Date of birth is unknown (one said that he was born in the eighteenth year of Kangxi, that is, 1679). His father is an assistant minister of the Ministry of Industry and the governor of Hubei Province, and his brother Xirao Nian is also an assistant minister of the Ministry of Industry. His younger sister was Yin Zhen's side Fujin, and she was named the imperial concubine after Yongzheng acceded to the throne. Nian Gengyao's wife is the daughter of Nalan Xingde. The second room is the daughter of lord protector Su Yan, the assistant of the imperial clan. Nian Gengyao was born in Huaiyuan, Anhui Province, and his great-grandfather was a senior minister of the Ming Dynasty. His clan moved to Nianjiagang, Fengyang, Anhui Province, and then moved to Shengjing Guang Ningxian (now Shenyang, Liaoning Province) to join the Huangqi Han Army. Nian Gengyao's father worked as Governor of Huguang in his early years (renamed Governor of Hubei in the first year of Yongzheng). In the thirty-ninth year of Kangxi (1700), Nian Gengyao was a scholar and changed to Jishi Shu. In the forty-second year of Kangxi, he was awarded a review by the Hanlin Academy. In the forty-fourth year of Kangxi, he served as an examiner after having obtained the provincial examinations in Sichuan. In the forty-seventh year of Kangxi, he took the provincial examination in Guangdong and was promoted to be a lecturer and examiner at the Hanlin Academy. In the forty-eighth year of Kangxi (1709), the assistant minister of rites was taken as the cabinet school. In the same year, the prince was promoted to Prince Yong, and he served as the owner of the white flag. Nian Gengyao's younger sister was chosen as Prince Yong's side Fujin, so she became Yin Zhen's confidant. In the same year, Huang Qi joined the Han army and served as the governor of Sichuan. In the fifty-sixth year of Kangxi (17 17), Abu Dhabi, the commander-in-chief of Junggar, sent his commander-in-chief, Zelington Dob, to attack * * * and kill Lazang Khan. Kangtai, the prefect of Sichuan, led the troops out of Huangshengguan, but there was a mutiny. Nian Gengyao then sent Yang, the general staff, to comfort the soldiers, and secretly claimed that Kangtai's army was distracted, requesting to go to Songpan in person to assist in military affairs, and sent Dutong Farah to lead troops into Sichuan to help suppress the rebels.
In the fifty-seventh year of Kangxi (17 18), Alabo decided to occupy western Tibet, and Nian Gengyao requested the establishment of a post station from Arrow Furnace to Litang to ensure the smooth logistics of the Qing army. Therefore, he was appreciated by Emperor Kangxi and was appointed as the governor of Sichuan, in charge of Songpan military affairs. In the sixty years of Kangxi, the governor was governor of Shaanxi. Since then, he has repeatedly made meritorious military service in the frontier in 2006 and became an important general who supported Yongzheng. In the fifty-ninth year of Kangxi, Emperor Kangxi ordered general Yan Xin to lead the troops into * * * from Qinghai, awarded Dingxi general print and Nian Gengyao to join forces with Larry, and negotiated that Nian Gengyao could be appointed as the governor. Nian Gengyao couldn't find such a person at the moment, so he asked General Yin to protect the army, commanded Gailby, and transferred Farah's army to the Arrow Furnace, which was approved by Emperor Kangxi. At that time, Batang and Litang belonged to Lijiang, Yunnan. After Jiang Chenxi, governor of Yunnan and Guizhou, settled down, he asked to be transferred to Muxing, the local magistrate of Lijiang. Nian Gengyao called these two places important grain transportation arteries into * * *, which should belong to Sichuan, and Emperor Kangxi agreed. Mu Xing was very angry and led the troops to occupy it. He killed Mr Basan in Lapi and impeached Mr Nian Gengyao. Emperor Kangxi ordered the arrest of Muxing Nian Gengyao and imprisoned him in the capital of Yunnan. In August of the same year, Galby and Yan Xin armies successively entered * * *, and Lingdun Duobu was defeated, and * * * was pacified. Emperor Kangxi ordered Nian Gengyao to protect the victorious troops from entering the border. After the death of Emperor Kangxi in Qinghai, various forces fought endlessly. Yong Zhengdi called Yin Chan, who has real power outside, to Beijing; And with the assistance of Governor Nian Gengyao, this letter was extended to the management. Nian Gengyao cooperated with Yong Zhengdi to ascend the throne and was given an important task. In March of the first year of Yongzheng, he gave Taibao and Jiashan a gong gong.
In the same year 10, he was awarded the title of General Fuyuan, and led Yue Zhongqi and others to conquer Zangdanjin in Luobu, and was awarded second-class merit. In the second year of Yongzheng, Nian Gengyao continued to attack, and captured Arteca Tun, the mother of Rob Zang Dan Jin, and her brother-in-law Cleck Ji Nong Zang Bajicha and others alive. Rob Zang Tenzin fled into the quasi-department with more than 200 down archers; Subsequently, many rebellions were pacified one after another, and all Qinghai tribes were pacified. When Banshi returned to North Korea, Yong Zhengdi personally greeted him and was promoted to first class. His son attacked first-class Chinihapan (Viscount) in Binnian and first-class Ahani Hafan (Baron) in Funian. In the second year of Yongzheng (1724), Nian Gengyao wrote ten articles about the aftermath of Qinghai, and put forward such measures as "Please make a decree in the future, and the number of temples shall not exceed 200, and the number of lamas shall not exceed 200, and the number is less than a dozen, and still patrol twice a year, so that the leader Rama can issue a statement". This measure is because in the first year of Yongzheng (1723), when Tenzin was rebelled by Mongolian Rob in Qinghai, many monks from Qinghai and Gannan participated in the rebellion. "There are as many as 2,000 lamas in various temples in Xining, and as few as 5,000, which has become a place to shelter evil people and shelter evil people." In order to stabilize the counter-insurgency achievements and prevent the development of temple forces, Nian Gengyao proposed to limit the number of monks in temples. Although the Qing court approved this matter at that time, in fact, the temples in Tibetan areas were not strictly enforced. Soon, Nian Gengyao was executed, and things got worse. In fact, the actual number of Huangjiao temples in Tibetan areas is more than 1000, which greatly exceeds this provision. Nian Gengyao was convicted and put to death. Because of his repeated exploits, relying on the care of Yong Zhengdi, he was arrogant. Both the governor and the governor swore in the document. During the pilgrimage, Governor Li, Governor Fan Shijie knelt on the roadside to see them off.
After arriving in the capital, clear the chidao to make way. When princes welcome in the suburbs, they don't reciprocate. In the frontier, Mongolian princes kneel when they see him, even when Po enters the DPRK. On December 11, the second year of Yongzheng, Yongzheng commented on Nian Gengyao's memorial: "It is difficult for a mortal to become a great instrument; It is easy to succeed, but it is difficult to keep working; It is easy to keep the job, but it is difficult to do all the work. It is difficult to be kind to the monarch; When grace is easy, it is difficult to protect grace; Ian, it's all very difficult. If you achieve it by virtue, you will repay the favor and become your enemy. It has always been like this. You, like other heroes, rely on others to prevent you from being in danger; Second, play it by ear when you are waiting, and refuse to take its dangerous road; Third, we must avoid suspicion and not send you to a dead end. The three are indispensable, and its fulcrum lies in self-recruitment consciousness. I am cautious. " The warning is very obvious. In February of the third year of Yongzheng (1725), there was a good omen of "the combination of the sun and the moon, the five-star joint beads", and officials wrote letters to congratulate Yongzheng. In March, Nian Gengyao wrote "Chaoyang Gan" in the chapter, and his handwriting was scrawled. Yongzheng took this as a reason to show disrespect with "Nian Gengyao on his own". In April of that year, Nian Gengyao was dismissed and transferred to Hangzhou General; Yue Zhongqi is also the governor of Sichuan and Shaanxi provinces. In June of the same year, imperial edicts promoted Nian Gengyao's two sons; And because of the presumptuous participation in Jin Nanying, he cut the title of Taibao. In July, he was reduced to second-class and third-class male, and was reduced to an idle flag bearer. Hermida took over as general of Hangzhou. In August, Li Yin and Nian Gengyao were arrested. Nian Gengyao was demoted to a first-class son, a first-class man, a first-class captain, and he had no power.
Nian Gengyao, still under illusion, stayed in Yizheng, Jiangsu, waiting for the future, and instructed Zhu Jiong, the county magistrate of Xianning, Anzhou, Xi, to retain the post of governor of Sichuan and Shaanxi. He also said: "I dare not live in Shaanxi for a long time, nor dare I go to Zhejiang. Now in Yizheng land and water transportation and other orders. " Yongzheng thundered against Nian Gengyao for "delaying to wait and see, somehow". For a time, officials handed in the chapter and broke the rules. Li, the governor of Zhili, played three books in succession, denouncing Nian Gengyao for "bullying, inviting power to take bribes, excluding party member, taking military exploits indiscriminately, embezzling state funds, killing innocent people and hurting good people". In September of the same year, more than 700 innocent people were killed because of Nian Gengyao's investigation of private salt in Heyang. Yong Zhengdi was furious and ordered everyone to be removed from his official position and arrested in Beijing. In December of the third year of Yongzheng (1726 65438+ 10), he was sentenced to death with a suspended sentence for 92 major crimes, and his son was beheaded when he was rich. The remaining sons were sent to exile in Guangxi, Yunnan, Guizhou and other places. My father was pardoned because of his advanced age, and my wife was sent back to her family. In the fifth year of Yongzheng, Nian Gengyao's philosophers were pardoned and put under their jurisdiction. [1] Seven days after Nian Gengyao's death, his confidant Wang was beheaded for Essays on the Western Expedition. In the fourth year of Yongzheng (1726), the party post was removed, and Qian, assistant minister of the Hanlin Academy, was sentenced to "singing flattery and praising evil", was removed from his post and sent back to his hometown. Yong Zhengdi personally wrote "Teach sinners by name" and hung it on his door. On the 15th of every month, Changzhou Magistrate and Wujin Magistrate will go to the front of his former residence in Changzhou to check whether the plaque is hung. Nian Gengyao's father, a member of the family, is young (once assistant minister of industry and Hubei governor; First-class male, teacher) [2] Brother: Xirao Nian (once assistant to the Minister of Industry; Shangshu of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, supervisor of Jingdezhen Imperial Kiln Factory) [3], Nian Fayao (with Ding Fan Zhou Zhi), Nian Zeyao, Shu Yao Mei: Nian Shi, her husband Hu Fengyi.
Nian Shi, Yin Zhen's side Fujin, was named the imperial concubine after Yongzheng acceded to the throne. Posthumous title dunsu imperial concubine. Three sons and a daughter are all dead. Wife: First wife, daughter of Nalan Xingde. Harem: Imperial clan assisted Su Yan's daughter and children: Happy New Year, Blessed New Year, Guest of the Year Nian Shi: The marriage of Qufu Kong family failed. Nephew: Sidi's daughter: unnamed (1715-1717), born on March 12th, 54th year of Kangxi, died in May 56th year. Fuyi: (1720- 172 1) Seven sons of Yongzheng. Born in May of the 59th year of Kangxi, Nian Shi, the imperial concubine of Dunsu, died in the first month of the 60th year. Fu Hui: (172 1- 1728) The eighth son of Yongzheng. Born in October of the 60th year of Kangxi, the mother was Nian Shi, the imperial concubine of the emperor. Yongzheng died on the ninth day of September in the sixth year of Yongzheng, and was posthumously awarded Prince Heshuo in the thirteenth year. Fu Pei: (1723) Nine sons of Yongzheng. Nian Shi, the imperial concubine, who was born on May 10th of the first year of Yongzheng, died on the day of her birth. Nian Gengyao's descendants changed the word "nian" to "sheng" for fear of disaster. They thought that the word "sheng" was the word "nian" and the generation was from Jiangdu County. [4] Historians have different opinions about why Nian Gengyao fell out of favor and was given death. Officially, he was convicted of abusing his power, forming a political party for personal gain, taking bribes and perverting the law. After Yongzheng, there was a Zhu Pi: "You can't rely on a big talent, Nian Gengyao is an example, and you will be killed in the end." "Nian Gengyao owes me a lot, and he is good at abusing his power and opening the door to bribery. Because of all kinds of revelations, he couldn't enforce the law himself, thinking that people and ministers were ungrateful and ignored them. " Both the Draft of the History of Qing Dynasty and Biography of 700 Celebrities in Qing Dynasty believe that Nian Gengyao was killed because of his pride.
However, some people think that Gao Zhen contributed to the death in. Unofficial history claimed that he had mastered the secret of Yongzheng's usurpation. It has also been said that Yongzheng had no intention of killing Nian Gengyao, but that officials of the Qing Dynasty repeatedly demanded the impeachment of Nian Gengyao, and Yongzheng had to answer because of public discussion. Nian Gengyao is strict in running the army at ordinary times. Ge Xucun's Anecdotes of Celebrities in Qing Dynasty: "General Tang Yao's military law is extremely strict. When he gives an order, his subordinates will follow it. When you meet an official, it's worth the heavy snow. When you meet an official, you walk, and the snow covers your hands, almost losing your fingers. The general sympathized with it and ordered, "Go away!" Cover it to prevent it from freezing. The officials didn't know what they meant, but each of them drew his own sword and cut off his hand, and blood dripped all over the snow. Although the general regrets his mistake, Gu is irreparable. Its military orders are strict, some of them are. Levin said in "The Emperor of the Qing Dynasty": "After careful study, this person (Nian Gengyao) has no great talent; Otherwise, even Sejong (Yongzheng) can't tell the disgusting mystery soup. He drank like China's wine and was drunk to death. Therefore, during the reign of Kangxi, the praise he received from heaven was nothing more than the result of Yong's intention to put in a good word for him. "Feng Erkang, a scholar of Qing history, believes in his book" The Biography of Yongzheng "that there are three main reasons for Nian Gengyao's conviction: First, Nian Gengyao's arrogance has aroused Yongzheng's dissatisfaction and suspicion; Second, Nian Gengyao formed a clique, endangering political clarity; Third, Nian Gengyao's greed for wealth made Yongzheng, who was reorganizing finance and bureaucracy, unbearable. At the same time, Feng Erkang also denied that Nian Gengyao and Longkeduo were "silenced" because they had mastered the secret of "usurping the throne" of Yongzheng, and thought that the downfall of Nian Gengyao and Longkeduo was "cronyism for profit and their reputation was ruined".
Anecdotal story Nian Gengyao, a thief, was fighting in * * *, and one night in the middle of the night, he suddenly heard a strong wind blowing from the west, and after a while it was quiet. Nian Gengyao quickly called a general and led a flying horse to search for thieves in the southwest jungle. He tried his best to catch them all. Asked why, Nian Gengyao replied, "It's not the wind, it's the sound of birds vibrating their feathers. There will be surprises when birds come out in the middle of the night. Ten miles to the southwest, there are dense trees in the jungle, and many birds will stay, which means that there will be thieves lurking, so the birds will be frightened. " [5] It is expected that when Nian Gengyao was fighting in Qinghai, he consulted the map one day and knew that there was a mud pit on the road ahead, so he ordered: "Everyone will bring a board and a pile of grass tomorrow." The army cannot understand why. Wait until the next day, in case of deep ditch silt, ordered the sergeant to throw sokcho in, on the board, the army unimpeded. It turned out that the people wanted to take this as a risk, but the army suddenly arrived. So I smashed Fan Ren's nest. [6] Historical Evaluation In order to pass on Nian Gengyao's evaluation for a long time, Yongzheng asked generations to keep in mind Nian Gengyao's great achievements: "Not only do I have to rely on my heart to reward at an early date, but my descendants and subjects all over the world should devote themselves to this. If you are a little ungrateful, you are not my descendant; If you are a little disloyal, you are not my subject. " Yongzheng prized Nian Gengyao and hoped that they would set an example for each other from generation to generation. He said to nian: "I am not an excellent emperor, and I can't repay your treatment for me;" I'm not a superior minister, and I can't promise to see you. ? I want to be a model through the ages. After Yongzheng, there were Zhu Pi's comments: "A great talent cannot be trusted. Take Nian Gengyao as an example, he will be killed in the end", and "Nian Gengyao owes me a lot, is good at making a fortune, and opens the door to bribery. Because of all kinds of revelations, he can't enforce the law himself, thinking that people and ministers owe others.
Levin said in "The Emperor of the Qing Dynasty": "After careful study, this person (Nian Gengyao) has no great talent; Otherwise, even Sejong (Yongzheng) can't tell the disgusting mystery soup. He drank like China's wine and was drunk to death. Therefore, during the reign of Kangxi, the praise he received from heaven was nothing more than the result of Yong's intention to put in a good word for him. Ge Xucun's Anecdotes of Celebrities in Qing Dynasty: "General Tang Yao's military law is very strict, and his subordinates will obey it when he gives the order." When you meet an official, it's worth the heavy snow. When you meet an official, you walk, and the snow covers your hands, almost losing your fingers. The general pitied it and ordered, "Go away! Cover it to prevent it from freezing. The officials didn't know what they meant, but each of them drew his own sword and cut off his hand, and blood dripped all over the snow. Although the general regrets his mistake, Gu is irreparable. Its military orders are strict, some of them are. "