Assets refer to resources formed by past transactions or events of an enterprise, which are owned or controlled by the enterprise and are expected to bring economic benefits to the enterprise. Resources that cannot bring economic benefits cannot be used as assets, but are the rights of enterprises. Assets can be divided into current assets, long-term investments, fixed assets, intangible assets and other assets according to liquidity. Among them, current assets refer to assets that can be realized or consumed within 1 year or more than 1 year, including cash, bank deposits, short-term investments, receivables and prepayments, prepaid expenses, inventory, etc. Long-term investment refers to investments other than short-term investments, including all kinds of equity investments, bonds that cannot be realized or will not be realized, other creditor's rights investments and other long-term investments that have been held for more than 65,438+0 years (excluding 65,438+0 years). Fixed assets refer to houses, buildings, machines, machinery, means of transport and other equipment, appliances and tools related to production and operation with the service life of an enterprise exceeding 1 year. Intangible assets refer to non-monetary long-term assets held by enterprises for producing goods or providing services to others, or for management purposes. Other assets refer to assets other than current assets, long-term investments, fixed assets and intangible assets, such as long-term deferred expenses for the formation of fixed assets, repair and transformation expenses, etc.
In accounting recognition theory, the most stringent asset recognition procedure should be to determine the most essential attribute of assets from the definition of assets, and then establish specific standards for asset recognition according to the requirements of this accounting attribute. Take the definition of the Financial Accounting Standards Board as an example: First of all, "future economic benefits" constitute the essential requirement of assets, and anything without future economic benefits cannot be recognized as assets. In this way, some deferred expenses and losses to be resold should not appear as assets in accounting; Secondly, assets should also be associated with a specific theme. For example, if the future economic benefits cannot be owned or controlled by the subject, it cannot be used as the subject's assets.