(A) the market transformation model
On the basis of the existence of supply, technology market and demand, the market transformation mode introduces scientific and technological achievements into the market, and transfers from the supply side to the demand side through the paid transfer and circulation of the technology market, thus realizing the effective combination of technology and production. According to whether the third party is needed to classify, the market transformation mode can be divided into technology intermediary transfer mode and patent sale mode.
Figure 4-4 Classification of Transformation Modes of Scientific and Technological Achievements in China
1) technology intermediary transfer mode. In promoting the transformation of scientific and technological achievements, an important way is to establish contact with all kinds of innovation subjects and factor markets through scientific and technological intermediaries, communicate the technology flow between institutions, promote the interaction of all participants, and realize effective knowledge flow and technology transfer. Generally speaking, government-run scientific and technological achievements transformation institutions are the main force to promote advanced technology, while private scientific and technological achievements transformation institutions are the extension and expansion of the scientific and technological achievements promotion system. In developed countries, government-funded technical service institutions are the bridge between new technologies and enterprises. In recent years, China has also strengthened the construction of science and technology intermediary service system, and developed different levels of science and technology intermediary service bases such as national technology transfer center, engineering technology research center and productivity promotion center, and made great progress in the transformation of scientific and technological achievements. The advantage of this model lies in attracting various production factors by market means, providing broad choice space for upstream and downstream customers and allocating rich resources. However, there are also some problems, such as the relatively low economic benefits of research institutions and the difficulty for the demand side to continuously develop technologies (Zhu Ningning, 20 1 1).
2) Patent sales model. Patent sale mode is that the owner of scientific and technological achievements resells all or part of the innovative achievements to enterprises for use at one time through the technology market in order to obtain financial support for continuing scientific research. Enterprises use scientific and technological achievements to improve technology, optimize structure, solve technical problems and development difficulties in the development process, reduce production and operation costs, and obtain high profits. The combination of the two realizes the complementarity of information, capital and technology, and realizes the maximum optimization rate of resources. The advantage of this model is that the process is simple and the investment in scientific research can be made up quickly; The disadvantage is that it is more difficult to find the demand object, both buyers and sellers will spend the cost of information search, and the uncertainty brought by scientific research results and information asymmetry will bring greater market risks.
(2) Self-transformation mode
Self-transformation mode is a mode in which scientific research institutions or enterprises rely on the existing policies and environment to raise funds through multiple channels, transform their own scientific and technological achievements within their own units, and assume sole responsibility for their own profits and losses. This model integrates the source and absorber of scientific and technological achievements, internalizes market transactions without intermediate links, simplifies transaction procedures, reduces transaction costs, provides effective technical support and subsequent development, and saves the problem of results leakage. This model is fast, time-consuming and efficient, but it requires scientific research institutes and enterprises to have cutting-edge scientific and technological equipment, strong scientific research economic strength and high-level management ability. Founder of Peking University and thunis of China are typical cases of universities transforming their own scientific research achievements. According to the different subjects, the self-transformation model can be divided into three sub-models.
1) financing transformation mode. Enterprises can promote the transformation of scientific and technological achievements by attracting venture capital or financing through the second-board market. The specific process is scientific and technological achievements → venture capital → scientific and technological enterprises → scale formation → investment withdrawal. At present, Tsinghua University has begun to establish a venture capital mechanism for the transformation of scientific and technological achievements, which has made useful explorations for transforming traditional industries, strengthening school-enterprise cooperation and extricating state-owned enterprises from difficulties. However, how to evaluate the risk of the transformation of scientific and technological achievements, reduce the distrust of venture capital on the transformation of achievements, and effectively supervise the management and operation of venture capital companies are all issues worthy of in-depth discussion in China's financing transformation model (Zhu Ningning, Wang, 20 1 1).
2) Independent research and development of transformation mode of scientific and technological achievements. This is a model for scientific research institutions or enterprises to rely on their own strength to carry out scientific and technological innovation and development. The core technology needed for scientific and technological achievements comes from the technical accumulation and breakthrough within scientific research institutions or enterprises, and the transformation process is also realized through the knowledge and ability support of R&D institutions or enterprises. This model can make the research results put into practice quickly, but it needs to keep control of core technologies, such as the electric wall technology of household appliances and green energy-saving technology invented by China Haier Group.
3) The transformation mode of introducing technology for secondary innovation. In this mode, the technology transferor resells the evaluation of scientific and technological achievements to enterprises through market technology trading contracts in various ways, such as one-time buyout or providing follow-up services. Enterprises implement conditions, quickly implement transformation and gradually form industries, or carry out innovative secondary development on the basis of digestion and absorption to form new technologies or new products. This is a shortcut for backward enterprises to catch up with advanced enterprises (Zhu Ningning, Wang, 20 1 1).
(C) Industry-University-Research cooperation transformation model
Industry-University-Research's cooperative transformation model is a universal model for the transformation of scientific and technological achievements in all countries, especially in developed countries. This model is based on technology contract, market-oriented and government-driven, and all parties cooperate to carry out technological innovation activities and build a technological innovation platform. This transformation model is conducive to integrating the resources of universities, research institutes and small and medium-sized enterprises, realizing resource sharing and complementary advantages, and is an effective way to transform productive forces through science and technology. According to the different entry points and exit points of cooperation organizations, Industry-University-Research cooperation can be divided into joint mode and * * * construction mode.
1) joint mode. Joint mode means that enterprises, institutions of higher learning and scientific research institutes reach cooperation intention on the connection of a certain stage or a certain link of technological innovation through agreements and contracts, so as to directly realize the cooperation among the main bodies in Industry-University-Research. The joint model takes enterprises as the main body, focuses on technology dissemination and cooperative development, and maintains the relationship between the two sides with agreements and contracts as the link. Its technology dissemination often spans different organizations and regions, and the organization is loose and the degree of cooperation is low, but it is a commonly used cooperation method in China at present, accounting for more than 50% of the total cooperation (Xin Aifang, 2004). The concrete forms of Industry-University-Research joint model include technology transfer, technical consultation, technical service, technical training, entrusted development, cooperative development, personnel training and joint research. For example, Shenyang pesticide plant and Shenyang University of Chemical Technology jointly developed the highly effective pesticide Green Huanglong on the basis of small-scale test results, which is a cooperative development model.
2)*** construction mode. * * * Construction mode means that enterprises, institutions of higher learning and scientific research institutions can * * * enjoy information, capital, technology, talents and other resources by establishing new consortia, and optimize resource allocation, from which all subjects can benefit. * * * Construction mode is the highest, closest and most fruitful form of cooperation in Industry-University-Research. All parties not only have the foundation of early cooperation, but also gradually develop from loose cooperation to stable long-term cooperation, and take interdependence and complementary advantages as important driving forces for cooperation. By establishing a close organizational form, the responsibilities, rights and interests of all parties are clearly defined, and technology dissemination is realized among different organizations. Industry-University-Research * * * construction mode includes * * building high-tech enterprises, R&D institutions (development centers, pilot bases, scientific research institutes, etc. ), universities, engineering research centers and key laboratories, high-tech industrial parks, R&D groups, Industry-University-Research Union and other forms (Xin Aifang, 2004). 1983 Beijing Zhongguancun science and technology park, with Peking University and Tsinghua as its core, is a giant consortium model integrating science, industry and trade, and combining universities, scientific research institutions and enterprises.
(D) Transformation mode of scientific and technological innovation
In China, the transformation mode of scientific and technological innovation is also called innovation service center, that is, cultivating innovative scientific and technological enterprises and providing all kinds of intermediary service institutions needed for enterprise development, including university science park, overseas students pioneer park, software industrial park, incubator and other specific forms. According to the service content, it can be divided into primary, intermediate and advanced incubation technology intermediary services. The primary level only provides hardware facilities and policy services, the intermediate level also provides information exchange, talent exchange and management consultation, and the senior level provides technical consultation, legal consultation and financing channels on the basis of intermediate services. This model can help the owners of scientific and technological achievements to cooperate with potential enterprises and develop small enterprises in the initial stage into more mature enterprises (Zhu Ningning, 20 1 1). Taking the University Science Park as an example, the rise and development of Silicon Valley in the United States largely stems from the support of Stanford University in innovative talents and strong scientific research strength. Although there is no Silicon Valley University Industrial Park in China at present, many universities are making positive attempts. For example, the Science Park of Harbin Engineering University relies on the advantages of "three seas and one core", is guided by the market operation mechanism, operates according to the modern enterprise system, and is committed to developing diversified businesses (An, 20 10). After the scientific and technological achievements are produced, the scientific and technological departments of colleges and universities will carry out activities such as promotion and introduction of achievements, pilot test, intellectual property protection and market development in the university science park, so that small and medium-sized enterprises can be hatched into mature large enterprises as soon as possible, and also provide a platform for scientific research innovation, discipline development, personnel training and serving the society.
(5) The government promotes the transformation mode.
The government-driven model mainly uses administrative channels to incorporate scientific and technological achievements transformation projects into national and provincial scientific and technological plans, establish scientific and technological intermediaries and scientific and technological service systems under the guidance of the government, and support the transformation of scientific and technological achievements in the form of investment, loan discount, subsidy funds and venture capital. Conditional place can be in accordance with the relevant provisions of the state, the establishment of scientific and technological achievements transformation fund or risk fund. Commercial banks should actively issue loans to scientific and technological achievements transformation projects that meet the credit conditions. The way of this transformation mode is scientific and technological achievements → looking for suitable policy environment support → transforming into economic benefits. The characteristic is that enterprises make full use of the government's management functions and rely on the government to build platforms and bridges to solve technical problems and promote the transformation of results. The role of the government is mainly reflected in the concentration of superior forces, unified command, and the implementation of bidding system or merit-based entrustment system in project designation and fund allocation (Wu Haifeng, Niu Yongping, 2007). Usually, the government divides the achievements into high-tech research plans, scientific and technological research plans and scientific and technological industry plans. For example, the "863" plan, torch plan, Industry-University-Research joint development project, Spark plan and other projects launched by our government are still playing a role.
(VI) The transformation of financing methods of multinational corporations
The research and development of this achievement is often based on the investment needs of multinational companies or the transnational cooperation needs of international research institutions. Through some research fund organizations, research departments of various countries choose suitable research projects according to their own advantages and apply for them. Because such scientific research results are invested by the demand side, they are often entrusted by their long-term cooperative units to relevant research institutions to determine the research department of scientific research projects. The choice of research topic is relatively simple and direct. Many research institutes and universities in China have undertaken many such scientific research projects. Of course, the ownership of the scientific research achievements of the project belongs to the entrusting unit. Because international scientific research organizations or multinational companies often have mature mechanisms for the transformation of scientific research achievements, the transformation process will not increase the difficulty of transformation due to transnational cooperation, but will easily promote the transformation of scientific research achievements (Yang Ping, 20 10).