Basic introduction Chinese name: credit pinyin: zο? Xin features: proprietary, prescription, non-property and other categories: credit certificate, credit investigation, credit evaluation definition 1, definition 2, credit classification, credit certificate, credit investigation, credit evaluation, credit evaluation products, credit rating, definition 1: credit certificate refers to various documents and vouchers issued by banks or other financial institutions that can prove the assets and credit status of others. No matter in what name or form, the core of such certificates and files is to prove that others have an asset, creditor's rights or what degree of economic strength they have. Since it is credit, credit must be an integral part, so the "personal credit report" of the central bank should also be regarded as a part. Definition 2: Credit reference service refers to a consulting and witness intermediary service in which banks accept customers' applications, collect and sort out customers' capital transaction records and related information within the scope of bank records, and issue credit reference to prove customers' credit status. For example, in the application procedure of construction projects, credit certificates are provided in accordance with the requirements of the Measures for the Administration of Construction Project Application to prove that the construction legal person has a good record. Credit classification credit certificate refers to various documents and vouchers issued by banks or other financial institutions that can prove the assets and credit status of others. No matter in what name or form, the core of such documents is to prove to what extent others have an asset, creditor's rights or economic strength. Credit investigation Credit investigation refers to the investigation and study of the registration, ownership structure, human resources, operating performance, management level, financial status, industry reputation and previous credit status of an enterprise by a professional institution, and when necessary, conduct on-the-spot investigation, issue a credit report according to the investigation results and evaluate its credit rating. Credit investigation report Credit evaluation is a comprehensive evaluation of the ability and reputation of various enterprises to undertake various debts, and it is also a comprehensive evaluation of risk of debt. Credit rating products At present, the credit rating products in the domestic market mainly include credit enterprise credit rating, enterprise group rating, small and medium-sized enterprise rating, guarantee institution rating, corporate bond rating, short-term financing bond rating, convertible bond rating, corporate bond rating, financial institution bond rating, subordinated debt rating and asset-backed securities rating. Credit rating Credit rating is the product of market economy. It is a comprehensive analysis and measurement of the ability of various market participants to perform corresponding economic contracts and the reputation of the whole enterprise. It is an indispensable intermediary service in the market economy. The specific functions and benefits of credit rating to enterprises (units) can be summarized in five aspects: First, with an effective credit "identity card", all enterprises (units) are independent operators in the market economy. Signing a purchase and sale contract, participating in bidding, applying for qualification and striving for * * * procurement all require an effective credit "ID card" to gain the trust of the other party. Credit rating agencies that have been strictly examined and recognized by the regulatory authorities in the society independently, objectively and fairly evaluate the credit rating through standardized evaluation procedures, and become effective credit "identity cards", which enable partners to obtain accurate and fair credit information and play an irreplaceable role in accelerating cooperative decision-making. Second, with a reliable "passport", in the capital market, enterprises (units) must use financing tools such as bonds to raise funds, and before issuing bonds, they must go through a qualified evaluation agency to evaluate their credit rating; In the credit market, enterprises (units) applying for loans from financial institutions also need to go through credit rating, especially key large-scale loan enterprises (units) with a certain loan scale must go through standardized evaluation by independent third-party professional rating agencies with confirmed qualifications before they can obtain loan support from financial institutions. Therefore, credit rating is a "passport" that must be obtained to enter the financial market. Third, it is an important means for enterprises (units) to reduce financing costs. In market economy countries, the credit rating of enterprises (units) is directly linked to the financing cost. The interest rate of enterprises (units) with high credit rating and excellent credit standing is low, and the interest rate of enterprises (units) with low credit rating and poor credit standing is correspondingly high; Enterprises (units) without credit rating, that is, enterprises without credit records, are not allowed to issue bonds in the market, and it is generally difficult to get loans. At present, China's interest rate marketization reform is progressing steadily. According to the regulations of the People's Bank of China, the loan interest rate of commercial banks to enterprises (units) can be determined on the basis of the benchmark interest rate, according to the credit status of enterprises (units) and the principle of risk-return symmetry. Therefore, the credit rating will directly affect the financing cost of enterprises (units). Four, the important intangible assets of enterprises need to know ourselves and know ourselves in the market competition. They need to know the real situation of competitors and partners, as well as the real situation of their own enterprises. The credit evaluation of enterprises by social intermediary institutions can provide such trustworthy information objectively and fairly, which is conducive to mutual promotion and cooperation between enterprises. An enterprise (unit) with good credit rating is an important intangible asset, which can attract interested parties to cooperate with it boldly and confidently, and open up a broad road for the development of enterprises. Even if an enterprise (unit) with a low credit rating in a certain year in the development process has such an objective and fair credit record, it will enable financial institutions or partners to grasp and understand the historical process and reality of the enterprise (unit), so as to draw correct conclusions and continue to support and cooperate. Fifth, it is an important driving force to improve enterprise management. What are the advantages of an independent third party in the credit evaluation of an enterprise (unit)? What are the disadvantages? Be able to define the direction and development ideas of future efforts. Enterprises (units) with excellent or good credit rating are equivalent to the objective affirmation and exact evaluation of their operating conditions, so that enterprises (units) can further optimize their management. Enterprises (units) with low ratings can also see the shortcomings, so as to find problems, improve their work and improve their management level.