unit is equipped with stairs and elevators.
Duplex apartment
The internal space spans two or more floors.
vacuum
According to the terminology of General Principles for Civil Building Design: Overhead Floor: an open space floor with only structural support and no external protective structure.
The use of raised floors in real estate is mainly for the purpose of increasing the activity space of real estate. The height of the raised floor is not necessarily low, and some can reach 6 ~ 9m, but it is mainly used for buildings below the high-rise (100M). Ordinary can also reach 3 m.
Overhead floor is also widely used in Wuhan, especially in residential areas with dense houses and high floor area ratio, which has become a disguised index balance way to increase green area and public area.
basement
Refers to the whole or part of the house below the outdoor terrace (including the semi-basement below 2.2m high), and the floor height of the room below the outdoor terrace exceeds the clear height of the room by 1/2.
semi basement
The floor height of the room below the outdoor floor exceeds 1/3 of the clear height of the room and does not exceed 1/2.
False layer
Refers to the building when the building is completed, and the general floor is relatively low. The height of its front and rear edges exceeds 1.7m, and its area is less than half of that of the bottom floor. Attached floor (interlayer) is the local level of the interior space of the house.
Attic (underground building)
Generally, after the building is completed, the upper part of the internal space of the room is used to build the floor due to various needs. Housing usable area
Refers to all the available space area in the door of a house with the household (set) as the unit. Including bedrooms, living rooms, living rooms (halls), pavilions, kitchens, bathrooms, indoor walkways, stairs, closets, balconies, basements, fake floors, annex buildings (mezzanines), attics, (dark buildings) and other areas used in daily life. The usable floor area of the house is calculated according to the horizontal projection line of the interior wall of the house.
Building construction area
Housing construction area refers to the horizontal projection area of the external wall (column) above the foot, including balcony, corridor, basement, outdoor stairs, etc. , and it is a permanent building with solid structure and a height of more than 2.20m (inclusive).
Residential completed construction area
Refers to the total construction area of the whole house.
Real estate area
Housing property area refers to the building construction area where the property owner enjoys the ownership of the house according to law. The area of housing property rights shall be determined by the administrative departments of real estate of municipalities, cities and counties directly under the central government.
Predict the area of the building
The predicted area refers to the behavior that in the sale of commercial housing (legal sales items with pre-sale sales vouchers), the real estate authorities identify the housing surveying and mapping institutions with surveying and mapping qualifications according to national regulations, and mainly calculate the area of the houses that have not yet been constructed according to construction drawings, field visits and national measurement specifications, which is the area basis for the legal sales of developers.
Measured area of house
The measured area refers to the area obtained by field survey, drawing and calculation of buildings in accordance with the provisions of the state after the completion and acceptance of commercial housing, with reference to drawings, forecast data and national surveying and mapping norms entrusted by the developer. It is the legal basis for developers and owners, and also the ultimate basis for owners to handle real estate licenses and settle property fees and related expenses.
* * * Building area.
The * * * construction area of a house refers to the construction area jointly occupied or used by all property owners.
Interior construction area of the whole house
It consists of three parts: building area, wall area and balcony construction area.
Usable area of indoor house
For the usable area of the apartment, calculate the horizontal projection area according to the following provisions: 1) the sum of the space areas of bedroom, living room, hall, aisle, kitchen, bathroom, storage room and closet; 2) The stairs in the suite are included in the usable area according to the total area of natural floors; 3) Chimneys, ventilation pipes and tube wells not included in the structural area are included in the usable area; 4) Interior wall decoration thickness is included in the usable area.
Interior wall area
Interior wall area refers to the area occupied by maintenance or load-bearing walls or other load-bearing supports around the use space in the suite, in which the partition walls between the suites, the partition walls between the suites and the public building space, the external walls (including gables) and other * * * walls are included in the interior wall area according to half of the horizontal projection area. The self-owned walls in the suite are included in the wall area of the suite according to the horizontal projection area.
Indoor balcony construction area
The building area of the balcony in the suite is calculated according to the horizontal projection area between the balcony periphery and the external wall of the house. The closed balcony is calculated according to the horizontal projection, and the unsealed balcony is calculated according to half of the horizontal projection.
Sales area of commercial housing
Commercial housing is sold as "suite" or "unit", and the sales area of commercial housing is the sum of the interior or interior construction area purchased by the purchaser (hereinafter referred to as interior construction area) and the shared public construction area. Sales area of commercial housing = interior construction area+shared public construction area.
* * * Self-owned building area (public building area)
* * * Coverage areas include: elevator shaft, pipeline shaft, stairwell, garbage chute, power distribution room, equipment room, public hall, corridor, basement, guard room on duty, etc. , as well as the construction area of public buildings and management buildings serving the whole building, are calculated according to the horizontal projection area. * * * The construction area also includes the partition wall between the suite and the public building, and the construction area of half of the horizontal projection area of the external wall (including gables). Basements for independent use, carports, garages, guard rooms serving multiple buildings, management rooms and basements for civil air defense projects are not included in the * * * construction area.
* * * Calculation method of building area
The construction area of the whole building minus the sum of all sets of construction areas of the whole building, minus the construction areas of basements, carports, garages, doormen serving multiple buildings, management rooms and civil air defense projects that have been used independently, is the * * * construction area of the whole building. Characteristic forms and styles with aesthetic value in China architecture. From the pre-Qin period to the middle of19th century, it was basically a closed and independent system, with little change in style for more than 2,000 years, which was generally called the ancient architectural art in China.
/kloc-After the mid-9th century, with the change of social nature and the emergence of a large number of foreign buildings, especially western buildings, China's architecture has had more contacts and exchanges with the world's architecture, and its architectural style has undergone tremendous changes, which is generally called modern architectural art in China. China ancient architectural art and China ancient architectural art both matured in feudal society. It is a unique art system with the longest history, the widest geographical distribution and the most obvious style. It is mainly composed of wooden buildings of the Han nationality, including excellent buildings of various ethnic minorities. China's ancient architecture has a direct influence on Japanese, Korean and Vietnamese ancient architecture, and it also has an influence on Europe after17th century.
In the world architecture system, China ancient architecture is a system with a long history and independent development. The system was initially formed in the Yin and Shang Dynasties at the latest more than 3,000 years ago, with elegant style and exquisite structure. The development of ancient architecture in China has roughly experienced seven periods: primitive society, Shang and Zhou Dynasties, Qin and Han Dynasties, Three Kingdoms, Southern Jin Dynasty, Sui and Tang Dynasties, Song, Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties, and Ming and Qing Dynasties. Until the 20th century, it always maintained its own unique structure and layout principles, and spread and influenced other countries. From the structural characteristics, the characteristics of ancient buildings in China can be summarized into seven items:
1. Taking wood as the main building material, a unique wood structure is created, which can not only meet the actual functional requirements, but also create beautiful architectural forms and corresponding architectural styles.
2. The principle of maintaining the framework system. Columns and vertical and horizontal beams are combined into various forms of beam frames, so that the load on the upper part of the building is transferred to the foundation through the beam frames and columns. The wall only plays the role of enclosure and separation, and does not bear the load.
3. Create a bucket structure. Bucket made of vertically and horizontally stacked short timber and bucket-shaped square timber is a transitional component between columns and beams, and gradually develops into an integral structural layer between upper and lower column grids or between column grids and roof beams, which is an ingenious form of wood structure in ancient China.
4. Standardized single building. China ancient palaces, temples, houses, etc. It usually consists of several separate buildings. Regardless of the scale of a single building, its outline is composed of three parts: the step foundation, the main body of the house and the roof. Below is the step foundation made of masonry, which supports the whole house. Standing on the step foundation is a house with wooden columns as the skeleton and doors and windows partitions installed inside; Above it is a wooden roof truss, which makes a soft and elegant curve and extends around the house, and is covered with blue-gray tiles or glazed tiles. The plane of a single building is usually rectangular, and it can also be square, octagonal and round in special use. Ornamental buildings in gardens can adopt fan-shaped, zigzag and circular planes. Roof forms include Yunnan, Xie, Ding, Hanging, Hard, Pyramid and so on. Each form can be divided into single eaves and double eaves, and then can be combined into more forms.
5. Pay attention to the layout of buildings. Its principle is introversion, multi-level and striving for balance and symmetry. Except for some buildings, such as towers, bell and drum towers, etc. Single buildings rarely show all the outlines. Each complex has at least one courtyard, and at most several or dozens of courtyards. The combination is diverse and the levels are rich, which makes up for the shortage of single building stereotypes. The plane layout adopts the principle of left-right symmetry, with houses around and courtyards in the middle. The combination forms are all developed according to the central axis. Only the plane layout of the garden adopts the principle of free change.
6. Flexible arrangement of spatial layout. Indoor partitions are movable structures, such as fans, doors, covers, screens, etc. , easy to install and disassemble, can be arbitrarily divided and replaced at any time. Courtyard is the unity of interaction with indoor space, and it also provides conditions for buildings to create a small natural environment. You can plant trees and flowers, stack mountain pools, set up arbor flower stands, and some have cloisters as a transition between indoor and outdoor spaces to increase the interest of life.
7. Use colorful decorations. The beam-column frame of wood structure building needs to be painted on the wood surface and other anti-corrosion measures, which has developed into a unique architectural oil decoration and color painting in China. Mineral pigments such as cyan, green and vermilion are often used to draw colorful patterns to increase the aesthetic feeling of buildings. Wooden decorative components, with colorful embossed decorative flat chess decals and various rhombic lattices made of wooden strips, are practical and decorative masterpieces. After the Northern Wei Dynasty, colorful glazed tile roofs, arches and zhaobi made the building brilliant.
From the perspective of traditional culture, the characteristics of ancient architecture in China can be summarized into five aspects:
1. There are few real architectural theories. The emergence of architecture as a discipline is a modern thing. What guides the development of architecture is abstract philosophical theory, established moral norms and concrete political system.
2. Traditional Confucian etiquette is the main idea guiding architectural creation, supplemented by metaphysics and geomantic omen.
3. Full of China people's realistic attitude towards life. The concrete performance is not to seek the long-term existence of the building, but to meet the practical functional needs as the starting point. The standardization and generalization of architectural forms, the use of a structural type of building can meet the needs of multiple functions.
4. Standardized architectural individuals should express their individuality through the combination of architectural spaces. The arrangement of architectural groups is the essence of traditional architectural art, which embodies the rational thinking mode of combining time and space and the affinity between man and nature everywhere.
5. Use symbolism to express a specific theme. It expresses artistic conception in gardens, world outlook in religious buildings and political system in palace buildings. Some decorative components and sketches, even single buildings, have become a symbol with fixed significance.
Ancient buildings in China can be divided into the following seven categories according to their functions:
1. Residential building. It is the earliest building created by human beings, mainly in two forms: cave dwelling and dry fence. Early Neolithic sites dating from 7,400 to 6,700 years ago, such as buildings in Dadiwan, Qin 'an County, Gansu Province, are semi-crypt-type, that is, vertical caves with a certain depth are dug down from the ground, and the plane is round, oval or square, with a small area. In the late Neolithic period from 4900 to 3900 years ago, more houses were built on the ground, and caves in primitive society gradually evolved into palace-style houses. The representative type of palace-style residence is quadrangle. The early Zhou architectural site in Feng Chu Village, Qishan County, Shaanxi Province is the earliest known courtyard-style building. There are a large number of bungalows on the east and west sides of the central axis in the old city of Beijing, where the most typical quadrangles are concentrated. The earliest architectural remains of Gan Lan were found in Hemudu, Yuyao, Zhejiang, about 7000 ~ 5300 years ago. The floor is almost as high as people, and there are livestock under it. There are railings around the floor, around the platform and the house. The existing buildings in Gan Lan are much smaller than those in ancient times, and they are concentrated in ethnic minority areas in Yunnan and Hainan.
2. Urban public buildings. It mainly includes city walls, towers and gates, as well as bell tower and drum tower. The city wall originated in the Neolithic age, and the material is mainly rammed earth. From the Three Kingdoms to the Southern and Northern Dynasties, brick walls were built outside the rammed earth city. In the Ming Dynasty, most important cities were built with bricks and stones. The gate is an important defensive position. The entrance is generally about 20 meters deep and 80 meters deep. The urn appeared in the border town in the Tang Dynasty, and a watchtower was built on it in the Ming Dynasty. The Zhengyangmen watchtower and watchtower in the inner city of Beijing and the southeast corner of the city east are outstanding works of the Ming Dynasty. Bell and Drum Tower is a public building dedicated to telling time in ancient cities. There was a record of setting bells and drums in high-rise buildings in the Song Dynasty. In the Ming Dynasty, the Drum Tower and Bell Tower were built at the northern end of Beijing's central axis, with brick piers at the lower part and wooden or masonry floors at the upper part.
3. Palace architecture. Palace refers to the place where the emperor holds ceremonies, handles government affairs and lives. The palace building concentrated the domestic financial and material resources at that time and was built at the highest technical level. The earliest known palace site was found in Erlitou Village, Yanshi County, Henan Province. It was built in Shang Dynasty 1500 years ago. The Forbidden City in Ming and Qing Dynasties is the last and most mature model of China palace architecture. The city plane is rectangular, with a width of 753 meters from east to west and a depth of 96 1 meter from north to south. There are four doors on the wall, a gatehouse and a turret. It gives full play to various architectural artistic techniques, mobilizes all architectural languages to express the theme, and has achieved unsurpassed achievements.
4. Ritual system and shrine architecture. Buildings where people hold sacrifices and commemorative activities are called ritual buildings, which are required by the "ritual system" and included in the official ritual code; All folk, mainly people's sacrificial objects, are called shrine buildings. Rituals and memorial buildings can be roughly divided into four categories: altars and temples offering sacrifices to heaven and earth, the sun, the moon and the stars, and famous mountains and rivers; From kings to scholars, temples and shrines dedicated to ancestors or religious ancestors; Tang Ming and Biyong held special political, religious and cultural ceremonies, music and publicity; Celebrity temples and shrines respected by the ruling class and commemorated by the people. The Temple of Heaven in Beijing is the most important relic of ancient temple architecture, which was built in the 18th year of Yongle in Ming Dynasty (1420).
5. Mausoleum architecture. This is a building dedicated to burying and offering sacrifices to the dead. It consists of underground and aboveground parts. The underground part is used to bury the dead and their relics, body double and martyrs. Part of the ground is reserved for the living to hold sacrifices and place the dead gods. Generally speaking, after the Han Dynasty, the tombs of emperors and ministers were called tombs. Qin Shihuang Mausoleum in Lintong County, Shaanxi Province is the first mausoleum in China. The Ming Tombs in Changping, Beijing are a group of tombs with complete planning and great spirit.
6. Buddhist architecture. It is a place where believers worship Buddha statues and bones, conduct Buddhist activities and live. There are three kinds: temples, towers and grottoes. Folk Buddhist temples in China began in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. The original temple is a gallery layout, and its center is built with a tower, or a Buddhist temple, or a tower temple. Pagodas can be divided into stone pagodas, brick pagodas, wooden pagodas, iron pagodas and pottery pagodas according to structural materials. , and according to the structural modeling is divided into pavilion tower, dense eaves tower, single tower. Grottoes are Buddhist temples dug on cliffs along the river. They originated in India and spread to China in the 3rd century. Their shapes can be divided into four categories: Tamiao Cave, Buddhist Cave, Monk Cave and Elephant Cave. Important remains of China Grottoes include Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes in Gansu, Yungang Grottoes in Datong, Shanxi and Longmen Grottoes in Luoyang, Henan.
7. Gardens and landscape gardens. Traditional gardens in China are a material environment that combines man-made and nature, and has feasible, promising, tourable and habitable functions. Its main elements are mountains, water, flowers, trees and buildings. It is a synthesis of various arts, reflecting the achievements of traditional philosophy, aesthetics, literature, painting, architecture, gardening and many other scientific arts and engineering technologies. According to the affiliation, it can be divided into four categories: royal gardens, private gardens, temple gardens and scenic spots. Among them, the most representative gardens are Suzhou Netscape Garden, Humble Administrator's Garden, Lingering Garden, Yangzhou Geyuan, Wuxi Airport Garden, Beijing Summer Palace, Yuanmingyuan and chengde mountain resort. In addition to the above seven categories, the functional types of traditional buildings in China also include military buildings, commercial buildings, bridges and other public transport facilities, square tables and other architectural sketches. Among them, the Great Wall has experienced a history of more than 2,000 years, stretching across Wan Li and becoming a symbol of the Chinese national spirit.
Anji Bridge (Zhao Zhouqiao) in Zhao County, Hebei Province was built in the Sui Dynasty in the early 7th century. It is the first open-shouldered single-arch stone bridge in the world, about 700 years earlier than similar structures in the West. All these reflect the outstanding achievements of ancient architecture in China.