Passport is the personal information you use abroad. Generally, the entry and exit procedures are handled at the place where the household registration is located. Provide household registration book, ID card, etc.
A visa is a kind of seal that allows you to travel to other countries. You need to stamp on the inside of your passport. China citizens need visas to go to many countries. The Japanese visa is issued by the Japanese embassy in China, so it needs to be issued at the embassy, or some intermediary can help you.