Pinyin name Niú Xuè
English name Ox blood, Water Buffalo blood source: blood of cattle or buffalo.
Latin animal and plant mineral name: 1. Jinniu domestic dog Green 2. Buffalo.
Collection and storage: collect blood when slaughtering cattle and save it. 1. Yellow cattle, weighing 1.5-2m, generally weighing about 280kg. Strong body, wide head and mouth, two big nostrils in the upper part of the upper lip, and hard, smooth and hairless skin between the bases, which is called rhinoscope. Eyes and ears are bigger. There is a 1 diagonal on the head, which is divided into about two points. The length of the horn varies with the variety, and it is curved without branches, hollow and contains bone marrow. The limbs are well-proportioned, and there are hoof nails on all four roads, and the two toes behind them don't touch the ground, which is called hanging hoof. The tail is long, with tufts of hair at the end, most of which are yellow, and there is no miscellaneous hair.
2. Buffalo is bigger than cattle, with a body length of more than 2.5m, long and flat horns with many industrial patterns on them, short neck and protruding waist and abdomen. Shorter limbs and bigger hooves. Thick skin without sweat glands, thick and short hair, dense in front and sparse in back to chest and abdomen. The body color is mostly gray-black, but some are yellow-brown or white. Ecological environment: 1. It has a gentle personality and grows rapidly. Eat plant feed.
Resource distribution: 1. It is raised all over the country.
2. Farming exists in most parts of the country, especially in rice fields in the south of China. The fresh bovine plasma of yellow cattle contains 90% water and 10% solid matter, while the latter contains 80% protein, 10% inorganic matter and 10% organic matter. There are three kinds of protein in plasma, namely albumin, globulin and fibrinogen. The difference between serum and plasma is that there is no fibrinogen in serum. Whole blood contains about 35%-40% tangible substances, including red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. Red blood cells contain an important protein, namely hemoglobin, which is a complex protein containing iron (about 0.4%). Its protein part is globin, and the other part is hydroxyhemoglobin, which is protoporphyrin after iron removal.
There are many kinds of nitrogen-containing substances in non-protein, including urea, uric acid, creatine, creatinine and amino acids. Although the lipid content is small, it is quite complicated, including phospholipids and cholesterol. Carbohydrate is mainly glucose, other organic substances are acetone, phenol and lactic acid, and inorganic salts are mainly chlorine, carbonic acid, phosphoric acid, sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium salts.
Cattle blood also contains aspartate aminotransferase (aspartate aminotransferase), alanine aminotransferase (alanine aminotransferase), bilirubin (bilirubin), β -carotene (β-carotene), vitamin (vitamin) A, α-tocopherol (α-tocopherol) and DL-α- tocopherol acetate (DL-α- tocopherol acetate). 1. A deproteinized calf serum extract with metabolism promoting effect, which contains amino acids, sweet and sour, endogenous hormones, deoxynucleotides, oligopeptides and inorganic components, can significantly improve the function of reticuloendothelial system, increase enzyme activity, accelerate cell oxidative phosphorylation and promote ATP synthesis, thus activating cell respiration and accelerating tissue regeneration. Its oxygen absorption capacity is twice that of the mixture of ATP, coenzyme I(Co I) and cytochrome C, and its clinical application can improve the state of cardiac and cerebral ischemia and prevent leukopenia caused by radiation. Hematoxylin prepared from calf serum also belongs to the same class of drugs. Experiments have proved that it can promote the cellular respiration of rat liver, brain, heart, kidney and other tissue homogenates.
2. Growth promotion: Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) extracted from fresh bovine blood and partially purified can stimulate the growth of capillaries and the proliferation of fibroblasts after injected into rabbit cornea. 48-96 hours after injection, the vascular arch on the upper edge of cornea became thicker, and new vascular buds grew in the vascular arch, and entered the corneal injection site on the 8 th day. Histological examination showed that on the eighth day, the cornea thickened, fibroblasts proliferated and transformed into fibroblasts with roughly round nuclei. A large number of capillaries grow into corneal stroma. There is a certain amount of eosinophil infiltration. The experiment also suggested that PDGT has cross-species biological activity, and it is a cationic polypeptide with heat and acid resistance, which is easily destroyed and inactivated by trypsin without rejection. PDGF can regulate bone growth. Experiments in rats show that it can stimulate the synthesis of bone DNA and protein, and promote decalcified bone osteogenesis and bone and soft tissue trauma repair. The combination of bovine platelet-derived medium-length factor (Bpdgf) and porcine bone morphogenetic protein (Pbmp) has obvious synergistic effect in repairing bone defects without buckling, and has better bone defense effect than pdgf or MBP alone. It is also reported that a substance with a relative molecular weight of less than 700 was isolated from the blood cells of young cattle, which has the function of promoting life growth and metabolism.
3. Enhance hypoxia tolerance. The extract prepared from calf blood homogenized with guinea pig can increase the oxygen uptake of the latter by 1-2 times. Normal rabbits were injected with 2ml/ calf blood extract intravenously, 65438 0 times a day, and then put into a hypobaric chamber for 36d. Hypoxia for 8 hours every day, 14, 2 1, 28 days later. It can be seen that calf blood extract can inhibit erythrocytosis caused by hypoxia in animals to a certain extent, and improve the oxygen release rate of tissues and cells to a certain extent, which may have the effect of preventing mountain polycythemia.
4. The scavenging effect of superoxide radical (O-2) is the reduction product of an electron obtained by an oxygen molecule, which may exist in the biological oxidation reaction. O-2 is active and highly reactive, and can act on protein, nucleic acids, polysaccharides and lipids, causing structural damage or dysfunction of cell membranes and organelles. No matter in vivo or in vitro, it exists for a short time and can be eliminated by spontaneous disproportionation, but it is too slow to make O-2 harmless relative to the speed of its damage to cells. The reaction speed of superoxide dismutase in organism is faster than that of spontaneous reaction 10 times. SOD can be extracted from bovine red blood cells for scavenging superoxide radicals and protecting China molecules.
SOD can scavenge O-2 in high radiation products. Intravenous injection of SOD before and after γ -ray irradiation can improve the survival rate of irradiated mice and protect bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells. The anti-radiation effect of SOD is dose-dependent, but the effect is weakened when the dose is too large. This may be due to the fact that O-2 plays a certain role in the electron transfer of respiratory chain, and the preventive dose of SOD only removes excessive O-2 from the body without interfering with the biochemical function dependent on O-2.
Extracting SOD from bovine blood has become one of the main sources.
5. Anti-inflammatory effect: subcutaneous or intramuscular injection of copper and zinc -SODI in bovine blood can obviously inhibit the swelling of mouse feet caused by carrageenan and the swelling of mouse skin caused by antiserum. Administration of carrageenan before 1.5h or 2 and 20h after carrageenan induced inflammation is effective. The anti-inflammatory effects of subcutaneous injection, intramuscular injection, intraperitoneal injection and intravenous injection are similar, indicating that Cu and Zn-SOD in bovine blood have long-term anti-inflammatory effects, regardless of the route of administration. It is also reported that subcutaneous injection of SOD 25-200mg/kg has obvious inhibitory effect on mouse foot swelling caused by carrageenan, and 100mg/kg and 200mg/kg have obvious inhibitory effects on mouse foot swelling caused by carrageenan. 100-200mg/(kg d) was injected subcutaneously every day for 7 days, 10mg/kg, 100mg/kg and 200mg/kg continuously 14d, which also had obvious inhibitory effects on arthritis in rats. SOD of bovine red blood cells also has obvious inhibitory effect on inflammatory edema caused by yeast polysaccharide.
6. Anti-cancer effect Blood Ling Ye (HP) is a photosensitive substance separated from hemoglobin of cattle or pigs. HP has the characteristics of small fragments stored in cancer tissues, and can also show fluorescence reaction after illumination, which provides a new means for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Cancer cells or animal tumors cultured in vitro can absorb and store HP and HPD for a long time. When irradiated with ultraviolet light, cancer tissue will emit bright red fluorescence, and then irradiated with red light with the same wavelength as red fluorescence, cancer cells can be killed, while normal tissues are relatively less damaged or people are affected. For example, TA-3, an ascites cancer cell cultured in vitro, was irradiated with 10 min for 99.9%; Cancer cells died, and rat glioma cells cultured in vitro 100% died; SMT-FF breast cancer mice were injected with hp5 mg/kg 1d and then irradiated with 1h * * * 3 times. As a result, several animals were cured for a long time.
SOD also has a certain anti-cancer effect. Intravenous intramuscular injection of SOD can prolong the life of mice with ascites cancer. Animal experiments and clinical application show that SOD combined with anticancer drugs can prevent leukopenia caused by chemotherapy drugs such as bad phosphate gel, and leukopenia before chemotherapy is lower than normal, which can increase leukopenia in blood.
7. Other effects SOD has obvious inhibitory effect on myocardial injury or arrhythmia caused by myocardial ischemia/reperfusion, and its mechanism may be related to scavenging O-2 produced by ischemia/reperfusion. Cattle blood SOD can also significantly inhibit the ischemic myocardial injury caused by isoproterenol in rats, inhibit the decline of cardiac function after ischemia, and obviously reduce the necrosis and degeneration of myocardial cells. SOD has protective effect on kidney and bone marrow injury induced by cisplatin in rabbits. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (Cr) and 24-hour urinary protein (UP) were significantly lower than those in the control group, but the number of granulocytes was higher than that in the control group. Intravenous injection of SOD 1.05 μ g/g can inhibit streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats. SOD has antiviral effect, which can make interferon give full play to antiviral effect. SOD can also prevent the formation and deposition of skin pigment.
A substance with a relative molecular weight of 6.5438+0.6 million extracted from bovine serum, similar to gamma globulin, has anti-gastric ulcer effect. Protoporphyrin sodium prepared from bovine blood has the functions of protecting liver, promoting cell respiration and improving metabolism, and its pharmacological effects can be seen in pig blood.
Pharmacokinetics: after intravenous injection of SOD 40000, 20000 and 65438+ 10000 u/kg or intramuscular injection of SOD 40000 u/kg, the blood cleaning time data conformed to the linear two-compartment open model, with t 1/2a being 8. 14 and 7.8/kloc, respectively. The utilization rate of intramuscular injection was 72.0%. After intraperitoneal injection of 1-3h SOD in mice, the SOD activity in gallbladder and stomach was the highest, followed by muscle, lung, liver, brain and kidney, and the lowest in heart and testis. The excretion from urine and feces is very small, and the 24-hour cumulative excretion is 1.48% and 0.45% respectively. It is also reported that the drug concentration-time curve in blood of mice injected subcutaneously with 125I-SOD is similar to the first-order absorption-chamber opening model. The absorption t 1/2 is 0.25h, the elimination t 1/2 is 15h, the apparent distribution volume (VD) is 30.0 1ml/kg, and the Clearance rate (cl) in vivo is1.3835 ml. The area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) was 4748.45 U/(ml h). The distribution in the body is kidney, heart and brain. SOD liposome can significantly prolong the retention time in vivo, protect the damage of pepsin to a certain extent, and enhance the role of SOD.
Hematoporphyrin derivative (HPD) is widely distributed in all tissues of the whole body after intravenous injection, with liver, tumor and kidney being the highest, followed by lung, skin and stomach. HPD is inactivated by liver and excreted by kidney; It is also said that the main excretory routes are the liver and gastrointestinal tract. The residual time of HPD in animals is 24-72 hours; . The affinity of HPD to tumor tissue is 2- 10 times higher than that of normal tissue, and it is excreted from tumor tissue 72 hours later than normal tissue. The biological half-life of HPD is about 3 hours.
9. Toxic SOD has little toxicity, and intraperitoneal injection of 100mg/kg and 200mg/kg has no obvious effect on the activity, behavior, blood pressure, heart rate, respiration and electrocardiogram of rats. The LD50 of mice was 4.46 1g/kg by intravenous injection and >: 8g/kg by intramuscular injection.
Intravenous injection of HPD5mg/kg and 25mg/kg every day for 4 days, the live fetal rate of pregnant rats was 98.0% and 82.2%, and the stillbirth rate was 2.0% and 5.0%, respectively. The absorption rates were 0 and 65438 02.9% respectively. Experiments showed that HPD25mg/kg was toxic to early embryonic development, showing mild embryonic toxicity. Salty in nature; gender equality
Meridian tropism and spleen meridian
Indications: strengthening the spleen, tonifying the middle energizer, nourishing blood and promoting blood circulation. Main spleen deficiency wins thinness; Menopause; Blood dysentery; Bloody stool; Golden sore fracture
Usage and dosage: oral: appropriate amount, cooked together.