The "Seven Wonders" were listed by the Phoenician traveler Antipat in the 3rd century BC (at the end of the Warring States Period in China, Qin Shihuang unified China in 2 1 1 year BC, and the 3rd century BC refers to 299-200 BC). After repeated use by the world, it spread. However, six of the "Seven Wonders" were destroyed by earthquakes, fires and wars, and only the Egyptian pyramid of khufu has survived to this day.
Egyptian pyramid of khufu
Construction time: about 263 BC1year-2498 BC.
Construction site: near Giza near Cairo, Egypt.
Architectural features: pyramids of Giza, Egypt
There are 80 pyramids in Egypt, the largest of which is the Pyramid of Gisali, which was built around 2600 BC, and all of them were artificially built. How did the ancient Egyptians carve stones and build tombs? The layout of the passages and rooms inside the mausoleum is like a maze. How the ancient Egyptians built it is still controversial. At first, the polished gray limestone blocks on the outside of the pyramid almost disappeared. What we are seeing now is the light yellow limestone below, revealing its internal structure. There is a tomb in the center of the pyramid, which can be entered through the tunnel. On the top of the tomb, several large stones weighing dozens of tons are stacked on top of each other. The completed pyramid was used as a tomb. Ancient Egyptians believed in immortality after death. At first, the tombs in the pyramids were filled with gold and various valuables.
Legend:
Before the third dynasty in ancient Egypt, both princes and ministers and ordinary people were buried in a rectangular tomb made of mud bricks, which the ancient Egyptians called "Mastaba". Later, a clever young man, Imhotep, invented a new architectural method when designing a mausoleum for the Egyptian Pharaoh Zuosai. He replaced mud bricks with square stones picked from the ground, constantly revised the design scheme of building a mausoleum, and finally built a six-story trapezoidal pyramid-this is the prototype of the pyramid we saw. It looks like the word "gold" in Chinese characters, so people in China write it as a "pyramid". The tower mausoleum designed by Imhotep is the first stone mausoleum in Egyptian history.
Historical origin:
Pyramids along the Nile
great
The pyramids are tombs built by the pharaohs themselves in ancient Egypt. It is said that there are nearly 100 pyramids in Egypt, most of which were built in the third to sixth dynasties of Egypt. Some pyramids with a history of more than 4,000 years are mainly distributed in the capital and the west bank of the Nile. The pyramids of Giza belong to King Kabra on the left and King Kuff on the right, and there is a sphinx nearby. The main building material is limestone, and part of it is huagangyan. The three largest and best-preserved pyramids were built by three pharaohs of the fourth dynasty from 2600 BC to 2500 BC, namely Khufu, Ha Fula and Menkoala. Pyramid of khufu 146.6m high and 230.35m long at the bottom. The height of the Hafra Pyramid is 143.5m and 215.25m; Grow at the bottom. The Menkoala Pyramid is 66.4m high and the bottom is108.04m long.
Among the three great pyramids, the largest is pyramid of khufu, which is an almost solid boulder, consisting of more than 2 million boulders. Crowds of people dragged these big stones to the slope of the ground, and then piled them around the pyramid by scaffolding. Next to the pyramids, there are some small pyramids and rectangular desktop graves of royalty and nobility.
Hanging gardens in Babylon
Construction time: about 6th century BC.
Location: Babylon, east of the Euphrates River, about 50 miles south of Baghdad, the capital of Iraq.
Architectural features: Hanging Garden
Of course, the hanging gardens in Babylon were not suspended in the air. The origin of this name is that people misunderstand the original Greek "kremastos" and Latin "pensilis" (meaning "hanging" and "protruding") as "hanging". Like the Colossus of Rhode Island, archaeologists have yet to find the remains of the Hanging Gardens.
It is generally believed that the Hanging Garden was built by King Nebuchadnezzar (604- 562 BC) to comfort the homesick princess Amyitis, and it was modeled after her hometown in the mountains. It is said that slaves need to turn mechanical devices to draw a lot of water from the Euphrates River below to irrigate the flowers and plants in the hanging gardens.
The most amazing thing about the hanging garden is the water supply system. Because there is not much rain in Babylon, and the ruins of the Hanging Gardens are far away from the Euphrates River, historical researchers believe that the Hanging Gardens should have many water conveyance facilities. According to literature, the king sent hundreds of slaves to push the axle every day, put the pump on the stone trough, and the stone trough supplied water to the garden. Another problem is maintenance, because ordinary buildings can't withstand the erosion of the river for many years without collapsing. Because Mesopotamian,
There aren't many stones, so researchers think the bricks used in hanging gardens are unusual. They are added with reeds, asphalt and gravel. Some documents even pointed out that a layer of lead was added to the stone to prevent the river from infiltrating into the foundation. After layers of protection, the top floor of the garden was paved with Shi Zhuan and lead plates, and finally all kinds of exotic flowers and grasses were planted, which looked spectacular from a distance.
Selcuk Al-themis Temple
Construction time: about 550 BC
Construction site: the soul of freedom in ancient Greece, about 50 kilometers south of Izmir, Turkey.
Architectural features: Artemis
Themis (Greek α ρ ρ ε ι δ, Latin Artemis) is the goddess of the moon and hunting in Greek mythology and the sister of the sun god A. Polo; Roman mythology called her Diana, Egyptians called her Bastiato, and Arabs called her Rath. In ancient Greece, the goddess themis was deeply worshipped, so she built the Temple of themis, one of the seven wonders.
Temple buildings are based on marble and covered with wooden roofs. The designers of the whole building are Qiao Xihong and his son. Its biggest feature is that there are two rows of at least 106 columns inside, and each column is about 12- 18 meters high. The base of the temple is about 7200 square meters.
It was destroyed by a fire in 356 BC, and it was built after the original site caught fire again in 262 AD. The Temple of Al themis has been rebuilt seven times. The first themis Temple was designed by architects Samos, Qiao Xihong and his son Meta janus in 550 BC, supported by Ionian marble columns, and it was the first building built entirely of marble at that time.
The whole building was decorated with bronze, silver, gold and ivory reliefs of famous artists at that time, such as phidias, Cletus, keresey Ras and Vladmont. The statue of Al themis was placed on the U-shaped altar in the center for people to worship. Finally, because people who love free souls converted to Christianity, this temple was built by St. John in AD 40 1 year.
Jinkou was destroyed.
Statue of Zeus in Olympia
Construction Time: About In 457 Bc
Construction site: Olympia, Greece.
Architectural Features: Statue of Zeus in Olympia
Introduction:
Zeus is the god of Greek gods, the main god of Olympia. The statue of Zeus built for sacrifice is the largest indoor statue in the world, and the temple of Zeus where the statue of Zeus is located is the birthplace of the Olympic Games. Philo of Byzantium wrote about the Seven Wonders: "We are proud of the other six wonders, but we are afraid of the statue of Zeus."
The temple of Zeus was the religious center of ancient Greece. The temple is located in the middle of a vast flat land on the Rizos River southeast of the Acropolis in Athens, Greece, and is in charge of Zeus, the god of ancient Greek gods. This place was full of hills in Huang Chengcheng, but in ancient Greece, it was surrounded by green valleys and cool streams, with elegant scenery and was the religious center at that time. In ancient Greece, this area was located outside the walls of Athens. In Hadrian's time, in order to expand the scale of Athens and expand the city walls, temples were incorporated into the city.
The construction of the temple began in 470 BC and was finally completed in the first 456 years. This is a Dominic-style building, designed by the architect Lieben from Elis, and the statue of Zeus was carved by the sculptor Pheidias.
The Temple of Zeus itself is a Dolique-style building, the surface of which is covered with gypsum limestone. The roof of the temple is made of marble and supported by 34 Corinthian columns, the height of which is17m, and the Paros in front of the temple is 4 1. 1 m107.75m.. Many statues on the herringbone eaves in the west of the temple are completely Athenian.
Introduction:
As for Zeus, the protagonist of the temple, the so-called "chryselephantine" technology was adopted, and the muscles carved from ivory and gold clothes were added to the wooden support. The throne is also gilded, inlaid with ebony, precious stones and glass, which took eight years to complete.
In the Travels of Greece by the traveler Pausanias, the statue of Zeus is described in detail. It is recorded in the book: "The main body of Zeus is made of wood, the exposed part of his body is covered with ivory, and his clothes are covered with gold. He wears a crown woven with olive branches on his head, a victory statue made of ivory and gold in his right hand, and a scepter made of dazzling metals in his left hand. There is a vulture at the top of the scepter. "
As for his throne, the head and back of the statue are carved with statues of "Three Goddess of Athens" and "Three Goddess of Seasons" (spring, summer and autumn) respectively. The legs and feet are decorated with dancing goddess of victory, sphinx with head and other Greek gods. The bottom is 6.55 meters wide and the height is 1 meter. Except for the throne, this statue of God, which is only about 13 meters high, is equivalent to a four-story modern building, so that Zeus sitting on the throne almost put his head on the top of the temple.
Behind the statue hangs a sacred curtain looted by the temple in Jerusalem. Phidias planned the surrounding changes more accurately, including the light from the temple gate to the statue. In order to make the face of the statue more beautiful and bright, a huge and shallow black marble olive oil pool was built in front of the statue, and the light was reflected by olive oil. During standing, workers come to wipe ivory, which is called "phidias polisher". A tourist said, I can tell you the size of the statue, but I can't describe its impact.
Idols have been worshipped by people for more than 900 years, but in the end Christ put an end to everything. In 393 A.D., the Roman emperor Marius I resolutely issued a pardon order to stop the competition, and the ancient Olympic Games also ended in this year. Then in 426 AD, the pagan temple was destroyed, so the statue of Zeus was destroyed, phidias's studio was changed into a church, and ancient Greece was destroyed. The inward inclined stone pillars of the temple collapsed in the earthquakes of 522 and 55 1 year, and the stones were demolished and transformed into fortresses against barbarian aggression. Fortunately, the statue had been transported to Constantinople (now Istanbul, the largest city in Turkey) before, and was kept in the palace by eunuch luisi for 60 years, but it was also destroyed in the city riots.
Radical mausoleum
Construction time: about 353 BC
Construction site: ancient Greece, now southwest Turkey.
Architectural features: Mausoleum of Mo Solas
The temple of Mao Solas's tomb in Halicarnassus is about 45 meters high, and the upper part of the pedestal is in the shape of a stepped pyramid. The statue of King Solas of the Kingdom of Caria may stand at the top. This mausoleum was destroyed in an earthquake in the 3rd century.
This huge white marble mausoleum was built for Mo Solas and his wife. The whole building was designed by two Greek designers, decorated with strange carving patterns, and the statue of Mo Solas was carved on the top. Fu Yijian's achievement is well known, but it was destroyed by a great earthquake in the early 3rd century. The British Museum in London still retains some remaining sculptures. Mao Solas's Tomb Temple is located in Halicarnassus. Its ground floor is rectangular, with an area of1.200m2 and a height of 45m.. The pier wall is 20m high, the column is12m high and the pyramid is 7m high. About 400 exquisite statues decorate the mausoleum, among which the top four carriage statues are 3 meters high. The building is surrounded by pier walls. The sculpture of Mausoleum Temple was made by four famous sculptors, Briasis, Leo Chales, Scopas and Timothy, each of whom was responsible for one side of the tomb temple.
Historical origin:
/kloc-At the beginning of the 5th century, Halicarnassus was occupied. In order to build a huge castle, the new ruler used some stones from the Mausoleum of Mo Solas as building materials in 1494. Many sculptures still survive and are kept in museums in London, England. Since the19th century, the Mo Solas Mausoleum has been excavated, providing a lot of information about the Mo Solas Mausoleum.
The colossus of Rhodes
Construction time: about 282 BC
Construction site: Aegean Sea-Rhodes Port, Greece.
The Colossus of Rhode Island in Greece is the most mysterious of the Seven Wonders. This colossus was built at the entrance of Rhodes Harbor. It is a bronze statue of Helius, the Greek sun god, about 33 meters high. Because it was destroyed by an earthquake in 226 BC in just 56 years, archaeologists could not even determine its exact location and appearance.
The colossus of Rhodes is located in Rhodes, Greece.
Rhodes) leads to the Mediterranean (Mediterranean
Sea) port. Rhode Island in BC is an important commercial center, located at the junction of Aegean Sea and Mediterranean Sea. Port Rhodes was built in 408 BC. Historically, Rhode Island was ruled by many spheres of influence, including Mo Solas (whose tomb is also one of the Seven Wonders) and Alexander the Great. But after the death of Alexander the Great, the whole island was plunged into a long war. Macedonian aggressor Dmitry led 40,000 troops (more than the population of the whole island) to surround the port. After a hard war, Rhode Island defeated the invaders. To celebrate this victory, they decided to build a statue with bronze weapons abandoned by the enemy. The statue was built in 12 and is about 33 meters high, which is similar to the height of the Statue of Liberty in New York. Legend has it that the statue stood in the harbor with its legs apart and boarded the ship only through the middle of its legs, which was very spectacular and interesting. This colossus is actually the Greek sun god and their patron saint Helius. It was designed by architect Charles. After 12 years of construction, the Colossus of Rhode Island was completed in 282 BC. The whole colossus is 33 meters high, made of marble and covered with bronze, and was later used as a lighthouse. Unfortunately, the Colossus of Rhode Island only existed as a miracle for 56 years. The great earthquake in 226 BC knocked down the colossus, and its fragile knee became the fatal wound of the colossus, and the colossus fell to the shore near the port of Mandela. In 654 AD, Rhode Island was invaded by Arabs, and the invaders even transported the remains to Syria, so the colossus disappeared completely. Since the remains of the colossus have been moved to other places, it is more difficult to investigate this spectacle.
Alexander's lighthouse
Construction time: about 28 BC1year.
Construction site: Faross Island near Alexandria.
Architectural features: Alexandria lighthouse
Following the orders of Ptolemy (the first Ptolemy Pharaoh who ruled Egypt after Alexander the Great (King of Macedonia)), the Faros Lighthouse in Alexandria was built on an artificial island in 300 BC. Due to vague historical records, the estimated height is between115-150m (377-492ft), and it is made of shiny white limestone or marble.
In Alexander the Great (Alexander)
Shortly after the death of the Great, Ptolemy, one of his men, also died.
Soter) ruled Egypt and established its capital in Alexandria. In view of the dangerous sea lanes near Alexandria, Ptolemy
Soter ordered architects soste Lars and Alexandra Library (Alexandria
Library/Mouseion) cooperated to build the Alexandria Lighthouse, which was completed in 290 BC.
When the Alexander Lighthouse was completed, its height deserved to be the tallest building in the world at that time. His designer is Greek architect Sotheby's Chattus. An Arab traveler recorded in his notes: "The lighthouse was built on three steps. At its top, a mirror reflects sunlight during the day and guides the ship with fire at night. " /kloc-for 0/500 years, the Alexandria lighthouse has been guiding sailors to the harbor in the dark. It is also the latest of the six wonders (except the pyramids of Giza in Egypt). /kloc-it was completely destroyed by the earthquake in the 0/4th century. After the collapse, the foundation was used as a fortress until Alexandria sank.
The Fallot Lighthouse is completely different from the other six wonders, because it has no religious color, and it is built purely for people's real life. The light of the Fallot lighthouse shines all over Alexandria at night, protecting the ships at sea. In addition, it was the tallest building in the world at that time.
The legend of Alexander lighthouse: Alexander
In 332 BC, Alexander the Great of Macedonia
Great)
A new city, Alexandria, was established in the west of the Nile estuary in Egypt. After the death of Alexander the Great, the Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt began to rise, and Alexandra became the capital of the Ptolemaic dynasty and prospered accordingly. In addition, Alexandra is located at the junction of Asia, Africa and Europe, and it can also lead to the ports of the Nile and the Mediterranean. You can imagine how Alexandra prospered, how the world trade developed, and the island of Fallos in Alexandra.
The Faroes lighthouse, one of the seven wonders of the world, shines on the harbor.
There are also a large number of architectural relics such as temples and Egyptian royal palaces. Although Alexandra is so prosperous, today, Alexandra is beyond recognition. Scientists believe that most of these buildings collapsed in a major earthquake in the fourth century. Scientists have carried out many excavation projects in Alexandria, including
1996
In an excavation in 2006, French experts claimed that large-scale ancient relics, as well as traces of ancient roads and paving stones, were found at the bottom of Alexandra harbor. Investigators found an ancient binaural flask that sank to the bottom of the sea, which was a kind of pot in ancient Greece.
There are two handles on the pot, which are used to transport wine and other trading items. The investigation team also found the head of the statue of Pharaoh. The staff first fixed the Pharaoh's head with metal utensils, and then sent the statue into the water with balloons. The survey was conducted at the possible location of the Fallows lighthouse. Just compare the head of the statue with the staff next to it, and you can imagine the huge statue.
With these discoveries, many investigations have unearthed thousands of relics, most of which weigh several tons to dozens of tons. From these relics, we can gradually imagine the mysterious lighthouse of Fallows. Due to the prosperity of Alexandra and the backwardness of ancient directional navigation technology, it is conceivable that the Fallows lighthouse, which shines on the whole port, plays an extremely important role in defending the lives of ancient sailors. Whether future generations can have a clearer understanding of Fallows Lighthouse depends on whether the government and experts will pay attention to the excavation of Alexandria. If the excavation of Alexandria can be further developed, more architectural features can be reproduced and more people can appreciate this unique beauty. ....
This is the seven wonders of the world!
Original link: What are the seven wonders of the world?