Dutch pig, common short shun 10 to 30, reverse wool 100 to 300, Changshun over 250, Teddy 800, other breeds are basically not found in Chinese mainland.
There is a special feed, and the same forage is Timoshenko and alfalfa. Compared with chinchillas, they are a little delicate, especially in summer.
Here are the details.
Totoro, whose scientific name is South American Totoro, belongs to the family Totoro of the suborder porcupine, because it resembles the cartoon My Neighbor Totoro created by Miyazaki Hayao (where? ), so it was later renamed "My Totoro" by Hong Kong people.
My neighbor chinchilla belongs to the South American chinchilla family of mammals, rodents and porcupines. When it comes to mice, many people think of them. Actually, it's completely different from a mouse. The main difference is that mice are omnivores, while chinchillas are vegetarians, and their digestive systems are different. Mice have double ovulation tubes and chinchillas have single ovulation tubes, so mice (including hamsters) can give birth to a litter every 20 days, while chinchillas can only give birth to 1-2 twice a year, and the probability of giving birth to 1-2 once is 80%.
Totoro is native to the Andes in South America, where caves and cracks with an altitude of 1600 feet live. The local weather is dry and the temperature difference between day and night is large. My neighbor totoro usually lives on some tropical plants (such as bark, roots and cactus), so it has strong vitality and adapts to the environment in China. The main function of its fur is to keep warm and prevent water loss. But in the16th century, when Europeans found that the fur of this small animal was so soft, they killed a lot of chinchillas. /kloc-At the beginning of the 9th century, my neighbor totoro was on the verge of extinction. Later, thanks to an American, M.F.Chapman, who brought eleven animals back to California and successfully bred there, you and I had the opportunity to raise this lovely little animal today.
Biologically, they are a unique species of chinchillas.
Totoro is divided into the following categories:
1) Olivia the Totoro-the wild one is almost extinct.
2) King Chinchilla-a giant chinchilla with a length of 40 cm, also called real chinchilla, became extinct hundreds of years ago. The only remaining specimens are now kept in the Senkenberg Museum in Germany.
3) Chinchillanigera)-used as fur and pets; Most of the captive chinchillas belong to this category, and the wild ones are almost extinct. All wild chinchillas originating in South America belong to protected animals, and those that can be legally imported are artificially propagated abroad.
trait
My neighbor totoro looks like rabbits and squirrels. It is small and fat, with a rabbit-like head and a squirrel-like tail. Adult chinchillas weigh about 430-700g and have a tail length of 10- 14cm. The newborn baby weighs about 50 grams. My neighbor totoro has a pair of big bright eyes and many beards of different lengths beside her nose. She is very sensitive to touch. Ears are big and thin, blunt and round. The forelimbs are short with five toes, and the hind limbs are strong with four toes, and they are good at jumping. The hair on the back and sides of the chinchilla is grayish black (there are some other artificially cultivated colors), and the abdomen gradually turns from light to white, and the body hair is evenly distributed. Totoro's hair is the thickest in the world, with 40~60 hairs in each pore, and as many as 80 hairs in the United States, the best source (cats and dogs have only 1 ~ 3 hairs in each pore), but such soft and dense hairs have also brought nearly extinct nightmares to Totoro.
rise
My neighbor totoro is very docile and lively. She likes to jump around, active and curious. She will sniff every new thing before biting it down for research. Totoro belongs to plateau animals and is not easy to get sick. My neighbor totoro is clean and free of parasites. My neighbor totoro can bathe in sand and spend the weekend alone without worrying about taking care of it. My neighbor totoro is a single vegetarian, so its feces are oval, dry, granular and tasteless, so it is no problem to keep indoors. My neighbor totoro's hair is soft, and it doesn't shed like cats and dogs. If you want to keep a chinchilla, I suggest you start feeding it after the kitten is weaned for 2-3 months, so that it is easiest for chinchilla to reach a tacit understanding and closeness with its owner. But even if adult chinchillas are raised halfway, chinchillas can gradually respond intelligently to the care of their owners. My neighbor totoro doesn't only recognize one owner and listen to one owner all his life, but often "chooses" the closest and most dependent person among the owners who take care of him.
My neighbor totoro is a gentle and docile baby, with an average life expectancy of 15-20 years. Did not take the initiative to attack, met the enemy just run away or pee on the enemy. When he trusts you, he will be happy to play with you, be lively and active like a child, and like to jump. He is timid and lovely by nature, and will hide when he is in trouble. Every chinchilla has its own personality, clever, naughty, reserved or spoiled, but what * * * has in common is that she needs you to love, care for and protect her. Don't try to educate your totoro with corporal punishment, which will lead her to turn a blind eye to her master, but will make her distrust you and turn against her.
Pay attention to when raising chinchillas:
◆ Summer is a sad season for my totoro, because my totoro's hair is thick, so when it is sultry in summer, it is best to turn on the air conditioner at home to reduce the indoor temperature.
My totoro cage should be placed in a cool and ventilated place, not in the air outlet. If my totoro keeps being blown by the wind, I will catch a cold.
◆ You can usually please my neighbor totoro with a small amount of snacks and get close to it; But don't feed more, such as raisins, just feed 1 to 2 yuan a day. If I feed more snacks, it will not only make my chinchilla picky eaters, but also lead to long-term malnutrition, which is more likely to cause indigestion and diarrhea.
My totoro cage should be placed in a quiet place. If the surrounding environment is noisy, my chinchilla will not rest well because of nervousness.
◆ My Totoro has just arrived at a new home, so the owner should not rush to let it out. Let it stay in the cage for a while to get familiar with the new environment and new owner, and then let it play for a while. The time can be shorter first, and the space for play can also be smaller first.
◆ When the owner is free, you can gently call the name of my neighbor totoro next to its cage and talk to it. This will make my totoro remember its name and its owner's voice. It should be noted that you must speak kindly and don't scold it loudly, otherwise my neighbor totoro will only be afraid of you and won't come near you.
colour
Standard gray-the whole body is gray, the abdomen is white, the hair is gray-black, the whole body is gray, and there are dark gray and light gray.
Beige/apricot-the whole body is beige, the ears are pink and the eyes are brown or red.
Golden/champagne-white background, golden hair evenly distributed all over the body, pink ears and red eyes.
Velvet black-face is black, body is black, abdomen is white, and coat color is particularly black and shiny.
Velvet brown-similar to velvet black, but replaced by brown, brown face and brown body, white belly, pink ears and red eyes.
Silver background, gray hair evenly distributed all over the body, commonly known as "Silver Totoro"
Silver spots-white background, with obvious gray stripes on the face, forming a beautiful pattern.
Golden spots-white background, beige stripes, pink ears and red eyes.
All black/Bearman black-all black with gray hair.
Pure black-the whole body is black, without any miscellaneous hair, and the hair is particularly black and shiny.
Pink white-the whole body is beige, the eyes are red and the ears are pink.
Red-eye white-panchromatic white, red eyes, pink ears
Pure white-all white, black eyes, smoked ears.
Pure brown-the whole body is brown, and the eyes are black or reddish brown.
The whole body is purple-gray, and the abdomen is white.
Gray-blue-the whole body is gray-blue, the abdomen is white and the ears are pink.
Brown/purple brown-light hair, pink ears and red eyes.
Totoro prices range from standard gray to brown 500-8000 yuan.
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English name: Guinea pig
Chinese name: guinea pig
Other translation names: Dutch pig, Dutch mouse, colorful dolphin, guinea pig, all black is also called black dolphin.
Origin: Peru, Brazil, Guyana, Paraguay, Colombia and other places.
Body length: 22~34 cm
Weight: 400 ~ 700g
Genus: mammals, rodents, guinea pig family.
Characteristics: Guinea pig is a precious multi-purpose herbivore, with flesh and blood. Short and thick round, big head, big, round and bright eyes, round ears, split upper lip and short ears; The limbs are short, with 4 toes on the front foot and 3 toes on the back foot, and no external tail. Many species are cultivated artificially, except Angora guinea pig, whose body hair is short and shiny. Body hair has black, white, gray, brown and other colors, but also with various stripes.
The guinea pig is a general name for the family Petunia, a rodent. It is named because it is fat and stupid and sounds like a pig. There are ***5 genera 15 species of guinea pigs, which are endemic to South America. Habitat on rocky slopes, grasslands, forest margins and swamps. Burrowing, integrating small groups of 5 ~ 10, foraging at night, mainly eating green parts of plants. Perennial breeding, 2 ~ 3 nests per nest.
Originated in Peru, South America, the natural food is grass, plant roots and fruit seeds, and it is an absolute vegetarian. Wild guinea pigs are slim and flexible, and have been kept as pets for a long time. Because of laziness and lack of exercise, they become chubby and very popular. Guinea pig meat is still delicious. Guinea pigs like to crowd together, because living together in the wild can increase the chances of finding enemies. Will communicate with each other through a slight cry.
The international Chinese version of the Encyclopedia Britannica explains the guinea pig: "A domesticated rodent, the guinea pig, originated in South America. Domesticated before the Inca era, it was introduced to Europe shortly after the discovery of America and soon became a favorite ornamental animal and precious experimental animal. "
Feeding method
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If your living space is too small for cats and dogs, or you are afraid of being scratched and bitten, choose a small and docile guinea pig! He is chubby, clumsy and cute. Although he is a mouse, he is more popular than the traditional mouse. Very docile personality, rarely bite unless anxious (rabbits bite when anxious). Guinea pigs are vegetarians, have no special requirements for food, and are strong and not easy to get sick. He is very clever. If you are nice to him, he will recognize you and play with you. The size is moderate, not too small like a mouse or too big like a rabbit, and it is more suitable for playing in the hand (15 ~ 20 cm or so). It is clumsy and lovely, unlike mice or squirrels. Once it escapes, it can't be caught, so it is very suitable for children or the elderly. Its price is not high, and it doesn't need professional feeding equipment. As long as a cage of the right size is prepared, fresh water and food are supplied every day, and it is often played with and its nest is cleaned regularly, it can grow healthily and happily. When it is ripe, it will come out to meet you when you come home from work, and it will run to you to ask for food.
The life span of guinea pigs can be as long as 10 years, so you must be mentally prepared before breeding. Make sure that no other animals in your house will hurt it, such as cats and dogs. He has to provide water and food every day. His excrement will stink. He sometimes makes noise and bites people. If you can accept this, let's learn about guinea pigs:
Teeth: There are two upper and lower teeth (front teeth) in front of the mouth, which are mainly used to cut off food. The front teeth grow very fast, so you must chew food with high fiber content often, otherwise you will not be able to eat because the front teeth grow too long.
Feeding box: if it is too late to prepare a nest for it, you can find a box (wood or plastic or even a carton) and put some clean rags in it. Because newspaper ink is not good for small animals, it is best not to use it. This box is only temporary, because when it adapts to the environment and gets bolder, it will start grinding its teeth with the box and maybe even slip out. So you must prepare a suitable strong box to make a nest for it. You can buy boxes for raising small animals or special boxes for raising groundhogs in the market. In the past, the feeding box was divided into two layers, with a tray at the bottom and barbed wire in the middle. The advantage is that it is convenient to clean, but the disadvantage is that the feet of animals are easily caught by wires, causing injuries. The special feeding box for groundhog has only one floor, which is slightly larger and has an opening at the top. When feeding with it, the inside must be covered with sawdust and sawdust. Animal activities are convenient, but the disadvantage is that excrement is not easy to clean, and the padding must be cleaned and replaced frequently. Pay attention to the feeding box as large as possible, otherwise you will get fat because you don't get enough exercise, and even cause mental stress and other problems. This is especially true when multiple animals are raised. Store away from cats and dogs, avoid direct sunlight, wind and rain, and pay attention to ventilation.
Food basin: avoid choosing plastic or other materials that will be chewed. Should choose ceramic or stainless steel texture, a certain weight is not easy to be knocked over.
Drinking water: In order to keep the feeding box dry, it is recommended to use a licker-type water feeder.
Summer sleeping mat: The function of summer sleeping mat is to absorb the moisture and smell of excrement and make guinea pigs feel comfortable. You can choose sawdust, sawdust, hay, rags, etc. Cat litter is also a good choice, and paper chopped with a shredder is also a good choice.
Breeding: If you want to breed, you can raise a pair, or a male and two females. The gestation period of guinea pigs is about 60 ~ 70 days. Young rats are born with teeth and fur, their eyes are open and they can start eating at once. However, it is suggested that young rats should not be raised alone within 2 weeks after birth, and it is best to be taken care of by the mother rats. Young rats reach maturity after about 3 months.
Disease: The most common disease in guinea pigs is scurvy. Because guinea pigs can't synthesize vitamin C by themselves, if vitamin C is lacking in food, they will get this disease. Symptoms are joint swelling, accompanied by pain and limping. If you don't pay attention, you are in danger of death. The best treatment is to take vitamin C orally until the symptoms disappear. Adding vitamin C to drinking water has a good preventive effect.
Variety difference: short-haired guinea pigs are famous experimental animals, and almost all of them have become synonymous with experimental animals. Therefore, it is more common in the pet market and the price is cheaper. Long-haired guinea pig, also known as satin mouse, is not only large in size, but also silky soft and beautiful, making it a good family pet. Some places even hold beauty contests for curly guinea pigs.
biological property
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1. Like to live in groups, with big head, short neck, round ears, no tail, hairy body, short limbs, four toes on the forelimbs and three toes on the hind limbs. People are caught and don't like to crawl and jump. They can be raised in a small concrete pool without a cover. Habit docile, timid and easily frightened, sometimes squeaking and screaming, like dry and clean living environment.
2. The sense of smell and hearing is developed, and it has a very high response to various stimuli, such as being extremely sensitive to sudden changes in sound, smell and temperature. Therefore, it is easy to suffer from pneumonia in the air turbid and cold environment, which leads to abortion, and it is also easy to abort when frightened.
3. Guinea pigs are herbivores with well-developed masticatory muscles, very thin stomach wall and extremely large cecum, accounting for about 1/3 of the abdominal cavity. The demand for crude fiber is more than that of rabbits, but it is not as easy to have diarrhea as rabbits.
4. Guinea pigs eat a lot and have a strong appetite for the food they are used to, but they are particularly sensitive to the deteriorated feed, so they often eat less or waste food, and even cause miscarriage. It is also particularly sensitive to antibiotics, and it is easy to cause death and enteritis after administration. If penicillin is used, it will cause small intestine, colitis and even death, regardless of dosage and route. The sensitivity to penicillin is higher than that of mice 1000 times, so we should be especially careful when treating with penicillin. Contrary to the mouse, it eats less and has less activities at night.
5. Guinea pigs belong to late-maturing animals, that is, the pregnant period of female rats is 63 (59 ~ 72) days. The embryo is fully developed in the mother's body, fully developed after birth, full of hair, eyes open, ears erect and permanent teeth. They can stand and walk for an hour after delivery, eat soft feed for a few hours, and suck breast milk and eat green feed after two or three days under the care of the mother mouse.
physiological characteristic
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1. Vitamin C cannot be synthesized in the body (liver and intestine), and the required vitamin C must come from feed. Humans, primates and guinea pigs lack enzymes to synthesize vitamin C. Therefore, when feeding guinea pigs, vitamin C should be added to the feed or water or fresh vegetables should be fed. Scurvy occurs when vitamin C is deficient, one of which is paraplegia of hind limbs, especially in winter. If vitamin C is supplemented, the symptoms will disappear.
2. The ear socket tube is sensitive and convenient for listening experiment. Guinea pigs are most sensitive to 700 ~ 2000 cycles/second pure tone, such as 2000 cycles/second audio observation of neomycin toxicity to the inner ear.
3. It can resist hypoxia, which is 4 times stronger than mice and 2 times stronger than rats.
4. Sensitive to tuberculosis, Brucella, Leptospira, Brucella, Diphtheria, Q fever virus and lymphocytic choroid plexus meningitis virus.
5. Guinea pigs are easy to cause allergic reactions, and the "complement" in serum diagnostics is made of guinea pig serum.
6. The thymus of guinea pigs is all in the neck, and there are two bright, light yellow, slender and completely lobulated glands between the mandibular angle and the entrance to the chest. The liver is divided into four main lobes and four lobules. The lung is divided into seven lobes, four lobes in the right lung and three lobes in the left lung.
7. The sexual cycle of guinea pigs is16.5 (12 ~18) days, the gestation period is 68 (62 ~ 72) days, the lactation period is 2 1 day, and the litter size is 3.5 (1 ~ 6).
Animal sexual cycles can be divided into multi-cycle (multiple sexual cycles in one year) and single cycle (one-time cycle in one year). Except primates, there are obvious species differences in the reproductive cycle of all mammals. Some animals, such as dogs, cats, hunters, horses and cows, have this periodic change only in the breeding season, and the reproductive organs are in a state of atrophy and rest at other times, but animals such as mice, rats and guinea pigs usually show a cycle of reproductive cycles all year round.
Guinea pigs, mice, rats, hamsters and rabbits still have postpartum sexual cycles, that is, animals may become pregnant within 48 hours or at some time during lactation after pregnancy and delivery, which is called postpartum sexual cycle or abnormal pregnancy.
8. Normal body temperature is 38.6 (37.8 ~ 39.5)℃, heart rate is 280 (200 ~ 360) beats/min, respiratory rate is 90 (69 ~ 104) beats/min, and tidal volume is1.8 (/kloc-). The blood pressure was 75- 120mmHg, the total number of red blood cells was 560(4.5-7.0) million/(mm3), and hemoglobin14.4 (1~16.5) g//kl.
Medical application
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1. The research on various infectious diseases shows that guinea pigs are very sensitive to many pathogenic bacteria and viruses. It is an important experimental animal to study various infectious diseases. Such as tuberculosis, diphtheria, plague, leptospirosis, herpes virus disease, streptococcosis, paracolibacillosis, trichinosis, brucellosis, typhus, anthrax and other bacterial diseases, as well as viral diseases such as Q fever and lymphocytic choroid plexus meningitis, guinea pigs are often selected for research.
2. Experimental diagnosis of bacterial and viral infectious diseases; The experimental diagnosis of tuberculosis, diphtheria, brucellosis, Q fever, lymphocytic choroid plexus meningitis and other diseases is often targeted at guinea pigs. For example, guinea pigs are extremely sensitive to human-type Mycobacterium tuberculosis and are often used for the diagnosis of tuberculosis. The urine of patients with renal tuberculosis was inoculated into guinea pigs, and if guinea pigs showed symptoms of tuberculosis, they were determined to be positive for tuberculosis. The "complement" in serological diagnosis is made from guinea pig serum, and complement fixation test is often used in experimental diagnosis.
3. Pharmacological research: Guinea pig is extremely sensitive to some drugs, so it is a "specialized animal" to study these drugs. For example, guinea pigs are extremely sensitive to histamine, so they are very suitable for the research of antiasthmatic drugs and antihistamines; Guinea pigs are highly sensitive to human mycobacterium tuberculosis, so they are often used in pharmacological research of anti-tuberculosis drugs.
4. Nutrition research: it is an important animal for vitamin C research. Guinea pigs cannot synthesize vitamin C, so they are very sensitive to vitamin C deficiency. If they lack feed, they will soon have a series of scurvy symptoms, so they are the only animals used to study experimental scurvy.
5. Allergic reaction or allergic reaction research: Because guinea pigs are allergic, it is most suitable for this research. If guinea pigs are injected with horse serum, it is easy to replicate into an animal model of anaphylactic shock. The reaction degree of commonly used experimental animals to allergic substances is different, and the order is: guinea pig >; ; ; Rabbit >; ; Dog >; ; Mouse >; ; cat >； ; ; Frog.
6. Experiment suitable for observing the changes of bleeding and vascular permeability: Guinea pigs have sensitive vascular response and obvious bleeding symptoms. For example, hemorrhagic syndrome caused by radiation injury is most obvious in guinea pigs, quite obvious in dogs, moderate in monkeys and rabbits, but rare in mice and rats.
7. Research on inner ear diseases: Guinea pig's auditory fossa is extremely sensitive to sound waves. It is particularly sensitive to pure tones with 700 ~ 2000 cycles per second. Guinea pigs are often chosen to study some inner ear diseases.
8. Toxic skin local effect experiment: The skin of guinea pigs and rabbits is sensitive to toxic stimuli, and the reaction is similar to that of humans.
9. Guinea pigs have strong hypoxia tolerance, which is suitable for the determination of hypoxia tolerance and oxygen consumption.
10. Experimental pulmonary edema experiment: A typical animal model of acute pulmonary edema can be reproduced by cutting the vagus nerves on both sides of the neck of guinea pigs, and the symptoms are more obvious than those of other animals.
1 1. Guinea pigs are often used in the research of animal plasma substitutes.
Variety strain
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1. There are 12 inbred guinea pigs in the world. Because the gestation period of guinea pigs is 68 (62 ~ 72) days, with only 2 ~ 3 litters, it takes 20 ~ 30 years to cultivate an inbred line, so there are few inbred lines. Inbred lines Xichun 2 and Xichun 13 for medical research.
(1) Inbred Line 2: This line 1906 was introduced from the United States Department of Agriculture. 195 1 year, 1 1 generation, Wright used sibling mating until the 33rd generation 1933, and then changed to random mating. Heston continued to mate with his brother at 1940. Introduced to the National Institutes of Health (NIH) on 1950, and distributed all over the world. Its coat color is tricolor (black, red and white), mostly in the head, and its weight is less than 13, but the spleen, kidney and adrenal gland are more than 13. The stomach, rectum, kidney and abdominal wall of elderly guinea pigs have horizontal stripes. It has homozygous GPL-AB. I (the main histocompatibility complex of guinea pigs) antigen, and lack of factors to induce delayed hypersensitivity in serum, but it is more sensitive to experimental autoimmune thyroiditis than 13 strain.
(2) Inbred line 13: Its coat color also has three colors (black, white and red), most of which are in the head, and its breeding history is the same as that of line 2. All sub-lines are exported from NIH, USA. This strain has strong anti-tuberculosis ability, worse sexual activity than strain 2, and larger body. The antigen of GPL-AB. 1 is the same as that of line 2. The resistance to autoimmune thyroiditis was stronger than that of the 2-line and Hartley distant hybridization groups. The spontaneous rate, abortion rate and stillbirth rate of leukemia in guinea pigs survived for one year were 7%, 265, 438+0% and 45% respectively, and there was no factor inducing delayed hypersensitivity in serum. Among more than 30 kinds of inbred guinea pigs, Hartley strain 1 is the most widely used. It was bred from British guinea pigs by Dunkin Hartley 1926.
1973 China introduced DHP inbred guinea pigs from British Laboratory Animal Center, which also belonged to Dunkin-Hartley strain. It is called DHP because it grew up in the Pirbright unit. After it was introduced into China, it was bred by eight generations of compatriots and then mated randomly. At present, its characteristics are still unclear and have not been popularized.
2. After artificial domestication, guinea pigs are divided into four breeds:
(1) English species: short hair, strong body, pure white, black, brownish black, brownish yellow, gray, etc. There are mainly four kinds of guinea pigs in Britain: Dunkin Hartley, Hartley, Pierbright Hartley and short-haired cats.