Foreign government loans Foreign government loans refer to low-interest preferential loans provided by one government to another government with certain assistance or partial donation. Its loan interest rate is low, generally 2% ~ 4%, or interest-free loans. The term is 20 ~ 30 years, and the longest is 50 years. On behalf of the China Municipal Government, the Ministry of Finance unifies foreign loans and centrally manages government loans and Japanese Exim Bank loans. The above-mentioned loan projects submitted by various regions and departments shall be reviewed and screened by the Ministry of Finance and reported to the State Planning Commission for inclusion in the plan of utilizing foreign capital, and the Ministry of Finance shall be responsible for foreign negotiations and consultations. After negotiation, we will sign a loan agreement with the creditor government on behalf of our government. The Export-Import Bank of China and the Bank of China are responsible for the government loans and domestic project loans of the Export-Import Bank of Japan, and supervise, guide and manage the use and repayment of the loans. China Development Bank undertakes the lending business of loans from Asian Development Bank. The repayment of foreign government loans is divided into two types: unified borrowing and unified repayment and unified borrowing and self-repayment. The former is included in the national budget and paid by the Ministry of Finance; The latter is repaid by the debtor who signed the domestic loan agreement. In addition, the project unit is also responsible for negotiating the procurement of materials and equipment and signing commercial contracts with foreign countries.
International commercial loans International commercial loans refer to loans provided by one or several international commercial banks to a government, financial institutions or industrial and commercial enterprises in the international financial market. The main forms of loans are term loans and revolving loans. Term loans have a fixed term, which can be short-term loans within 1 year, or long-term loans over 1 year or even over1year or 20 years. Within the agreed time limit, the borrower draws money according to the agreement, and after a grace period (during which only the interest is repaid, but not the principal), the principal is repaid year by year, or the interest is usually repaid every three months or half a year. The interest rate is based on the international interbank offered rate, which can be fixed or floating. Revolving loan means that the bank agrees to provide a series of short-term loans to borrowers in the future. If the bank continuously provides loans with a term of three months, the cycle 1 year, that is, after the loans due in three months are paid off, the bank will automatically provide new three-month loans, and the interest rate will be subject to the current market interest rate. China manages international commercial loans in advance in two ways. Except for the four wholly state-owned commercial banks of industry, agriculture, China and China Construction, other Chinese-funded financial institutions approved to engage in overseas loan business and non-financial enterprise legal persons approved by the authorized departments of the State Council borrowed medium and long-term international commercial loans, and obtained the foreign debt index of the State Planning Commission. After negotiating the loan intention (mainly including the amount, term and interest rate) with the creditors, the loan agreement can be formally signed. The total scale of short-term international commercial loans shall be determined by the People's Bank of China. Within this scale, the State Administration of Foreign Exchange issues short-term commercial loan balance control indicators to qualified and needy financial institutions and enterprises every year. Borrowing short-term commercial loans within this index no longer needs to be reported to the State Administration of Foreign Exchange for approval one by one. Foreign-invested enterprises can borrow foreign debts on their own, but they must also go through the foreign debt registration formalities with the State Administration of Foreign Exchange like Chinese-funded enterprises, and the cumulative sum of long-term and short-term foreign debts borrowed by foreign-invested enterprises cannot exceed the difference between the total investment and registered capital stipulated in their approval certificates.
There are advantages and disadvantages in maintaining a certain scale of foreign exchange reserves in China: (1) Foreign exchange reserves represent a country's external payment ability and comprehensive national strength, and holding relatively abundant foreign exchange reserves is conducive to maintaining the external reputation of the country and enterprises and reducing the financing cost for domestic institutions to enter the international market. (2) At present, China's foreign debt exceeds US$ 654.38+040 billion, and its foreign direct investment is US$ 360 billion, which meets a large number of foreign exchange needs such as debt service and profit remittance of foreign investment every year. Foreign exchange reserves are the last means of payment for the country. (3) China is in the period of economic transition, and the development of domestic economy and finance needs a solid foundation, while the international economic environment is complex and changeable. Holding more foreign exchange reserves is conducive to ensuring China's macro-control ability to resist external shocks. An important reason for the financial crisis in Asian neighbors is the sudden change in the market, which leads to a sharp drop in foreign exchange reserves and a shortage of international liquidity, which leads to a crisis of confidence. During the Asian financial crisis, China's foreign exchange reserves continued to increase, which effectively prevented the crisis of confidence from spreading to China and supported the RMB exchange rate and the financial stability of Hong Kong. Grid research counseling provides guidance on the entrance examination for financial graduate students, college enrollment brochures, online registration, online Q&A, teacher allocation, curriculum, charging standards, professional catalogue and so on. Postgraduate degree in finance, the latest financial postgraduate policies and regulations in colleges and universities, helps students correctly apply for the ideal postgraduate major in colleges and universities. China Renmin University, university of international business and economics, Graduate School of China Academy of Sciences, Shanghai University of Finance and Economics, East China University of Science and Technology, Beijing Technology and Business University and other popular universities for in-service postgraduate enrollment in finance.
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