First, in order to save the dynasty, it was decided to move the capital to the death of Tang Dynasty. Because his son Tai Ding died young, Tai Ding's brother Wai Bing succeeded him to the throne. After Waibing died, his brother Ren Zhong succeeded to his throne. After Ren Zhong's death, Yiting's son Tai Jia succeeded to the throne. Tai Jia is the eldest grandson of Shang Tang. According to Records of Historical Records and Yin Benji, Emperor Taijia was founded for three years, but he was ignorant, tyrannical and unruly, so Yi Yin put it in Tonggong. Tai Jia lived in Tonggong for three years, repented and blamed himself, and Yi Yin welcomed Tai Jia back to his office. Since then, Tai Jia Xiu De abided by the law, the vassals surrendered and the people lived in peace. This story reflects Yi Yin's unremitting efforts to implement Shang Tang's strategy of governing the country and keep the Shang Dynasty in a long-term stability. With a long history, Yi Yin gained the reputation of benevolence and righteousness.
However, the greedy nature of the ruling class determines that the struggle for power and interests within the royal family is inevitable. It is recorded in Historical Records Yin Benji: Since middle school, all the disciples have been abolished and contended for generations, which is more chaotic than IX, so the princes are not in the dynasty. From Pan Geng, it shows that during this period, the Shang royal family fought for the throne with internal strife and foreign invasion. During this period, the Shang Dynasty moved the capital several times.
Pan Geng, date of birth and death is unknown. Zu Ding, Yangjiadi. Yang Jia succeeded to the throne after his death and reigned for 28 years. He died of illness and was buried in Yin (now Xiaotunzhuang, Anyang County, Henan Province).
From the above, it can be seen that the Shang Dynasty was established when the soup was boiled in summer. From the early Tang Dynasty to the late Zhou Dynasty, from16th century BC to1century BC, in nearly 600 years, * * * spread to 31 kings in the 17th generation. There is a remarkable phenomenon in the history of Shang dynasty, that is, the capital moved to the capital repeatedly. As we know, the Tang Dynasty was first built in Bo (now Shangqiu City, Henan Province). The following five moves: moving the capital to Nen (now at the southern foot of Aoshan Mountain in Xingyang, Henan Province), muddy rivers (now in the west of Anyang City, Henan Province), moving the capital to Xing in Zu Ti (now in the east of wen county City, Henan Province), moving the capital to Yan in the south (now in the east of Qufu, Shandong Province) and moving the capital to Yin in Pan Geng (now in the northwest of Anyang City, Henan Province). Pan Geng's move to Yin is of epoch-making significance in the history of Shang Dynasty. Prior to this, from the Tang Dynasty to the Yangjia, 10 generation 19 king was circulated for about 300 years, which was the early Shang Dynasty. After that, it spread from Pan Geng to Zhou, to the Twelve Kings of the Eight Dynasties, and in 273, it was the late Shang Dynasty. It can be seen that the capital moved repeatedly, specifically, it should refer to the early Shang Dynasty.
Why did the capital move many times in the early Shang Dynasty?
There is no fixed explanation for this problem until now. Scholars in ancient and modern times have different opinions, mainly including: first, the flood theory, second, the nomadic and nomadic farmers theory, third, the extravagance and frugality theory, and fourth, the debate on the throne.
Let's start with the flood, trying to find out the reasons for the repeated relocation of businessmen from natural disasters.
From this point of view, there seems to be no conclusive evidence that floods forced businessmen to move their capital. On the contrary, from soup to Zhong Ding, it spread to six generations and eleven kings. Didn't the river cause disaster for so long? Moreover, from Wuding to Oracle Bone Inscriptions, it has been recorded for many times that the flooding of Huan water endangered the capital of Yin, and the Yin people did not move the capital. Why can't the floods after Pan Geng force people to move their capital, but the floods before Pan Geng can force people to move their capital? In addition, several capitals of Shang Dynasty were located on both sides of the Yellow River, especially Zhong Ding moved from Bohai to J, Pan Geng moved from Yan to Yin, and moved further and further to the riverside. This phenomenon cannot be explained by floods. Therefore, this explanation can be overturned.
Secondly, from the perspective of nomads and farmers, I try to find the reasons for the repeated relocation of businessmen from the perspective of social production. Nomadic theory holds that merchants were nomadic people who migrated indefinitely before Pan Geng moved to Yin, and only in Pan Geng did they have a preliminary agriculture, which changed from nomadic economy to agricultural economy, so they tended to settle down. However, Oracle Bone Inscriptions and archaeological data in Shang Dynasty prove that as early as the early Shang Dynasty, because Shang Tang reduced taxes and encouraged production, we knew that agriculture was the most important production sector, so this statement did not conform to the historical reality.
Third, from the perspective of farmers, agriculture in Shang Dynasty was primitive. Its primitiveness is manifested in the clumsiness of production tools and the simplicity of farming methods. Businessmen used the method of burning fields instead of clumsy production tools to open up Yuan Ye. After burning the Lin Mang Plain, they planted seeds on dusty soil. They know neither irrigation nor fertilization. Once the natural force of the land is exhausted, they need to change farmland and have to migrate frequently. It seems that the small-scale peasant economy is the reason for the repeated flow of merchant capital.
However, archaeological data prove that the stone sickle and axe unearthed in Zhengzhou and Xiaotun Shang culture are very similar. These two places just represent the early Shang Dynasty and the late Shang Dynasty. A small number of bronzes were used in agricultural production in Shang Dynasty. At present, several bronze farm tools unearthed are roughly the same in the early and late Shang Dynasty. This shows that the agricultural production tools in the early and late Shang Dynasty did not change obviously, and they were rather clumsy. As for farming methods, Zhongshu said: when there is drought in soup, it is beneficial to cultivate fields in shade, teach people to waste, and water crops in negative water. Oracle Bone Inscriptions's word urine is shit. There are a large number of records of urine fields in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, and it is possible that dung species were known as early as Shang Dynasty. Younong's argument can't stand scrutiny. Besides, like the flood theory, it can't explain the historical fact that commercial capital was stable before Zhong Ding and after Pan Geng. Therefore, what you said is hard to believe.
Finally, these two explanations try to find out the reasons for the repeated relocation of businessmen from the social and political levels from the perspective of extravagance and thrift and the struggle for the throne. According to the theory of getting rid of extravagance and thrift, restraining extravagance and advocating thrift in order to alleviate class contradictions is the reason why businessmen move repeatedly. This is somewhat reasonable. Because "Historical Records" and "Three Articles of Pan Geng" were three speeches made by Pan Geng to his subjects when he moved to Yin. When he was about to move, he accused the nobles of being greedy for money. After moving, he warned officials not to accumulate property, but to tirelessly multiply industries for themselves. You should be kind to the people and always clean your heart like a king. However, luxury is the chronic disease and common disease of the exploiting class. It exists not only at the time of migration, but also after migration. Why can luxury goods make capital move at this time, but not at that time? Although the theory of "going from extravagance to frugality" has seen the phenomenon that some businesses move repeatedly, it has failed to grasp the essence through the phenomenon. Therefore, its explanation for the repeated relocation of merchants is unconvincing.
The dispute over the throne, according to Records of the Historian Yin Benji, has been abandoned since the mid-Ding period, which is more chaotic than the Nine Dynasties. Therefore, according to the records of warlord Mo Chao, it is noted that from the mid-Ding period to the Yang family, there happened to be nine kings, and several generations in pre-Qin classics refer to several kings. It is no coincidence that merchants moved repeatedly during the Nine Dynasties' rebellion. It should be the objective reason for the merchants to repeatedly shoot. This inference can be found in Shangshu? Pan Geng found evidence in the novella. Pan Geng recalled the reason why the former king moved the capital: Yin was a big abuser, but the former king ignored it and regarded the people as moving. Confucius Shu believes that the specific meaning of abuse is: as the saying goes, "you can't live together and don't know God's will", that is, heaven is also a disaster. Obviously, the great abuse is not a natural disaster but a man-made disaster, that is, the ninth rebellion centered on the struggle for the throne. Political turmoil and disputes have brought endless disasters to the people. The former king did not cherish the foundation they built, and was moved by the interests of the people.
After Pan Geng succeeded to the throne, he faced a complicated situation that the country was weak and the people were strong. The dynasty was in crisis and the internal contradictions and struggles were fierce. Because the inheritance system of Shang Dynasty is the coexistence of brothers and brothers, father and son, and it is not a strict system of carrying on the family line, so every death of Shang King will cause a struggle. This problem has not been solved for a long time. The battle for the royal family made the vassal countries take the opportunity to develop their own power and stop paying tribute to the dynasty. When Pan Geng ascended the throne, Peng and Wei rebelled, and the Tu and Qiang nationalities in the north and northwest became increasingly powerful, which posed a great threat to the rule of Shang. The situation of internal troubles and foreign invasion made the new king Pan Geng constantly try to save him. As an ambitious new king, Pan Geng tried to make changes by imitating his ancestors, but met with unprecedented resistance. In order to change the weakness of the national situation, Pan Geng resolutely decided to learn from his ancestors and move the capital again. After moving to Yin, the nobles' attempt to move back to their old capital was stopped by tough measures. "History? Pan Geng is a record of his remarks before and after he moved to Yin.
Then, why must the social unrest caused by the struggle for the throne be solved by moving the capital? Because the direct consequence of the ninth rebellion was the weakening of the authority of the Shang king and the expansion of the aristocratic forces. The expansion of aristocratic power, manifested in the economy, is the accumulation of wealth; Politically, it was regicide who usurped the throne. Both sides of the struggle, in order to win a game, must rely on the right time, place and people. The weather is independent of people's will and enjoys each other. The harmony between people depends on subjective efforts. Only the right place belongs to whoever owns it. Obviously, since the power of the nobility can expand and threaten the kingship, the nobility must occupy a geographical position. Although Yin Shang entered the Bronze Age, the development level of social productive forces was still very low. At the level of social development, the role of geographical location is particularly important. It is a strategic move of Shang King to change the geographical advantages of the nobles by moving the capital, thus weakening their strength. This should be the subjective reason for the repeated relocation of businessmen. "The card of history? Pan Geng ",it is like this. Pan Geng's move to Yin was almost opposed by the whole country, and the people complained bitterly, but the main resistance came from nobles, not civilians or slaves. Nobles used floating words to incite people's hearts, while Pan Geng seized the banner of destiny and the former king and preached for the people to win people's hearts. At that time, the destiny and the former king were undoubtedly powerful, which enabled Pan Geng to move Yin.
The lesson of the ninth rebellion is profound. In order to avoid repeating history, the system of succession to the throne has changed. The unified law of Shang Dynasty is divided into three periods: the first period is from Dading to Zuding with his brother as the direct line, the second period is from Kangding with his brother as the direct line, and the third period is from Wuyi to the eldest son. Pan Geng is in the transition stage from the first stage to the second stage. After moving to Yin, the legal unification of Shang and He appeared a new situation, that is, the younger brother was a direct line and eventually became a descendant. The establishment of the eldest son inheritance system reduced the struggle for the throne and stabilized the interior of the royal family, so that he did not move to the capital again in 273 years after moving to Yin. The theory of the struggle for the throne more reasonably explains the many moves to the capital in the early Shang Dynasty.
Second, patient persuasion, after the death of moving the capital to Yin, from the sixth generation of King Tai Geng of Shang Dynasty, he was carried away by peace and prosperity, only knowing how to build a palace, indulging in singing and dancing and feasting all day, and ignoring national politics. As a result, the governors of the Quartet gradually alienated Germany, and the national situation declined. At the same time, the struggle for power and profit among slave owners, nobles and the upper class of the royal family intensified. The inheritance system of Shang kings is that there are brothers first, then sons. Therefore, there are many people peeping at the throne. In order to maintain their own rule and get rid of the threat of brothers, kings often use the method of moving their capitals. Because the king can take advantage of the opportunity of moving the capital to take away the princes, ministers and cronies who are loyal to him, and leave the royal followers who oppose and threaten his power. Starting from Zhong Ding, the king of Shang Dynasty, the capital of Shang Dynasty moved from Bohai to J (now south of Aoshan, Xingyang, Henan Province), from Ao to Xiang (now northwest of Anyang, Henan Province), from Xiang to Xing (now Dingtao, Shandong Province) and from Xing to Yan (now Qufu, Shandong Province). By the time Pan Geng, the 20th king of Shang Dynasty, the election was already very lively and prosperous. However, the terrain here is low, and it will be flooded every rainy season, and traffic is often interrupted, which is very inconvenient to communicate with the outside world.
Pan Geng is a successful king. He is determined to rectify state affairs and revive the country in his own hands. In order to achieve this goal, the first step, he decided to move the capital. Because he knows that this can not only avoid floods, but also get rid of the shackles of those princes and nobles, let go of his own policy of governing the country, and at the same time take the opportunity to control the extravagance of the upper nobility. Pan Geng first sent people to carefully select the address of the new capital-Beimeng (in the west of Anyang, Henan). Located in the middle of the territory of Shang Dynasty, the situation is dangerous: Mengmengguan (in Huixian County, Henan Province) on the left, Zhangshui and Qiushui on the right, navigable rivers in front and Taihang Mountain as the barrier in the north, making it an ideal place to rule the world. Then, Pan Geng immediately gave the order to move the capital. However, the order to move the capital was opposed by many upper-class nobles. Some of them pretend to maintain the ancestral temple, others say that it is unlucky for the capital to move westward from the election: some even incite some civilians to make trouble. Pan Geng decided to move the capital. I have asked the wizard to predict many times, which is in line with God's will. This is also conducive to the stability of the country and the happiness of the people. I have made up my mind. Whoever opposes it again will be hell to pay! As a result, Pan Geng finally moved the merchants to North Mongolia, and soon established a political and economic center here, named Dayi merchants. Pan Geng carried out a series of rectification and reform here, which revived the Shang Dynasty. Pan Geng reigned for twenty-eight years. After that, he experienced eight generations and eleven kings of Shang Dynasty and never moved his capital. Because there is a hunting area called Yin near Shangdu Dayi, some people call Shangdu Yin or Yindu. After the demise of Shang Dynasty, this Yin capital was abandoned, so people also called it Yin Ruins.
Business books? Wang Re, I said from Pan Geng, "To tell you the truth. I want to tell you and teach you. Anger is my heart and health is my pride. " . In ancient times, I was the first king, but I just wanted to be the government of the old people. Wang bo xiu, not hiding his fingers, Wang uses a leather piano. People can't escape from words, and people will change. Today, you have joined hands, with integrity and danger.
I don't want to give up on myself, but you are virtuous and don't give it to anyone. If you watch the fire, you will also make a clumsy plan, and that is to escape. If the net is in the outline, it will be orderly, and if the agriculture serves the field, the power will be autumn. Your kindness is your heart and your kindness is for the people. As for your marriage friend, Pi dares to praise your kindness. It is not afraid of the glory poison in the distance, lazy farmers are stable, do not work hard, and refuse to harvest fields, the more useless it is.
You don't speak well of the people, but you are poisoned yourself. It's a disaster, rape, disaster. You were evil to the people first, but you were bullied by the people. How can you regret it? At this time, Z people are paying attention to proverbs, and their hair has an escape. Is being a system a short life? Your bureau sued me, but you were in vain, afraid of sinking into the public? If the fire burns in the original place and cannot be extinguished, can it still be extinguished? Then you are the only ones who create peace by yourselves, and the people should not be blamed.
Wang said this: Come on, everyone! I want to warn you and teach you that in order to get rid of your selfishness, don't be arrogant and don't pursue comfort. Once upon a time, our late king only considered appointing an old minister of a noble family to manage politics. The former king issued decrees to ministers, who did not hide their will, so the former king attached great importance to them. Ministers did not make false statements, so the actions of their subjects changed greatly. Now you refuse other people's kindness, are self-righteous and spread evil and grandiose remarks everywhere. I really don't know what you are arguing about.
It's not that I gave up my virtue of appointing an old family minister. It's just that you lied to my kindness, but I didn't expect to be everywhere. I know all this, and I know that from a distance, if I am not good at planning, it is a mistake. Just like only tying the net to the outline will it be orderly and not disorderly: just like farmers will have a good harvest in autumn only if they work hard. You can get rid of selfishness, give your subjects tangible benefits, and let your relatives and friends in your will dare to say that you have accumulated kindness. If you are not afraid of yourself, it will greatly poison people near and far, seek comfort like a lazy farmer, do not work hard and do not engage in field work, then there will be no harvest of millet.
If you don't speak well of me to the people, it's your own disaster. Some bad things you have done have been exposed, which is your own fault. Since you led people to do bad things, you should bear the pain. How can you regret yourself? Look at the ordinary king. They also took my advice into account and were worried about saying the wrong thing, not to mention that I have the right to live and die in your life. Why don't you tell me something, but use gossip to incite each other, threaten and confuse your subjects? It's like the fire on the yuan leaf has burned, which makes people unable to face it. Can you put it out? This is all caused by many bad things you have done, not my fault.
The above is the exhortation of Pan Geng's officials, accusing them of disobeying the old rules of the previous dynasty, being arrogant and domineering, coveting comfort and confusing people with rumors. Pan Geng's good intentions can be learned from the sun and the moon. What stubborn officials think is unknown, but their shady stories are clearly visible.
Anyone who can be a courtier, as long as his ancestors or himself have contributed to the country and the people, will always participate in state affairs and enjoy fame and fortune. With fame and fortune, it will breed arrogance, extravagance and arrogance. There is nothing to be afraid of, just dare to run amok and ride on others' heads to shit and pee. This is the source of corruption. Yao and Shun lived in peace and prosperity, and Qingming politics is gone forever.
There are probably two important sources of political corruption in ancient times: First, the rule of man and heredity created a huge privileged class, from the emperor to the sesame official. Second, the autocratic system provides a hotbed for the ugly side and weakness of human nature. Pan Geng probably wouldn't have thought of this. He invited the former king and the old system, which is the best reason he can think of. After all, consanguinity, ancestors and traditions played a great role in China's ancient social life. After all, corrupt officials have always been afraid. If they refuse, it's really a monk with an umbrella and lawlessness.
Then again. The debate only started with the relocation of the country, and the essence was that Pan Geng tried to operate in an increasingly corrupt political machine to save money. Although the intention is good, it is a temporary solution. If corruption happens again, where will it be transferred? Move around, and you will never leave the earth. More importantly, the root lies in the system and in people. It is impossible to really solve the problem without laparotomy.
The struggle for succession to the throne and the constant natural disasters caused the decline of the Shang Dynasty and lost the support of the governors. It is in this context that Pan Geng succeeded his younger brother Yang's throne and accepted the mission of reviving Shang Dynasty entrusted by history. Pan Geng's important measure to revive Shang Dynasty was to move the capital. In the face of nobles and old ministers who are accustomed to life in the old capital and are unwilling to move, unexpectedly, the people are also complaining. Pan Geng made patient and meticulous persuasion work, which showed his superb speech skills. Pan Geng said: Ancestors respectfully obey the destiny, but dare not follow their own wishes. They are content with a corner. If we can't follow God's will like our ancestors, how can we inherit our ancestors' career? Now I command you to be of one mind and one mind, not to defile yourselves with filthy words and deeds, and not to harbor evil thoughts. I'm not punishing you, but asking God to continue your destiny. You will ask me: why do you have to disturb all the people and move their ancestral homes? I tell you, it is God who wants to revitalize the morality of our ancestors and let us return to peace. My heart is firm and sincere, and I humbly bear the lives of all people.
When I was about to move, Pan Geng issued a dinner notice: I was unlucky and rude, and I met a traitor for the time being. I'm ruined. There's nothing to breed. In other words, if there are treacherous and disobedient people, I will cut them off to prevent such cowards from spreading in the new town. It can be seen that Pan Geng tried to attack the nobility by moving the capital. After moving the capital, Pan Geng reiterated: No matter how far away, kill the knight with sin, and show the goodness of the knight with virtue, that is, no matter how close to the Shang king, he will be put to death if he commits a crime, and he will be rewarded for his meritorious service; And claiming to have control is short-lived. This shows that by moving the capital and suppressing dissidents, the authority of the Shang king rose.
Because Pan Geng insisted on moving the capital and defeated the opposition, he finally crossed the Yellow River with civilians and slaves and moved to Yin (now Xiaotun Village, Anyang, Henan). There, the politics of the Shang Dynasty was reorganized, which led to the revival of the declining Shang Dynasty. After more than 200 years, the capital has never moved. So Shang Dynasty is also called Yin Shang, or Yin Dynasty.
Pan Geng moved to Yin, revived Shang Dynasty, reached the peak of social, economic and cultural development, and became a civilized country in the world at that time.
Moving the capital is a great event for any country, because it involves too many aspects and faces too many problems, which are often daunting. Without sufficient reasons, no politician will move the capital rashly. Pan Geng moved the capital to Yin after careful consideration. Xindu is located in the north of the Yellow River, beside Huan River. It not only has favorable geographical conditions, but also has the strategic advantage of controlling all directions, which can effectively resist the invasion of ethnic minorities in the north and northwest regions. In addition, Yin was the birthplace of Shang ancestors. Pan Geng's goal is to restore the government of Tang Cheng, which is conducive to calling on the people. Politically speaking, after moving to Yin, we stayed away from the old capital election (now Qufu, Shandong Province), and we could get rid of all kinds of forces developed by the royal family in the old capital, avoid its sharp edge, get rid of its containment influence and consolidate A's political power. Economically, it is more conducive to the development of agricultural production to avoid the continuous flooding of Surabaya River Basin and move to fertile land.
Just moving the capital can't completely change the chaotic situation of state affairs. Pan Geng immediately implemented a series of effective measures. He swept away the extravagant habits of the royal family in the past and kept everything simple, which made people's thoughts and behaviors simple. Nervous land reclamation and arduous construction have changed the mental outlook of businessmen, and the past corruption and internal friction of power struggle have been suppressed. Pan Geng chose the virtuous and appointed the competent, punished the evil and promoted the good, rewarded the merits, re-established the world by statutes, and rectified the state affairs. On the other hand, he also paid great attention to rallying people's hearts and reducing exploitation, and won people's support. At the same time, he cracked down on nomadic tribes of ethnic minorities who invaded the border and stabilized the border. In this way, the merchant's power gradually became stronger and the kingship was consolidated.
Pan Geng's move to the capital was a turning point in the history of Shang Dynasty, which played a very important role in the consolidation and development of Shang Dynasty. History has proved that Pan Geng was a king with great vision and extraordinary courage. He resisted the pressure from all sides, successfully moved the capital, reduced extravagance and eliminated corruption, so Pan Geng was called the king of ZTE.
Of course, the result of Pan Geng's migration to Yin did bring about the temporary prosperity of Shang Dynasty. In today's words, he is a reformer. He is restricted by many objective conditions. It takes great courage, determination and patience to push his way through the crowd and carry out his own ideas. He used a set of literary persuasion, not a set of martial arts. He obviously knows that it is easy to force people to obey, but it is much more difficult to make people obey sincerely. In this sense, the success of moving the capital is also the success of Pan Geng's conquest of people's hearts. Therefore, Pan Geng is commendable.