On March 22nd, King Charles I of Spain signed a maritime exploration agreement with Magellan and Farrero. The agreement enjoins Magellan and Farrero to discover spice islands, expand the territory of Castile royal family, and stipulate that they are not allowed to explore within the sphere of influence of Portuguese kingdom. The agreement also promises that Magellan and Farrero will have the monopoly right to the newly opened air route for ten years, and stipulates that they will be given 1/20 of the total revenue of the newly discovered area, and Magellan and Farrero will be appointed as the governors of the newly discovered area, and goods worth 1 000 dukat will be delivered to the newly discovered area by royal ships every year. The agreement also stipulates that the ownership of newly discovered islands starts from six and is divided into four and two parts. Magellan and Farrero can get115 of the total income of the territory. They can leave the goods brought back by the maiden voyage of 1/5. According to the agreement, Charles I was responsible for providing five ships and 200 crew members for the expedition, and sent people to supervise the voyage with the ship, and he had to pay off the bill when he returned. [Note: If we compare the Santa Fe Agreement signed by Columbus and Queen Isabella with this agreement, it is not difficult to find that this agreement has developed and sublated on the basis of the former, such as inheriting the content of "component red" and developing the content of franchise patents, but sublating the empty titles of "Tang", "Marshal" and "Deputy King", which reflects social progress. And reaching an agreement so quickly also reflected the situation of competition among the major western European countries at that time. ]
On August 15 19, the fleet of Magellan, a famous adventurer in the Kingdom of Spain, set sail from Seville. * * * There are five sailboats, with Trinidad as the flagship and Gomish as the captain, with a deadweight of about 1 10 ton. There are also San Antonio [captain is Caltana with a load of 120 tons], Concepcion [captain is Caceda with a load of 90 tons], Victoria [captain is Mendoza with a load of 85 tons] and Santiago [captain is Juan? Serao, carrying 75 tons]. Because Magellan's good friend Farillo had another job, he didn't take part in the voyage, so Magellan became the only commander of the fleet. There are 268 crew members, mainly recruited, of whom more than 100 are Spanish. After the fleet set sail, it sailed for San Rukar Bay [Gwadar Keevil River Estuary].
On September 20th, the fleet entered the Atlantic Ocean. On September 26th, the fleet arrived at Santa Cruz Island in the Canary Islands. 654381October 3, the fleet left the Canary Islands for Cape Verde Islands in the southwest. Because some captains objected to Magellan's sailing route, there was internal strife among the crew. Magellan decided to detain Carl Tanner, the captain of the San Antonio, and send another German? Acting captain of Koka. Then after two months of drifting at sea, I overcame the storm that lasted for one month. 1October 29th 165438+ The fleet arrived in Pernambuco, a state off the coast of Brazil. After a short rest, the fleet quickly went south, and in 65438+February 65438+March, the fleet entered Rio de Janeiro Bay. The fleet rested here for several days, replenished fresh water and fresh supplies, and made unequal exchanges with local Indians. On February 26th, 65438, the fleet left Rio de Janeiro Bay. [Note: At that time, from Europe to America, you could take the Spanish route initiated by Columbus or the Portuguese route initiated by Burrard. If you take the Portuguese route, it seems that you have to stay at sea for a few more days, but you can use the equatorial current and the northeast trade wind. Moreover, Magellan's mission is to explore the strait leading to the South China Sea or the end of South America, and going directly to South America can also shorten the whole voyage. This is why Magellan advocated taking the Portuguese route. ]
1520 65438+ 10/0, the fleet of Magellan, a famous adventurer in the Kingdom of Spain, came to the mouth of the La Plata River. At first, they mistakenly thought it was the entrance of the strait, but only after detection did they know it was the entrance of the Atlantic Ocean. So, extremely disappointed but expressionless Magellan led the fleet to continue south. Since then, they have entered waters that civilized humans have never sailed. On February 3rd, the fleet arrived in Partos, Byelos, where explorers discovered the penguin for the first time (later, this penguin was named Magellan Penguin). On February 24, the fleet found that the coast suddenly turned from south to west at about 4 1 degree south latitude, very close to the end of a strait or South America. They traveled westward along the coast for about 250 kilometers, only to find that this is just an ordinary bay [that is, San Matisse Bay, actually Portuguese navigators Flosh and Lespaut Ya have been there, reference 15 14]. After entering March, it is very difficult to sail because of the cold weather, short days and long nights. On March 3 1 day, the fleet sailed into the port of St. Julian at 49 degrees south latitude, and Magellan decided to spend the winter here. This area is very desolate and uninhabited, so it is difficult to supply. Magellan ordered to reduce food rations and hunt a large number of birds and fish as a supplement [this decision is quite wise, otherwise the expedition will not be able to survive the next 100 days of sailing in the Pacific Ocean]. Due to the harsh natural conditions and repeated setbacks, many crew members balked and the fleet was uneasy.
/kloc-On the night of April, 2000, Captain Concepcion and the dismissed captain of San Antonio led more than 30 people to launch a rebellion. They ambushed the San Antonio, kidnapped the new captain, mcgrady Mesquita, killed the second mate and occupied the ship. At the same time, Captain Mendoza of Victoria also participated in the rebellion. In this way, three of the five ships have been controlled by the rebels and the situation is critical. However, experienced Magellan suddenly attacked and sent security officer Espinosa to the Victoria to pretend to negotiate, but suddenly stabbed Mendoza to death after boarding the ship, forcing the rebels on the Victoria to surrender and regain control of the Victoria. Immediately, Magellan ordered three ships he could control [Trinidad, Santiago and Victoria] to berth at the exit of the harbor, so as to block the escape route of two rebel ships. In the early morning of April 3, Kaiserda tried to lead the San Antonio to escape, attacked the flagship and ordered the fire, but no one listened. Magellan ordered Trinidad to fire a warning shot and shouted surrender. As a result, the intimidated San Antonio crew expressed their willingness to continue following Magellan's voyage. Magellan sent a boat to arrest the rebels led by Quesada and others. The last rebel ship Concepcion and its captain Kartana saw that the tide was gone and surrendered on April 4. Magellan ordered the main rebels to be severely punished, and the dead Mendoza was dismembered. Keseda was beheaded and dismembered. Kartana and a priest involved in the rebellion were exiled to the uninhabited coast of Argentina, and the rest of the rebels were pardoned. The fleet docked at St. Julian's port for nearly five months. Later, they found a tall indigenous patagonians there, and Magellan tricked and kidnapped two indigenous people [this was the first colonial activity since Magellan sailed].
In May, Magellan sent Juan? Serrao led the San Diego to explore south along the coast. On May 22nd, the San Diego sank in what is now Santa Cruz Bay. Fortunately, all the crew members landed successfully except one. They stayed on the Santa Cruz River for two months and sent two crew members to the port of San Julien for help. Finally, everyone returned to the team smoothly. On August 24th, in early spring, Magellan's fleet sailed south to Santa Cruz Bay, where it rested for another two months. 1June18th, the fleet went out to sea for exploration again. 101October 2 1 day, the expedition finally found a channel mouth at 52.5 degrees south latitude. Magellan sent Juan? Concepcion, led by Serrao, and San Antonio, led by mcgrady Mesquita, entered the strait for exploration, and finally confirmed that it was indeed a strait. Then it was a difficult voyage, because Magellan often lit bonfires on the south bank at night, so he named it Tierra del Fuego [today's Tierra del Fuego]. 1 65438+1October1day, the helmsman Gomez hijacked the San Antonio and defected back [Gomez returned and falsely accused Magellan of treason against King Charles I of Spain. Later, it was not until the Victoria returned that the case was finally rehabilitated, but Magellan's wife and two sons had been persecuted to death. After 38 days of exploration, the fleet finally found the exit of the strait and saw the ocean. Magellan named the Strait "The Strait of Saints" [it was later renamed "strait of magellan"]. 165438+1On October 28th, the fleet finally sailed out of the Strait and entered the Great South China Sea. After leaving the strait, the fleet sailed north for 23 days, with little wind and waves. 65438+February 2 1 day, at about 30 degrees south latitude, the fleet left the coast of Chile and began a arduous journey across the South China Sea to the northwest. [Note: It should be said that Magellan made many mistakes in this voyage across the South China Sea. First of all, he underestimated the great South China Sea. Secondly, the grain loading capacity is seriously insufficient before sailing; Third, I am eager to reach my destination without stopping at the west coast of South America for supplies. These major mistakes will make this crossing one of the most terrible and tragic voyages in the history of navigation. ]
152 1 year, the fleet of Magellan, a famous explorer of the Kingdom of Spain, continued to cross the South China Sea. During this period, the fleet discovered what was later called the Magellanic Cloud in the night sky. 65438+1in the middle of October, some crew members suffered from scurvy and food began to be in short supply. 65438+1On October 24th, the fleet discovered St. Barlow Island [that is, PuCapka Island], and on February 4th, the fleet discovered Shark Island, but both islands were deserted and could not be replenished with food. In early February, the threat of hunger and scurvy became more and more serious. Within a month, 19 people, including two Patagonian Indians, died one after another, and the crew began to bake cowhide at the top of the mast and eat sawdust of wood. On March 5, there was no cooking on board, and the situation was extremely urgent. But only one day later, on March 6, the fleet found Guam, which was rich in products and densely populated, and it was a rescue. After landing, the crew clashed with the local aborigines, killing seven aborigines, burning down the hut and finally getting the needed materials. On March 9, the fleet left Guam. On the same day, they landed on the nearby island of Rota and bartered with the aborigines. On March 16, the fleet discovered Samar Island [now three Philippine islands]. On March 17, the fleet docked at Homonhong Island, an uninhabited island in Leyte Bay in the eastern Philippines. On March 27th, the fleet came to Wawa Island in Rimasha, and Magellan knew that they had arrived in Asia. There, the crew bartered with the locals and spread Christianity.
On April 3rd, the fleet arrived at Suwu Island under the guidance of Lajia in Machava Island. Raja Humabona of Suwu Island gave up taxing them, and wanted to expand her power around with the help of Spanish armed forces, so she instigated Magellan to attack the nearby island of Mactan. On April 27th, Humabona led 1 0,000 Turkish troops to attack Maktan Island, among which Magellan led 60 Spaniards. Rajarapp of Maktan Island led 1500 local troops to fight. In the battle, the allied forces of Suzhou Island and Spain were defeated, and Magellan was killed in the battle. Subsequently, Humabona coveted Spanish ships and goods, but designed to kill the captain Juan? Serrao and Magellan's brother-in-law Barbocha, including more than 20 crew members. On May 1 day, the crew who escaped by luck immediately untied and set sail and fled Suwu Island. Soon, due to a large number of layoffs, the expedition burned the Concepcion on Baohe Island and transferred materials and personnel to other ships. At this point, there are only two ships left in the expedition, Trinidad and Victoria. In the following months, the fleet sailed blindly around Indonesia today, passing through Mindanao, palawan island, kalimantan island, Barancia and other islands. /kloc-at the end of 0/0, the fleet found a local as a helmsman on Saranga Island in the southern Philippines and was able to sail to the Moluccas. 165438+1October 6th, the fleet finally arrived at Titore Island in Moluccas, where they bought a lot of spices. When the fleet was ready to leave for home, it was found that the flagship Trinidad had a serious oil spill and had to stay for repair, so 53 people volunteered to stay, and another 60 people (including more than 65,438 locals) were in El? Under the leadership of Captain Cano, she sailed back on the Victoria via the Indian Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean. 65438+February 2 1, Victoria fired a gun to bid farewell to Trinidad and the spice islands. To avoid the Portuguese, El? Cano ordered to sail south first. 12 On February 29th, the Victoria arrived at Ambon Island. [note: El? Kano, a Basque, participated in the rebellion in Port St. Julian, was forgiven by Magellan and turned over a new leaf. He was also the last person to lead the Victoria around the world. ]
1522 El, the successor of Magellan of the Kingdom of Spain? After leaving Ambon Island, the Victoria, led by Kano, crossed the banda sea, made its final supply in Timor Island, and then sailed southwest into the vast Indian Ocean, with the destination of the Cape of Good Hope. On March 18, they discovered Amsterdam Island [now French territory] near 38 degrees south latitude. Since then, scurvy has come back, El? Cano ordered to go to the southwest of 40 degrees south latitude, thus reaching some places south of the Cape of Good Hope. In the process of crossing the Indian Ocean, 25 people died of scurvy, and the number of people on board was reduced from 60 to 35. On May 20th, the Victoria entered the South Atlantic. At this time, it was attacked by the storm, the front mast broke, and the hull leaked seriously, so it was only necessary to pump water by manpower. On June 8th, Victoria crossed the equator for the fourth and last time. On July 9, the "Victoria" was forced to sail into Portugal's Cape Verde Islands for supplies. At first, they lied about coming back from America, but some crew members leaked the clue. As a result, Portuguese authorities arrested 65,438+03 people. On July 18, the Victoria left Cape Verde Islands.
On September 6th, the Victoria entered the Gulf of Sanluca in the Spanish Kingdom. At this time, there were only 18 people on board, and all of them were sick. At this point, Magellan's voyage around the world was successfully completed. On September 8, the heavily damaged Victoria was towed back to Seville by another ship. The kingdom of Spain benefited little from this voyage. Charles I rewarded El? A Cano coat of arms, and other crew members are also rewarded. In addition, the crew of 13 captured by the Portuguese in Cape Verde Islands was quickly released under the negotiation of Charles I. The theory of the integration of the earth circle and the ocean has been confirmed, and the size of the basic shape of the earth has been determined, thus truly discovering the earth. This voyage explored the south of South America, and for the first time investigated the coastline of the southeast continent of South America, which is more than 3,500 kilometers long, from the mouth of the La Plata River at 35 degrees south latitude to strait of magellan at 52 degrees south latitude, and discovered strait of magellan. For the first time, the coastline of the southwest continent of South America, which is more than 2,500 kilometers from strait of magellan to 30 degrees south latitude, was investigated. In this way, the span between the north and south ends of South America is determined. The fleet crossed the Pacific Ocean for the first time in the history of human civilization, basically determining the size of the Pacific Ocean and the span between South America and southern Africa. The fleet reached the southeast edge of the Asian continent, including Nanyang Islands and Thousand Islands. Practice further proves that the West India discovered by Columbus is not the east of Asia, but an independent continent. Magellan also opened a new air route from South America to the Philippines, thus connecting America and Asia, and then connecting all inhabited continents except Australia. The fleet also discovered some islands in the Pacific Ocean. Moreover, Victoria crossed the Indian Ocean from east to west for the first time when she returned. In a word, Magellan's voyage around the world pushed the great geographical discovery to a climax. Magellan's voyage around the world is also of great significance in the history of navigation. The voyage started from Western Europe, crossed the Atlantic Ocean to the west, bypassed South America, crossed the Pacific Ocean, crossed the Nanyang Islands, crossed the Indian Ocean, bypassed Africa, and finally returned to Western Europe. It lasted three years and traveled 80 thousand kilometers. It passes through 360 longitudes from east to west, south to 52 degrees south latitude and north to 43 degrees north latitude, and passes through most areas where human beings live in the world. This is the longest voyage and the longest voyage in human history until then. The era of great navigation has also developed from transoceanic to global navigation. This round-the-world voyage is also the most difficult voyage in human history, with more than half of the ships and personnel lost. In addition, Magellan's voyage around the world has certain significance and very important influence on the history of colonialism, commercial shipping, astronomy, natural history, enlightenment and humanism. ]
Supplement the situation after a thousand miles of stoppage.
1522 On April 6th, under the command of Espilosa, Trinidad left Titore Island and returned to Panama with 50 tons of spices, with 53 people on board. They first bypassed the northern end of Hera Island in Haarma and immediately headed east to Panama, but the strong east wind blew Trinidad to the north. At the beginning of May, they discovered Sosolo Island in the west of Caroline Islands at about 5 degrees north latitude, and then discovered 14 Island in Mariana Islands at 20 degrees north latitude. On June 1 1 day, Trinidad reached 43 degrees north latitude and 155 degrees east longitude, which was very close to today's Thousand Islands. In mid-July, they were hit by 12 days of continuous storms, scurvy came back with famine, and more than half of the crew died. In late July, Trinidad turned back. On August 22nd, Espinosa discovered several islands in the Northern Mariana Islands, including Mao Mu Island. 10 year1October 20th, Trinidad returned to the Moluccas. Of the 53 people sailing at this time, only 19 is still alive. At the end of 10, Trinidad was captured by the Portuguese to Ternat Island. Portuguese Governor Anthony? Bridou ordered the seizure of all the cargo on board and confiscated maps and logbooks. Among the captured 19, some sailors were executed immediately, some were transferred to Lisbon for imprisonment, and most of them were slowly tortured to death in prison. Four years later [1526], the last four talents such as Espinosa were released and returned to the Kingdom of Spain alive.