brief introduction
English: knowledge products
It is the result of creative activities in the practice of transforming nature and society by consuming mental labor and relying on knowledge, intelligence and other elements, and it is the result of natural science and social science in a certain form. It includes company goodwill, trademarks, patents, copyrights, computer software and trade secrets.
2 classified editing
Knowledge products have their particularity, and should be divided into two categories according to their characteristics, and different categories should have different definitions. These two categories are hard knowledge products and soft knowledge products.
Difficult knowledge
Refers to products in the traditional sense-they are tangible, tangible and can be felt by human senses. These include information technology products, biotechnology products, new material products and aerospace technology products. For the definition of this part of the product, Professor Zhang Shousheng's definition is more accurate, that is, the contribution rate of knowledge to any new product exceeds 50%, which is a knowledge product. The reason is that knowledge innovation plays a decisive role in new product development. Without knowledge innovation, there will be no new products. When new products are manufactured, they are mass-produced.
In this process, no new knowledge is added, and the original knowledge value is distributed to many products, and the contribution rate of knowledge to these product values is lower than that before mass production. But with the innovation of knowledge, in the previous generation of products,
The value of knowledge is in the initial stage of decline, and a new generation of products has come out. Because it is still in the advanced stage, the contribution rate of knowledge is much higher than 50% until it is eliminated by the next generation product 2. Therefore, it can be seen that knowledge innovation and production
The faster the product is updated, the higher the contribution rate of knowledge it contains, and it will remain for a long time. Compared with traditional industries, there are more information technology products, biotechnology products, new material products and aerospace technology products.
It has the characteristics of fast updating and many innovative elements, and should belong to knowledge products.
Soft knowledge
These include:
(1) Scientific thoughts, theories, culture and art, including scientific management methods and work experience. Their characteristics are that they are only produced once, and they can be copied in large quantities under the protection of intellectual property rights to meet the needs of society;
(2) Technical products, such as technical principles, methods, routes, design schemes, formulas and computer programs. , with the same characteristics as the first category;
(3) Consulting services provided by social intermediary institutions such as accounting firms, auditing firms, law firms and asset appraisal firms are typically creatively delivered in combination with the actual conditions of different enterprises and individuals.
Provide consulting services on accounting, auditing, law, asset appraisal and related knowledge. For the above three types of knowledge products, we should not be limited by the contribution rate of knowledge, because although these products are also inseparable from a large number of material loads.
Body, but relative to their intrinsic value, the contribution rate of its material carrier can be ignored, and it should be a pure knowledge product. Therefore, combining the characteristics of two types of knowledge products, we can make knowledge contribution rate to the first type of knowledge products.
According to the definition of 50%, products with a knowledge contribution rate of more than 50% should belong to knowledge products, but there should be no limitation on the contribution rate for the second type of knowledge products.