The project manager should not only take care of people, money and materials, but also pay special attention to progress and safety and coordinate all aspects. More importantly, he should pay special attention to the quality of the project and be responsible to the owner and society. So how does a project manager do a good job in project quality management? Let's have a look!
First, straighten out the relationship between project construction quality, safety, progress and construction benefit.
During the construction process, as the project manager, he is the authorized representative of the enterprise on the project. He should be responsible for the owner, the society, the enterprise and himself at the same time, and coordinate the relationship between the quality, safety, progress and construction benefit of the project construction. It's really hard to put it in the right place. I am sure of the saying "quality is life, safety is guarantee, and economic benefit is the center". Quality is the life of an enterprise and plays an important role in the construction process, which determines our working policy. The country implements the lifelong system of construction project quality, which naturally puts the project quality first. When there are contradictions among quality, time limit for a project and cost, we will focus on quality, put quality first, consider other factors on the premise of ensuring quality, and try our best to achieve the quality goal.
Second, establish a complete quality assurance system.
At the start of the project, a quality team should be set up, with team leader and deputy team leader, responsible for solving and coordinating the quality problems of the whole project. Each professional member is responsible for the quality inspection of subdivisional work, and the team leader holds weekly quality meetings to analyze the quality inspection results, sum up experience and put forward higher quality objectives and requirements. This effectively ensures that all sub-projects of the project meet the quality standards.
Third, clear responsibilities and implement a clear system of rewards and punishments.
Building engineering construction is the product of engineering completed by all professions, so it is particularly important to clarify the quality responsibility of all professions in the construction process. The implementation of clear reward and punishment measures can effectively improve everyone's responsible attitude towards quality, avoid some quality consequences caused by irresponsibility, and achieve the quality objectives agreed in the contract. A high-quality project, from the beginning of foundation construction, must sign a quality responsibility letter with the heads of various professions, clarify the responsibilities of all parties, and effectively allocate the quality responsibility of the whole project to various professions.
Fourth, strengthen study and improve ideological awareness.
Quality consciousness determines quality behavior. Therefore, organizational learning is an important link for managers and team leaders of the project department before and after construction. I often say that the quality of yesterday does not represent the quality of today, let alone the quality of tomorrow. If you don't study, people's thoughts will age, their consciousness will regress, and the quality of the project will decline with your ideological awareness to a certain extent. Before construction, it is important to organize everyone to study the relevant national and local documents and the requirements of the owner, which will improve everyone's quality awareness. For a key project, leaders at all levels attach great importance to the quality and duration of the project, and the project manager communicates with you through learning to let you know the particularity and importance of the project. Through learning and communication, let everyone feel the burden and pressure on their shoulders, and at the same time let everyone turn the pressure into motivation, which is reflected in specific work. Everyone * * * holds a belief that it is to ensure the quality of the project and do a high-quality project.
Five, the scheme in the former, the construction in the back.
In order to ensure the construction quality of the project, the project department should abide by the system of "scheme first, then construction" from the beginning. The construction plan must be submitted to the supervisor for review, and can only be implemented after the owner agrees. Whether it is quality plan, construction organization design or special construction scheme, we must strive to achieve: first, it conforms to the national acceptance specifications, design documents and contract requirements; Second, in line with the actual situation of this project, it is feasible, and it is strictly forbidden to apply the construction scheme and construction organization design, and it is strictly forbidden to belittle yourself. Put an end to the occurrence of abnormal phenomena such as construction and scheme, or scheme after construction.
Sixth, strictly control the quality of materials.
The quality of engineering construction depends on the quality of engineering materials to some extent. Failure to grasp the quality of materials will definitely cause certain quality accidents or hidden dangers. Therefore, we regard the quality control of incoming materials as an important control link. Mainly control the following points: (1) master the material information and select suppliers through bidding; (2) Organize the material supply reasonably to ensure the normal construction; (3) Organize the use of materials reasonably to reduce material loss; (4) Strengthen the inspection and acceptance of materials and strictly control the quality of materials; (5) Pay attention to the certificate of materials to prevent misuse or use of unqualified materials; (6) Strengthen the management of incoming materials, strictly check the variety, model, specification, quality grade, quantity and appearance of materials, and conduct sampling inspection in batches at the same time.
Seven, pay attention to process quality, strict process control, strengthen the prevention and treatment of common diseases.
In the process of project construction, it is necessary to strengthen the quality management of each construction link and pay attention to the quality control of every detail. In the main construction process, the process of engineering quality control should be drawn up in advance, the process quality should be checked in time, and the requirements and measures for follow-up work should be put forward.
Among them, setting the control point of process quality is the key. For processes or links with high technical requirements and difficult construction, set technical priorities and focus on controlling operators, materials, equipment and construction technology. For example, for the control of the protective layer of steel bar, assign special personnel to check the cushion block to prevent the steel bar from directly contacting the formwork. Before concrete pouring, the slump must be inspected by technicians, and the pouring can only be carried out after the inspection meets the specification requirements. Those that do not meet the requirements will never be released.
In view of the common quality defects or processes that are easy to produce nonconforming products, effective measures are formulated in advance to carry out key control. For example, we strictly control the cross-section size, flatness and verticality of the formwork, reduce the error to the allowable range of the specification, and immediately notify the team for rectification once the part beyond the allowable range is found. After all links pass the inspection, proceed to the next working procedure.
In the process of project construction, the quality of each working procedure must be strictly controlled to ensure the quality requirements of each working procedure. At ordinary times, we should also be strict with the personnel of the project department, pay more attention to details in the construction process, and pay special attention to the quality of each subdivisional work to ensure foolproof. In addition, according to different construction specialties and considering the difficulty of construction, professional managers are arranged to follow up the handover of each working procedure. If the previous construction quality is unqualified, the construction of the next procedure will never be carried out. Only in this way can the quality of each sub-project be guaranteed, so as to ensure the realization of the overall quality goal.
Eight, the construction technical data and construction process synchronization, to ensure the authenticity of the data.
The project department stipulates that all construction technical data and construction process must be synchronized, and it is absolutely not allowed to complete the substantive content of the later data in advance. Construction records, design changes, concealed engineering acceptance records, installation records, quality inspection reports, etc. It has been collected and filed in time according to the requirements of the specification. Therefore, we insist on seeking truth from facts, put an end to forgery and fabrication, and ensure the timeliness and authenticity of information.
Nine, adhere to the combination of team self-inspection and special inspection of the project department.
In the process of project construction, each team first conducts self-inspection on the construction or completed work, and makes timely rectification when problems are found. The project department specially sends technicians and quality inspectors to track and inspect each team, and issues rectification notices when problems are found, and records them. After the handover inspection is completed and all requirements are met, the normal construction of the next working procedure can be carried out.
Ten, coordinate the professional construction sequence, as far as possible to reduce the quality influence between each other.
The construction of the project is being carried out in an orderly way, which is inseparable from the coordination of construction sequences among various professions. We adhere to the idea of "grasping the principal contradiction" and proceed from the overall construction. If the overall construction is partially blocked, the local construction shall be suspended first, and then the local construction shall be carried out after the overall construction is completed. If there are obstacles such as construction period, the project department will actively discuss and coordinate. In this way, after ensuring the primary and secondary relations, the subject has reached a reasonable goal, and the secondary contradictions have also been well solved.
Eleven, pay attention to the quality protection of finished products
Doing a good job in the protection of finished products is to ensure the final quality. This is also the direct embodiment of the success or failure of quality management. When arranging the construction sequence, the rationality should be considered first to avoid damaging the existing products, and appropriate protective measures should be taken when necessary.
Extended data:
Quality management refers to all activities that determine the quality policy, objectives and responsibilities in the quality system and realize these objectives and responsibilities through quality planning, control, guarantee and improvement. Quality management and its implementation methods have been introduced into mainstream business education such as EMBA and MBA.
Zhu Lan's basic definition of quality management: quality is the management of applicability and marketization.
Feigenbaum's definition: Quality management is "an effective system that integrates the quality development, maintenance and improvement activities of all departments of an enterprise in order to carry out market research, design, manufacturing and after-sales service at the most economical level, and to fully meet customers' requirements. "
Definition of international standards and national standards: Quality management is "the coordination activities of command and control organizations in quality".
Color development method
The development of quality management has roughly gone through three stages.
Quality inspection stage
Quality management Before the 20th century, product quality was mainly guaranteed by the skill level and experience of operators, which belonged to "operator quality management". At the beginning of the 20th century, the emergence of scientific management theory represented by F.W. Taylor promoted the separation of product quality inspection and manufacturing, and the function of quality management was transferred from the operator to the foreman, which was called "foreman quality management". With the expansion of enterprise production scale and the improvement of product complexity, products have technical standards (technical conditions), tolerance system (see tolerance system) is becoming more and more perfect, and various inspection tools and technologies are also developing. Most enterprises began to set up inspection departments, and some departments were directly led by the factory director. This time is "inspector's quality management". All the above practices belong to the quality management method of backtesting.
Statistical quality control stage
1924, American mathematical statistician W.A. shewhart put forward the concept of controlling and preventing defects. Using the principle of mathematical statistics, he put forward the "6σ" method to control product quality in the production process, drew the first control chart and established a set of statistical cards. At the same time, Bell Institute of the United States put forward the concept of sampling inspection and its implementation scheme, which became a pioneer in solving quality problems by using mathematical statistics theory, but it was not generally accepted at that time. The popularization and application of statistical quality control based on mathematical statistics theory began in World War II. Because the quality of weapons and ammunition can't be controlled by back measurement, the U.S. Department of Defense decided to apply mathematical statistics to quality management. The Standards Association made a plan for applying mathematical statistics to quality management, set up a special committee, and published a number of American wartime quality management standards in 194 1 ~ 1942.
Total quality management stage
Since the 1950s, with the rapid development of productivity and science and technology, people's attention to product quality has shifted from general performance to durability, reliability, safety, maintainability and economy. In production technology and enterprise management, it is required to study quality problems from a systematic point of view. Management theory has also made new development, emphasizing human factors, relying on the efforts of all employees to ensure quality, and the rise of the "protecting consumers' interests" movement, the market competition between enterprises is becoming more and more fierce. In this case, American A.V. feigenbaum put forward the concept of total quality management in the early 1960s. He pointed out that total quality management is "an effective system to produce and provide services at the most economical level and fully meet customer requirements, and an effective system to integrate the activities of various departments in developing quality, maintaining quality and improving quality".
Our country started to carry out total quality management from 1978, and achieved certain results.
Management characteristics
Related examples:
The quality management thought of Chang Song Consulting Company embodies PDCA (P-plan; D-do, execution; C- check, check; Action, processing) cycle:
1, planning stage, see which problems need to be improved, list them item by item, and find out the problems that need to be improved most.
2. In the implementation stage, implement improvement and collect corresponding data.
3. In the inspection stage, evaluate the improvement effect, speak with data, and see whether the actual result is consistent with the original goal.
4. In the treatment stage, if the improvement effect is good, it will be promoted; If the improvement effect is not good, proceed to the next cycle.
PDCA cycle:
It's a big ring and a small ring. Corporate headquarters, workshops, teams and employees can carry out PDCA cycle, find problems and seek improvement. Step by step, after the first cycle, we will enter the next higher cycle and never stop. Deming emphasizes the continuous improvement of quality, and regards the improvement of products and processes as a process that never stops and keeps making small progress.
integrated management
First, comprehensive quality, including product quality, service quality and cost quality;
Second, the whole process quality means that quality runs through the whole process of production, and the quality of products is guaranteed by the quality of work;
Third, all staff participate in quality, educate employees on quality, emphasize all staff control, and form a quality management team;
Fourthly, the quality of the whole enterprise aims at establishing an enterprise quality assurance system.
There are seven tools commonly used in total quality management, that is, seven methods commonly used in collecting and analyzing quality data, analyzing and determining quality problems, and controlling and improving quality level in carrying out total quality management activities. These methods are not only scientific but also practical. As a team leader, we should first learn and master them and lead the workers to apply them to production practice.
A, statistical analysis table method and measures schedule method
Quality management is scientific and everything is based on data. Therefore, the statistical analysis of the original quality data in the production process is very important, and the corresponding table must be designed according to the working characteristics of the team and post.
Second, the pareto chart law
Pareto diagram method is an effective method to find out the main factors affecting product quality.
To make pareto chart:
1, data collection, that is, collecting data about product quality problems in a certain period of time. For example, waste or nonconforming product data can be collected during 1 month or 3 months or half a year.
2. Layered and juxtaposed as data tables, that is, the collected data will be layered according to different problems, and each layer can also be called a project; Then count the number of times (that is, frequency) that various problems (or each item) appear repeatedly; According to the order of frequency, from large to small, it is listed as a data table as the basic basis for calculation and drawing.
3. Calculation, that is, according to the data in column (3), calculate the percentage of each type of problem in the total problem, and count it in column (4), then calculate the cumulative percentage and count it in column (5).
4. Be a pareto chart. That is, drawing according to the data in the above table. It should be noted that the cumulative percentage should be marked on the right side of each item, and then the points should be connected into a straight line from the origin, thus making a Pareto curve.
Third, the causal analysis chart method
Causality analysis chart is also called characteristic factor chart. According to its shape, some people call it a branching diagram or a fishbone diagram. It is an effective tool to find out the causes of quality problems.
Matters needing attention in drawing causal analysis diagram:
1, the main reasons affecting product quality are usually analyzed from five aspects, namely, people, machines, raw materials, processing methods and working environment. Every big reason is embodied as several middle reasons, and the middle reasons are embodied as small reasons, the finer the better, until measures can be taken.
2. In the discussion, we should give full play to technical democracy and brainstorm. Don't interrupt or argue when others are talking. All opinions should be recorded.
Fourth, layered method.
Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), also called classification, is a method to analyze the reasons that affect quality (or other problems). We know that it is difficult to make sense if many different reasons are mixed together. The method is to classify the collected data according to different purposes and group the data collected under the same production conditions according to the same properties. In this way, the facts reflected by the data can be more prominent, and it is convenient to find problems and prescribe the right medicine.
Data processed in an enterprise are usually classified according to the following principles:
1) according to different time points: for example, according to different shifts and different dates;
2) According to operators: for example, according to new and old workers, male workers, female workers and length of service;
3) Classification according to the equipment used: for example, classification according to different machine tool models and different fixtures.
4) Classification by operation method: for example, classification by different cutting parameters, temperature, pressure and other working conditions;
5) Classification by raw materials: for example, classification by different feeding units, different feeding times and different material components.
6) Classification by different detection methods.
7) Other classification: such as classification according to different factories, users, use conditions and climatic conditions.
In a word, because our purpose is to distinguish different problems clearly. It is convenient to analyze problems and find out the reasons. Therefore, there are various classification methods, and there are no hard and fast rules.
Five, histogram method
Histogram is the abbreviation of frequency histogram. It is a graph that represents data with a series of rectangles with equal width and unequal height. The width of the rectangle indicates the interval of the data range, and the height of the rectangle indicates the amount of data in a given interval.
Six, control chart method
Control chart method is a commonly used statistical method for quality control, which is used to judge and predict whether the quality situation fluctuates in the production process. It can directly monitor the process quality dynamics in the production process, and has the functions of stable production, quality assurance and active prevention.
Seven, scatter plot method
Scatter chart method is an effective method to control the related factors affecting product quality by analyzing and studying the relationship between the data of two factors.
In production practice, some variables are often in a unity, which are interrelated, restricted and transformed under certain conditions. Some variables have deterministic relationships, and their relationships can be expressed by functional relationships, such as the relationship between the area and radius of a circle: s =πR2；; Some variables are related, that is, these variables are related, but the value of one variable cannot be accurately calculated by the value of another variable. List these two related data, point them on the coordinate map, and then observe the relationship between these two factors. This kind of graph is called a scatter graph or a correlation graph.
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