* * * The same factors in different schools.
Psychological counseling and psychotherapy have developed many mature and emerging schools, among which psychoanalysis, humanism and cognitive behavioral therapy are three famous schools.
As visitors to psychological counseling, we may face such a question: which school of psychological counseling should I choose? Which school of theory and practice will be more suitable for me?
To answer these questions, we can first understand the similarities and differences between different schools. Research shows that the same person or the same psychological disorder can be improved from different treatment systems, and there is no significant difference in curative effect between different treatment systems.
At present, it is generally believed that there are the same therapeutic factors in different treatment systems, and it is these common factors that play a therapeutic role. Understanding these treatment factors can help us understand what factors can be paid attention to in consultation, so as to help evaluate the quality of consultation.
Although different factions have different theories and practical methods, they have many same strategies and principles in practical application. Goldfried & ampPadawer proposed in 1982 that there are five * * * identical elements in various treatments:
1) Customer's expectation of being helpful to treatment 2) Treatment relationship.
3) gain an external perspective on yourself and the world through consultation 4) correct experience 5) constantly check the reality.
In addition, Lambert &; Bergin put forward a general framework of * * * identity factors in 1994, which divided * * * identity factors into three categories, namely supportive factors, learning factors and action factors. These factors include:
1. Supporting factors: venting, identifying with the therapist, relieving loneliness, positive relationship, relieving feeling, relaxing tension, structuring, therapeutic alliance, active participation of both sides, expert image of the therapist, warmth, respect, empathy, acceptance and sincere trust of the therapist.
2. Learning factors: suggestions, emotional experience, assimilating difficult experience, changing expectations of personal efficacy, cognitive learning, correcting emotional experience, understanding, feedback, comprehension and rational attitude towards internal reference system.
3. Action factors: behavior adjustment, cognitive control, encouraging efforts to face fear, taking risks and controlling, demonstration and imitation, practice, reality test, successful experience and work experience.
These three factors usually appear in turn: supportive factors appear first, forming an atmosphere in which counselors and visitors support each other and work together; In this atmosphere, the parties' understanding of their own problems has gradually changed; Then the behavior of the parties began to change, such as treating fear in different attitudes and ways. Cognitive and behavioral changes will be tempered and strengthened repeatedly in the therapeutic relationship.