"Romanesque" Christian church art is characterized by domes, curved arches and thick walls.
"Ancient Greek and Roman art", "silent greatness, simple sublimity"
/kloc-The "Renaissance" in the 6th century represented the humanistic spirit and the classical aesthetic ideal of strict order and coordination.
/kloc-in the 0/7th century, "baroque" was characterized by pursuing irregular forms, undulating lines, passionate Catholicism and exotic interior decoration of the monarch's palace.
/kloc-the "rococo" in the 0/8th century is elegant and light, with asymmetrical curves, gorgeous and soft, and the salon is the living environment.
/kloc-classicism and romanticism went hand in hand at the beginning of the 0/9th century.
[Design can be divided into at least seven stages after germination]
1850- 1900 arts and crafts movement
1890- 1905 art nouveau movement
1900- 1930 mechanical aesthetic movement
1925- 1939 decorative arts school
1935- 1955 commercial style
1955- 1975 diversification period: Pop Pop high technology; Postmodernism; Deconstruction; New modernism (internationalism); Microelectronics style
1975- Contemporary style till now
Arts and crafts movement ※
Arts and Crafts Movement is a design movement that originated in Britain in the second half of19th century, and its cause is the decline of design level caused by the industrialized production of furniture, indoor products and buildings. The theoretical guidance of this movement is John? Ruskin, the protagonist is William? Morris. This movement is influenced by Japanese art, mainly focusing on jewelry, book binding and so on. Its characteristics are: 1, emphasizing handicraft industry and explicitly opposing mechanized production. 2. Oppose artificial Victorian style and other classical traditional revival styles in decoration. 3. Advocate Gothic and other medieval styles, and pay attention to simplicity, simplicity and good function. 4. Advocate the integrity of design and oppose the flashy style of design. 5. The characteristics of naturalism, oriental decoration and oriental art are also respected in decoration. The origin of arts and crafts movement is that artists can't solve the problems brought by industrialization at that time, trying to escape from reality and retreat to their idealized medieval and Gothic periods. The movement denies large-scale industrial and mechanical production and opposes machine aesthetics, making it impossible to become the main style that leads the trend. Mentally speaking, exercise is negative. However, its appearance provided a reference for later designers in design style, and provided a different model for previous attempts, which spread all over the United States and Europe and had far-reaching significance for the later "Art Nouveau Movement".
The background of British arts and crafts movement ※
/kloc-At the beginning of the 9th century, a large number of handicrafts were put on the market, and the design was far behind. Artists disdain product design, while factory owners only pay attention to quality and sales. Design and technology are completely opposite. At that time, the products were divided into rough industrial products and exquisite handicrafts serving a few people. This period is still on the eve of the germination of industrial design thought, and product design is very chaotic.
British Arts and Crafts Sports Design Group ※
Century guild (Arthur? Mark Mudo 1882). 2. Artists Association (1884). 3. Handicraft Guild (Charles? Ashby 1888).
The design purposes and styles of these groups are very close to Morris's, and they all oppose design authoritarianism, Victorian style, mechanical industrialization and absorption of oriental style, trying to revive the medieval handicraft tradition and elegant unity.
Furniture design of British arts and crafts movement ※
The protagonist is Charles? Worthy and Barry? Scott. Influenced by Morris, Vosai is different, its design is simple and simple, and it is easy for mass production. Closer to the spiritual essence of arts and crafts movement serving the public. He inherited Morris's style and reached a perfect height. His works represent the heyday of the British arts and crafts movement. His masterpiece is Orchard House. Scottus likes to use the patterns of animals and plants as decorative motives and outline them with prominent lines, which is quite classic. Used to design furniture for Libert Company. His furniture is also an outstanding representative of the British arts and crafts movement. His masterpiece is the palace interior furniture designed by Archduke Hess.
Ruskin's thought ※
He advocates the combination of art and technology, thinks that realistic observation should be integrated into design, and puts forward the practical purpose of design. His design theory is strongly democratic and socialist, and it is also very chaotic. It is obviously not for the public to emphasize the public and advocate finding a way out from nature and Gothic style. It not only contains the color of socialism, but also contains anxiety about large-scale industrialization. His pragmatism thought is quite different from later functionalism, but his advocacy provided an important ideological foundation for designers at that time, and Morris and others were deeply influenced by his thoughts.
William? ※? Moris
He was the first person to realize Ruskin's design thought in practice. He emphasized that the service object of design is the public and hoped to revitalize the arts and crafts tradition. On the one hand, he denied the style of mechanized industrialization, on the other hand, he denied the over-decorated Victorian style, and thought that Gothic and medieval designs were honest designs. He repeatedly emphasized two basic principles of design: first, product design and architectural design serve millions of people in Qian Qian, not the activities of a few people; Second, design work must be a collective activity, not individual labor. These two principles were carried forward in the later modernist design. He opened the world's first design firm, and his products adopted Gothic and naturalistic styles, emphasizing the combination of practicality and aesthetics, with distinctive features, which completely conformed to the basic style of "Arts and Crafts Movement" and promoted the design development in Britain and the world. His representative works include his own house, The Red House in the Suburb of London, and The Story of Wuthering Heights, which he collaborated with others.
Arts and Crafts Movement in America ※
/kloc-at the end of 0/9, the British arts and crafts movement began to influence the United States. The main representative of American arts and crafts movement is frank? Wright, Stigley, Brothers Grimm, etc. Their design aims and basic concepts are similar to those of the British arts and crafts movement, but they pay less attention to the characteristics of medieval or Gothic style, and pay more attention to the elegance of design and decoration, especially the obvious influence of oriental style, which is the biggest difference between the United States and Britain. Britain's oriental influence mainly lies in graphic design and patterns, while the United States exists in structure. The design of Brothers Grimm has obvious characteristics of Japanese and China furniture in Ming and Qing Dynasties. Stiglitz and Brothers Grimm have similar designs, but they advocate the combination of function and decoration, which is more exquisite. Wright's works in this period also have obvious influence from China and Japanese traditions, and pay more attention to the decorative effect brought by vertical lines and horizontal lines, rather than sticking to the development of oriental design details.
The influence of arts and crafts movement on Scandinavian countries ※
Five Scandinavian countries have a long tradition of handicrafts, especially wooden furniture and interior design. The "Arts and Crafts" movement in Britain explicitly opposes the cross-kneading of Victorian style and the complicated decoration, which is very close to the Scandinavian traditional design concept, not to mention the rich Goethe tradition in this respect. So under the influence of Britain, similar design activities have appeared in Sweden, Finland, Denmark and Norway in these countries.
Ceramic design of arts and crafts movement ※
British ceramic design is obviously influenced by oriental ceramics, especially the use of glaze color and pattern and the shape of the ware. The representative is Mark? Marshall Morgan Coleman. British ceramics are basically produced in small batches with heavy artistic elements, and have not yet become the basis for mass production of daily-use ceramics. It is Scandinavia that really began to explore the daily use of ceramics. This design attempt began at the end of 19 and matured at the beginning of the 20th century.
Graphic design of arts and crafts movement ※
Morris is the figure who laid the foundation for the graphic design of this movement. Under its influence, graphic design developed in Europe and America. The most influential representative of arts and crafts style graphic design is Toy Horse published by Mark Mudo's Century Guild (soon published by Morris' publishing company). Morris's design is full of attempts to revive classical and Gothic styles, which is in line with the pre-Raphael school popular at that time. In order to reverse Morris's retro style, Dai and Jessie? Kim and Greenaway collaborated to create a design style for children's books. Fonts and illustrations are relaxed and lovely, full of innocent and romantic colors. The purpose of design is to make graphic design serve readers and change the situation that books are mastered by a few people. This style changed Morris's dignified archaeological taste, which was a great development and progress of arts and crafts movement, influenced the next generation of graphic designers (Biazley) and gave birth to the Art Nouveau movement.
Defects in arts and crafts movement ※
The shortcomings or congenital deficiencies of the "arts and crafts" movement are obvious. Its opposition to industrialization, denial of machinery, and denial of mass production are unlikely to become the mainstream style that leads the trend. Too much emphasis on decoration will increase the cost of products, and low-income ordinary people will not like it. Therefore, it is the product of ivory tower and the crystallization of wishful idealism of intellectuals.