Hefei, the capital of Anhui Province, is an ancient city with a history of more than 2,000 years, and a new city that has flourished since the birth of New China.
Hefei is located in the middle of Anhui Province. Here, it is in the center of the Yangtze River and Huaihe River, bordering Chaohu Lake in the north, Dabie Mountain in the west and Chu River Basin in the east. Most of the surrounding areas are hilly areas, with undulating mountains and ridges. The overall terrain is high in the northwest, slightly inclined to the southeast, and there is a relatively open flat land in the southeast corner connected with the alluvial plain on the north bank of Chaohu Lake. The ground elevation is generally between 12-45 meters, and it is more prominent in Dashu Mountain in the western suburbs, with an altitude of 284 meters, which is the highest point. Shi Shui, now the Nanfeihe River, originates from the gully between Changgangdian in Feixi County and Tushan in Changfeng County, flows southward along the east side of the watershed near Jiangjun Mountain, and the west side is close to the upstream source of Feishui (Dongfeihe River), forming a bee belt with a relatively narrow watershed. Historically, such terrain has long been used to open up a relatively convenient passage between Hefei and Shouchun. Nanfeihe River flows from this area to the southeast through the urban area, then to Shikou in the south and flows into Chaohu Lake. The total length is about 70 kilometers. This river not only provides a part of water for industrial and agricultural production and residents' life in the urban area, but also has the benefit of shipping downstream, which is closely related to the development of this city in past dynasties.
At the end of the Warring States period, around 40 BC, Shouchun had developed into a metropolis on the Huaihe River, and the traffic between Jianghuai and Jianghuai had made new progress, so a new city rose at the southern end of the Feishui and Shishui Waterways. This is Hefei. Therefore, Biography of Historical Records of Huo Zhi pointed out that "Ying moved to Shouchun, and it was also a metropolis", and then said: "Hefei was affected by the north-south tide, and leather, abalone and wood were also lost, and it was mixed with Fujian and Guangdong." From the end of the Warring States to the beginning of the Western Han Dynasty, Hefei and Shouchun complemented each other. In the economic exchanges with Fujian, Nantong and Vietnam in the midsummer in the north, the native products of the south reach the end of the water transport through the water transport between rivers and lakes, and then exchange with various materials from the Huaihe River in the north in midsummer. The so-called "affected by the north-south tide" refers to the water transport from south to north. Hefei is the starting point of this journey. The name of Hefei comes from this. There are other counties and cities near Hefei, such as Tiao (south of Liangyuan in Feidong), Chengde (near Wabu Town in Shouxian County) and Jango (Gao Zhe Town in Chaohu City). The rise of these cities has further promoted the development of economic exchanges between midsummer and southeast China. In this increasingly prosperous development situation of economic exchanges, the Jianghuai area with Hefei as the center has become the center of mutual integration between people of all ethnic groups in midsummer and southeast China. In this area, there is a phenomenon of "miscellaneous customs" with the people of all ethnic groups in southeast China.
Under the situation that the three countries are divided into three parts, the Jianghuai region has become the battlefield of confrontation between Wei and Wu, and most cities have become ruins. At that time, Sun Wu, the separatist regime in Jiangdong, took Jianye (Nanjing) as its capital, and built a solid dock fort at the ruxu Shuikou (now near Wuwei Jiangba) where Chaohu Lake entered the river, thinking it was the fortress of Jiang Fang. After Cao Cao managed Huainan and occupied Shouchun and its vicinity along the Huaihe River, he took Liu Fu as the secretariat of Yangzhou in 200 AD, and built an empty city, Hefei (about one kilometer northwest of He Fei outside the west gate of Shuixi) as the vanguard position of Huainan. As a result, the soldiers and sailors of Wei and Wu all went in and out of Chaohu and Dongguan (now the Yuxi River pass between Wuwei and Hanshan counties) and launched a water attack on land. Cao Cao went south from Hefei many times and reached ruxu and other places along the Yangtze River. Sun Quan often led his troops from ruxu to the north to besiege Hefei. In 2 15 AD, when Cao Cao marched into Guanzhong, only Zhang Liao, Le Jin, Li Dian and other generals led more than 7,000 people stationed in Hefei, and Sun Quan took the opportunity to lead hundreds of thousands of people to attack the city. In this kind of power disparity emergency, Zhang Liao chose eight hundred "people who dare to talk to" to lead out of the city and went straight to Sun Quan's office to fight in the north of xiaoyaojin. Sun Quan jumped off the bridge and fled to the south of the bridge, only to survive, and then left. This is Wei Jun's famous battle to defend Hefei.
Hefei City is bordered by rivers and lakes in the south and longevity in the north. At Wei Jun's insistence, Wu Jun attacked many times. Although it didn't win a total victory, its sailors "made the best use of everything" and could reach the city gate directly, which often posed a great threat to the city defense. Shouchun's reinforcements sometimes can't arrive in time because of the long distance. In 233 AD, Man Chong, commander-in-chief of Wei State, built a new city at the foot of Jiming Mountain, about 15 km west of the city. This city is the famous Hefei New Town. The ruins of this new city are still clearly visible. Here, there are risks to follow, and far away from places where fat water can sail. Wu Jun's attack is more difficult because it is convenient for Shouchun to help.
Wei Mingdi Cao Rui said: "The first emperor (Cao Cao) set Hefei in the east, Xiangyang in the south and Qishan in the west. If the thief comes to break under the three cities, the land will compete. " This "tense" geographical situation, as later theorists said, is "a brief introduction of Yang Yizhong, the lips and teeth of Jiangnan", which played an important strategic role in the civil war.
During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the access from Hefei East to Jianye was also developed. In 250 AD, Wu blocked the earth and water in Tangyi (Liuhe, Jiangsu) and built a mud pond to flood the North Road, which refers to this passage. At that time, the tomb was in Shouchun and wanted to take the opportunity to arise, so he requested to send troops to attack Wu. Sima Yi knew that he had different ideas and was not allowed. Only in the upper reaches of Tushui River, Chuyang City (20 kilometers northeast of Guo Liang Town in Feidong) was built, and the garrison was strengthened. By the year 280, Wang Sima was slaughtered, which was the way to March.
During the Eastern Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties, Hefei was the gateway to the west of Jiankang. In 32 1 a.d., Emperor Jin Yuan took Shangshu Dai Yuan as the general in the west, that is, Wang Dun, a warlord who invaded Huaishang in the north and Jingzhou in the west. In 506 AD, the Northern Wei Dynasty captured Hefei City, and Wei Rui, the secretariat of Liang Yuzhou, flooded the city wall with chemical fertilizer, which greatly defeated the Northern Wei Dynasty. Since then, the ancient city has been abandoned gradually because of its low terrain.
At the beginning of Sui Dynasty, Luzhou was set up in Hefei, as the general manager of Luzhou, and a town was set up to prepare for the felling of Chen. In 589 A.D., he marched into cutting Chen, from Hefei No.1 Road to Hengjiang (southeast ferry of Hexian County) and crossed to quarrying, which was one of the first main forces to enter Jiankang.
Since the Tang and Song Dynasties, the organizational system of Luzhou has remained unchanged. At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, a new city named "Jindou City" was built on a highland on the south bank of the He Fei River about four kilometers east of the old city, and a section of Hefei River along the north of the city was also called "Jindou River". After more than 500 years of development in the Tang and Song Dynasties, by the Southern Song Dynasty, the north of the city had become a relatively concentrated market for commercial warehouses and handicraft workshops, and the market was more prosperous than that in the city, forming a phenomenon of "big towns and small towns". At the same time, Luzhou was the first to be invaded by the Jin people and harassed by the Jin army many times. 1 169, the southern song dynasty court ordered the renovation of Luzhou city, and learned that Guo Zhen of Luzhou was urged by the imperial edict to expand the city on a large scale, extending the city wall to Hebei, and bringing the Jindou River and the markets on both sides of the river into the city. At the place where the river flows in and out of the city wall, two more sluices were built later. This city wall is called "Douliangcheng". During the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, it was constantly repaired and reinforced. 15 1 1 year, farmers led by Liu Liu and Liu Qi shook the Huaihe River and Luzhou River. The local government was afraid that the peasant army would attack the city, so it quickly strengthened the city defense, closed the east and west water gates and let the river flow from Beihao to the outside of the city. This has formed the scale of Hefei's modern old city.
During the Song-Jin War, Luzhou was an important town to the west of Huaihe River, and patriotic soldiers and civilians in the Southern Song Dynasty often attacked the puppet troops invading the south of Huaihe River under this city. For example, in 1 13 1 year, Wang Heng, the magistrate of Luzhou, led the whole city's soldiers and civilians and smashed the fake Qi army. 1 134, yue Fei and Niu Hao reinforced Luzhou and pursued the nomads from the city. In A.D. 1 14 1 year, three armies, Liu and Wang De, gathered together and defeated hundreds of thousands of fighters in the martial arts of the State of Jin, winning a famous battle and regaining Luzhou. By the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, 1238, the Mongolian general Chahan and his handsome soldiers claimed that 800,000 troops besieged Luzhou. Du Gao, commander-in-chief of the Southern Song Dynasty, led the soldiers and civilians in the city to stick to it, burned the high dam that besieged the city, built a tower in the city to bomb the enemy and ourselves, and then attacked them, and the enemy was defeated. These battles shine with the brilliance of this historic city.
After the Yuan Dynasty unified the whole country, Luzhou Road was set up in Hefei, which belongs to the northern province of Henan Province. In the early Ming Dynasty, it was promoted to Luzhou Prefecture, directly under the jurisdiction of Nanjing. In the Qing Dynasty, it was still Luzhou Prefecture, which belonged to Anhui Province and led Hefei, Lujiang, Shucheng, Wuwei Prefecture, Chaoxian County, four counties and one state. After the Revolution of 1911, Fuzhou was abolished and Hefei County was retained. The county covers an area of more than 6,000 square kilometers, making it the largest county in the province.
The ancient city of Luzhou is known as Wei Cheng, and it is said that "Chongqing was born, while Luzhou was working while the iron was hot". However, it can't stand the blow of the peasant army. For example, Zhang zai 1642 outsmarted Luzhou, which was a famous siege campaign. The peasants led by Zhang fought in Huaixi. Before attacking Luzhou, soldiers disguised as vendors were everywhere in the city, and scholars who arrived in the city were stopped by the waist. He entered the city gate with a scholar's ceremonial sedan chair, and then took the gun as the number. "Tieluzhou" was easily shattered.
During the revolutionary war of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, the Taiping Army made Tianjing its capital. After Anqing was conquered, Luzhou City became a temporary provincial capital and an important military stronghold in Jiangbei area. The Taiping Army captured the city many times, which dealt a heavy blow to the Qing army. 1854, Taiping generals Hu Yihuang and Zeng Tianyang conquered Luzhou City for the first time. Jiang Zhongyuan, the governor of Qing Dynasty, was defeated and drowned. Liu Yuzhen and dozens of other officials were killed. Hu, the magistrate of Luzhou, was forced to surrender. 1858, King Chen Yucheng captured Luzhou again, annihilated more than 6,000 soldiers in sanhe town, 40 kilometers south of the city, and killed more than 400 civil and military officials such as Governor Li and the brother of Zeng Guofan, the leader of Xiang Army. The following year, the Qing army was defeated in the west Guanting, and Li and others were captured. Chen Yucheng, king of England, has been guarding Luzhou for several years, which has caused great shock. There is the British Palace in the city (about in this provincial museum). 1862 After the fall of Anqing, Chen was betrayed by a traitor in the northern withdrawal and died heroically.
After the Revolution of 1911, the local feudal forces in Hefei were still deeply rooted, and the external land and water transportation still depended on the ancient Nanfeihe River and the official post road. Until the early 1930s, there was only one road to Anqing and other places that could barely pass by car. 1934, Huainan railway was completed, but it can't change the backward and backward situation and slow economic development here. Soon, War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression broke out and Hefei fell in May 1938. The seven-year military occupation has caused serious damage to this ancient city. After the end of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, Hefei became a temporary provincial capital, but the urban construction did not improve. On the eve of the founding of the People's Republic of China, Hefei was only 5.3 square kilometers, while the actual built-up area was less than 2 square kilometers. In the city, an old front street and a half-long back street are the concentrated areas of * * * offices and shops. There is a dilapidated wharf by the river outside the east gate. There are only a few bungalows in the railway station, and the daily passenger flow is only three or four hundred. There are ruins everywhere, and piles of garbage and sewage are everywhere. "Huainan Town Golden Barrel, who mourns the depression of the White House!" This decline reflected the corrupt and chaotic political situation at that time. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), Hefei was formally established. The original Hefei County was divided into Feidong County and Feixi County. Dao 1964 is divided into Shouxian, Dingyuan, Feidong and Feixi counties. Now Changfeng, Feidong and Feixi counties are all under the jurisdiction of Hefei.
In the early days of the People's Republic of China, Hefei was the seat of the administrative office in northern Anhui. 1952, officially established as the capital of Anhui province.
From 1662 to the eve of the founding of the People's Republic of China, Anhui Province did not form a central city called the capital for more than 280 years. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), with the rapid development of socialist construction, Hefei has developed into a modern city with a certain scale. Only in this way, the geographical advantage of being located in the center of the province can be truly brought into play, and Anhui Province has a veritable political, economic and cultural center.
At present, the area of Hefei has expanded to more than 450 square kilometers, and the total population 1982 has reached more than 8 1 10,000 people, taking shape as a big city. A new urban layout has taken shape, with the total length of urban roads exceeding 260 kilometers. Nearly 4 million trees were planted by the roadside. More than 8 million square meters of new buildings have been built. Today, Hefei is full of tall buildings, wide roads and trees, showing a new atmosphere of a bustling city. In addition to directly introducing Chaohu Lake water, Dongpu Reservoir has been built in the upper reaches of Nanfeihe River, with a storage capacity of more than 240 million cubic meters. There is a general mountain crossing the canal between the two fat rivers, and the main canal of Chuhe River of Pishihang irrigation project is opened, so ships can go deep into the western mountain area of Anhui Province. The navigation channel in the lower reaches of Nanfeihe River has also been comprehensively rectified, and navigation is unimpeded throughout the year. The present Nanfeihe River is far from the old appearance of using water in history.
Now, the development of industrial and commercial production in Hefei has a relatively solid foundation. Since the founding of New China 30 years ago, industrial production has grown from scratch, and now there are more than 650 enterprises in metallurgy, machinery, electronics, chemicals, textiles, instruments, building materials, food and other categories, with more than 60,000 employees160,000, with an annual output value of nearly 2 billion yuan. More than 400 kinds of products produced not only meet domestic demand, but also are exported to more than 50 countries and regions in the world. The traffic in Hefei has developed rapidly. Now, the civil aviation, railway and highway networks all over the province make Hefei the transportation center of the province. There are many flights and express trains to Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and other major cities every week. The direct bus on the expressway also runs in Nanjing, Wuhan and Xinyang every day. The newly-built Luogang Airport is one of the large airports in China. Huainan Railway is building a double track. The upcoming Puxin Railway and Hefei &; #0; Anqing &; #0; Jiujiang Railway is listed as a national key construction project. After the completion of these two railways, a new railway hub will be added in East China.
At present, there are more than ten national famous and provincial key universities in Hefei, accounting for more than half of the universities in the province. There are more than 0/00 middle schools, technical schools, ordinary middle schools/kloc, and more than 200 primary schools, which basically popularize junior high school education. Scientific research institutions include Hefei Branch of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Anhui Academy of Philosophy and Social Sciences and other professional research institutions. In addition to specializing in the research topics of this major, various research institutions also cooperate with the Provincial Association for Science and Technology and the Provincial Social Science Association to carry out various academic activities. In recent years, national and provincial scientific and technological activities and international academic exchanges have been quite active. Anhui Provincial Museum is one of the famous museums in China.
Xiaoyaojin Park, located in the northeast of the city, was the battlefield of Zhang Liao during the Three Kingdoms period. In the south of this park, there are Zoroastrianism temples, also known as goddaughter platforms. It is said that Cao Cao taught a strong crossbow to defend the division of Wu Zhou. Baohe Park is located in the southeast of the city. Originally the moat in the south of the old city, there was Baogong Temple, which was famous for commemorating Bao Zheng, a famous minister in the Northern Song Dynasty. In addition, there is a revolutionary martyrs cemetery in Dashu Mountain in the western suburbs, and Chaohu Lake is also preparing to become a tourist area.