As a huge audience group with the most diverse levels and complex components, network news editors should always have the editing concept of "all audiences". Specifically, the editorial thought of "all audiences" is embodied in the following aspects:
1) Understand the basic situation of the audience: Understand the education level (knowledge base) of the audience; Understand the general reserve of the audience and the knowledge reserve of the theme of the manuscript; Understand the general range of expectations, hobbies and emotions of the audience; Understand the audience's interest in the content of the manuscript. [ 14]
2) Understanding the psychological characteristics of the audience: understanding the audience's perception and perception deviation; Understand the audience's values and life pursuit; Understand the attitude and behavior of the audience; Understand the audience's interest, conformity and fashion psychology; Understand the rebellious psychology of the audience. [ 15]
3) Understand the audience's feedback on the editing work: In the editing process, we should pay attention to the audience's feedback. For example, "How satisfied is the audience with the organizational structure/layout of content logic?" How easy is it to find the information/content you need? How fast and convenient is it to move between pages in the site? Is the audience confused about the navigation system in the site? Is it interesting or boring for the audience to browse the pages? Are you frustrated? " "Do websites and pages meet visitors' expectations?" "Is the website unique in content and picture selection? Is web design visually attractive? " And so on, these feedbacks are the best basis for improving online news editing.
4) The editorial concept of "full audience" is also reflected in the smallest editorial details: if we want to "… be good at looking at our own works with readers' eyes …", we can balance "… the saturation of information and the acceptability of communication …". [16]- It is emphasized here that editing should not only be good at "expansion", but also use "compression", which depends on the level and state of the audience.
Another example is "... when you encounter the simplest report, the decoding is done automatically without special effort;" Decoding a complex report sometimes requires a lot of work, such as comparing some fragments of the report, analyzing their logical-grammatical relations, and thinking deeply about the basic ideas of the report. [17]- It is emphasized here that the editing work should be analyzed and explained to help the audience realize the decoding smoothly.
Fourth, the idea of all-weather editing:
"All-weather" means that there is no interval in the spread of news, and it is waiting for 24 hours. Unlike traditional media, which have fixed program time and fixed release time, online media spread all kinds of information around the clock. As Bernard, editor-in-chief of The New York Times Online Edition, said, "This requires a major transformation of corporate culture, because daily newspaper workers have long been accustomed to writing a manuscript a day. They usually spend a whole day collecting news materials, conceiving and writing news, and then hand in their papers before the deadline. Now is the time to change this habit. " [18] Online news gathering and editing has just changed this situation and realized the "all-weather, relay" working mode.
Because online audiences may have their own unique living habits in various time zones around the world, they read news anytime and anywhere. This requires that the editing work must be "all-weather", and the editing work should not be regarded as a task at a certain time on a certain day, but a rolling version of continuous work; In addition, the "all-weather" characteristics of news events make the online news editing work known for its "immediacy" have to be dealt with in time, which objectively contributes to the "all-weather" mode of online news editing.
At present, the "News Center" in Sina.com, China has achieved "all-weather" editing and editing, and someone is on duty 24 hours a day to update news in real time and handle breaking news at any time; After the revision of the People's Daily, 24-hour news rolling broadcast was also realized.
The above four aspects of "the whole history, the whole society, the whole audience, all-weather" focus on the connotation of online news editing thought. In fact, from a deeper perspective, we can understand the editorial idea of "all history, all society, all audience and all weather" in this way: we are not editing news, but editing history; We don't just ask for the rules of online news editing for a certain audience.
In order to fully reflect all aspects of "network news editing", this paper makes a classification study from three aspects: "macro perspective-network news editing thought and the diverse needs of the audience", "medium perspective-network news editing planning and the diverse needs of the audience" and "micro perspective-network news editing practice and the diverse needs of the audience". In the research process, we pay attention to "the comparative study of online media and traditional media", "the interactive study of their advantages and disadvantages" and "the study of combining communication theory with news examples".
In the second part of this paper, through the in-depth analysis of the characteristics of network communication, the argument that "openness is the basic law of network news editing" is put forward. The discussion of each part in this paper is based on the understanding of this basic law.
The third part of this paper discusses the important role of "editorial thinking" in online news editing, and puts forward that online news editors should have the editorial thinking of "all history", "all society", "all audience" and "all weather".
In the fourth part of this paper, the research on "network news planning" is a brand-new field in the research of network editing, and the research on this subject in academic circles is still insufficient at present. This paper discusses the content, function and characteristics of network news planning. Special attention is paid to "the requirements and influence of economic function on network news planning" and "how to realize the dual benefits of economy and society in network news planning?" "The special form of network news planning" and other issues, this paper attempts to explore the proposition of "how to grasp the economic function in network news editing planning" through superficial discussion.
The fifth part of this paper focuses on the micro-level of "online news editing practice", and through the analysis of "kitsch tendency of online news content", puts forward the corresponding "standards and laws of online news editing content construction"; Through the analysis of "the bad present situation of network news forms", this paper puts forward the corresponding "standards and laws of network news editing forms". This paper also puts forward some special methods in network news editing based on technology for the first time-"last/reading-news above news" and "selling content".
In the research process, we pay attention to "the comparative study of online media and traditional media", "the interactive study of their advantages and disadvantages" and "the study of combining communication theory with news examples".
The first part is the problem and research dimension.
First of all, this question:
The topic selection and discussion of this paper are based on a realistic level: since 1995, when the Internet appeared all over the world, thousands of websites have mushroomed. Although the main content and business model of each website are complex, providing information and services is almost the common goal of all websites. During this period, a brand-new profession was born: network news editor-a brand-new profession, whose task is to provide information and information services for the audience. Accompanied by new things, academic circles may pay more attention to the proposition of "the influence of audience demand on online news editing" and "the concrete embodiment of audience demand in the process of online news editing". Specifically, it requires academic circles to study the following questions from the perspective of audience demand: "What kind of information and services are the audience concerned about? How to provide these information and services proved to be effective? Are there some practical standards for reference? What fields should online news editing involve and what fields should not? What is the depth and breadth involved? What is the relationship between the audience, disseminator (editor), communication technology, information and other elements involved in the editing process of online news? How to form a benign interaction between them?
As an important content of network communication, the research of network news editing stems from the needs and urgency of reality;
First, network communication is a brand-new thing. For the whole Internet, it is still in childhood (from 1995 to today, less than 6 years). Compared with traditional media, it lacks the accumulation of experience and the exploration of laws. Brand-new things are like white paper, full of temptations to be cultivated.
Second, network communication is a new field. Brand-new is full of suspense, and "upward trend" means that research is more valuable. From the point of view of the whole world or China, the whole network business is still in the stage of rapid development, the number of netizens is increasing month by month, the content of web pages is constantly being renovated, and the scope of network popularization is getting deeper and wider. All these show that the research on network communication has forward-looking and practical significance.
Third, the research on network communication is still insufficient. Compared with traditional media, the research on the new field of network communication at home and abroad is relatively weak. 1997, scholars in Taiwan Province province made a research on "the spread of academic resources on the global information network". They used keywords to query "websites related to mass communication" and found 56 Chinese and English communication research and education websites in the Asia-Pacific region, including 38 in Taiwan Province Province, 9 in Australia, 3 in Hong Kong, 2 in Singapore, 2 in Japan and Thailand 1. As for Chinese mainland, no website has been found. [1] Although there are communication academic websites similar to China Communication Review in China, compared with the increasing phenomenon of network communication, the academic research on network communication is still insufficient in depth and breadth.
It has its own advantages and uniqueness to study the laws of online news editing from the perspective of psychology. When studying the rules of online news editing, this paper chooses the perspective of psychology to examine online news editing from the perspective of the diverse needs of the audience. In the discussion, we pay more attention to the diverse characteristics of the audience's needs, the psychological interaction mechanism of the audience, and the "foot" and "deficiency" of the network news gathering and editing work in meeting the audience's needs.
We know that technology endows the network with interactive characteristics, which makes the psychological interaction between sender and receiver more frequent and profound than traditional media, and the psychological interaction between sender and receiver profoundly affects all aspects of the network communication process. Therefore, it is easier to approach and deepen the essence of the problem from this perspective. On the other hand, at present, the academic research on network communication still stays in the theoretical discussion at the macro level. For example, the current research mainly focuses on: "1" to discuss the influence of the fourth media on mass communication theory; 2) Explore the relationship between the fourth media and news media; 3) Discuss the construction and management of news media network; 4) Review of domestic and international network laws and regulations; 5) Investigate journalists' use of the Internet. [2] Taking the micro level as an example, there is not much research on network communication practice from the perspective of psychology and audience demand. This paper attempts to make some tentative discussions on its theoretical significance from this perspective.
Due to the close involvement of technology, unlike traditional news editors, online news editors have decided that their contents and trends will be more and more closely influenced by technology since their birth. Network news editors will continue to develop and change with the progress of technology, and every technological innovation will affect the content and mode of network news editing. This influence may be gradual, or it may be an instantaneous breakthrough. It is the deep involvement of technology that makes online news editing more dynamic and open. Therefore, the research on it must also choose a dynamic, multidimensional and open perspective.
Second, the research dimension:
In the traditional sense, editorial research generally pays attention to three aspects: reporting policy, reporting planning and reporting practice. These three aspects constitute the whole content of editing science. Although online news editing is a brand-new subject, the research on it is still inseparable from the above three aspects. Therefore, this paper adopts traditional editing methods in the choice of research dimensions, and studies from three aspects: macro-network news editing thought, meso-network news editing planning and micro-network news editing practice.
Thinking of macro-network news editors and diverse needs of audiences;
This paper regards "editing thought" as an important aspect of discussion. In addition to the fact that "editing thought" is an aspect of traditional editing science, it is more important that "editing thought" was once ignored or never paid enough attention in the process of network communication, which may be due to the "technological determinism" or "diversification of communication subjects" in network editing work. However, the misunderstanding and misreading of online editing work has brought and is still bringing adverse effects to the current online editing work. A new understanding from the source is helpful to the benign development of the specific operation of online news editors. Starting from "better meeting the diverse needs of the audience",
Does the navigation system feel confused? "Do viewers find it interesting or boring when browsing the web? "Is there any frustration?" "Do websites and pages meet visitors' expectations?" "Is the website unique in content and picture selection? Is web design visually attractive? " And so on, these feedbacks are the best basis for improving online news editing.
4) The editorial concept of "full audience" is also reflected in the smallest editorial details: if we want to "… be good at looking at our own works with readers' eyes …", we can balance "… the saturation of information and the acceptability of communication …". [16]- It is emphasized here that editing should not only be good at "expansion", but also use "compression", which depends on the level and state of the audience.
Another example is "... when you encounter the simplest report, the decoding is done automatically without special effort;" Decoding a complex report sometimes requires a lot of work, such as comparing some fragments of the report, analyzing their logical-grammatical relations, and thinking deeply about the basic ideas of the report. [17]- It is emphasized here that the editing work should be analyzed and explained to help the audience realize the decoding smoothly.
Fourth, the idea of all-weather editing:
"All-weather" means that there is no interval in the spread of news, and it is waiting for 24 hours. Unlike traditional media, which have fixed program time and fixed release time, online media spread all kinds of information around the clock. As Bernard, editor-in-chief of The New York Times Online Edition, said, "This requires a major transformation of corporate culture, because daily newspaper workers have long been accustomed to writing a manuscript a day. They usually spend a whole day collecting news materials, conceiving and writing news, and then hand in their papers before the deadline. Now is the time to change this habit. " [18] Online news gathering and editing has just changed this situation and realized the "all-weather, relay" working mode.
Because online audiences may have their own unique living habits in various time zones around the world, they read news anytime and anywhere. This requires that the editing work must be "all-weather", and the editing work should not be regarded as a task at a certain time on a certain day, but a rolling version of continuous work; In addition, the "all-weather" characteristics of news events make the online news editing work known for its "immediacy" have to be dealt with in time, which objectively contributes to the "all-weather" mode of online news editing.
At present, the "News Center" in Sina.com, China has achieved "all-weather" editing and editing, and someone is on duty 24 hours a day to update news in real time and handle breaking news at any time; After the revision of the People's Daily, 24-hour news rolling broadcast was also realized.
The above four aspects of "the whole history, the whole society, the whole audience, all-weather" focus on the connotation of online news editing thought. In fact, from a deeper perspective, we can understand the editorial idea of "all history, all society, all audience and all weather" in this way: we are not editing news, but editing history; We don't just ask for the rules of online news editing for a certain audience.
In order to fully reflect all aspects of "network news editing", this paper makes a classification study from three aspects: "macro perspective-network news editing thought and the diverse needs of the audience", "medium perspective-network news editing planning and the diverse needs of the audience" and "micro perspective-network news editing practice and the diverse needs of the audience". In the research process, we pay attention to "the comparative study of online media and traditional media", "the interactive study of their advantages and disadvantages" and "the study of combining communication theory with news examples".
In the second part of this paper, through the in-depth analysis of the characteristics of network communication, the argument that "openness is the basic law of network news editing" is put forward. The discussion of each part in this paper is based on the understanding of this basic law.
The third part of this paper discusses the important role of "editorial thinking" in online news editing, and puts forward that online news editors should have the editorial thinking of "all history", "all society", "all audience" and "all weather".
In the fourth part of this paper, the research on "network news planning" is a brand-new field in the research of network editing, and the research on this subject in academic circles is still insufficient at present. This paper discusses the content, function and characteristics of network news planning. Special attention is paid to "the requirements and influence of economic function on network news planning" and "how to realize the dual benefits of economy and society in network news planning?" "The special form of network news planning" and other issues, this paper attempts to explore the proposition of "how to grasp the economic function in network news editing planning" through superficial discussion.
The fifth part of this paper focuses on the micro-level of "online news editing practice", and through the analysis of "kitsch tendency of online news content", puts forward the corresponding "standards and laws of online news editing content construction"; Through the analysis of "the bad present situation of network news forms", this paper puts forward the corresponding "standards and laws of network news editing forms". This paper also puts forward some special methods in network news editing based on technology for the first time-"last/reading-news above news" and "selling content".
In the research process, we pay attention to "the comparative study of online media and traditional media", "the interactive study of their advantages and disadvantages" and "the study of combining communication theory with news examples".
The first part is the problem and research dimension.
First of all, this question:
The topic selection and discussion of this paper are based on a realistic level: since 1995, when the Internet appeared all over the world, thousands of websites have mushroomed. Although the main content and business model of each website are complex, providing information and services is almost the common goal of all websites. During this period, a brand-new profession was born: network news editor-a brand-new profession, whose task is to provide information and information services for the audience. Accompanied by new things, academic circles may pay more attention to the proposition of "the influence of audience demand on online news editing" and "the concrete embodiment of audience demand in the process of online news editing". Specifically, it requires academic circles to study the following questions from the perspective of audience demand: "What kind of information and services are the audience concerned about? How to provide these information and services proved to be effective? Are there some practical standards for reference? What fields should online news editing involve and what fields should not? What is the depth and breadth involved? What is the relationship between the audience, disseminator (editor), communication technology, information and other elements involved in the editing process of online news? How to form a benign interaction between them?
As an important content of network communication, the research of network news editing stems from the needs and urgency of reality;
First, network communication is a brand-new thing. For the whole Internet, it is still in childhood (from 1995 to today, less than 6 years). Compared with traditional media, it lacks the accumulation of experience and the exploration of laws. Brand-new things are like white paper, full of temptations to be cultivated.
Second, network communication is a new field. Brand-new is full of suspense, and "upward trend" means that research is more valuable. From the point of view of the whole world or China, the whole network business is still in the stage of rapid development, the number of netizens is increasing month by month, the content of web pages is constantly being renovated, and the scope of network popularization is getting deeper and wider. All these show that the research on network communication has forward-looking and practical significance.
Third, the research on network communication is still insufficient. Compared with traditional media, the research on this new field of network communication at home and abroad is relatively weak. 1997, scholars in Taiwan Province province made a research on "the spread of academic resources on the global information network". They used keywords to query "websites related to mass communication" and found 56 Chinese and English communication research and education websites in the Asia-Pacific region, including 38 in Taiwan Province Province, 9 in Australia, 3 in Hong Kong, 2 in Singapore, 2 in Japan and Thailand 1. As for Chinese mainland, no website has been found. [1] Although there are communication academic websites similar to China Communication Review in China, compared with the increasing phenomenon of network communication, the academic research on network communication is still insufficient in depth and breadth.
It has its own advantages and uniqueness to study the laws of online news editing from the perspective of psychology. When studying the rules of online news editing, this paper chooses the perspective of psychology to examine online news editing from the perspective of the diverse needs of the audience. In the discussion, we pay more attention to the diverse characteristics of the audience's needs, the psychological interaction mechanism of the audience, and the "foot" and "deficiency" of the network news gathering and editing work in meeting the audience's needs.
We know that technology endows the network with interactive characteristics, which makes the psychological interaction between sender and receiver more frequent and profound than traditional media, and the psychological interaction between sender and receiver profoundly affects all aspects of the network communication process. Therefore, it is easier to approach and deepen the essence of the problem from this perspective. On the other hand, at present, the academic research on network communication still stays in the theoretical discussion at the macro level. For example, the current research mainly focuses on: "1" to discuss the influence of the fourth media on mass communication theory; 2) Explore the relationship between the fourth media and news media; 3) Discuss the construction and management of news media network; 4) Review of domestic and international network laws and regulations; 5) Investigate journalists' use of the Internet. [2] Taking the micro level as an example, there is not much research on network communication practice from the perspective of psychology and audience demand. This paper attempts to make some tentative discussions on its theoretical significance from this perspective.
Due to the close involvement of technology, unlike traditional news editors, online news editors have decided that their contents and trends will be more and more closely influenced by technology since their birth. Network news editors will continue to develop and change with the progress of technology, and every technological innovation will affect the content and mode of network news editing. This influence may be gradual, or it may be an instantaneous breakthrough. It is the deep involvement of technology that makes online news editing more dynamic and open. Therefore, the research on it must also choose a dynamic, multidimensional and open perspective.
Second, the research dimension:
In the traditional sense, editorial research generally pays attention to three aspects: reporting policy, reporting planning and reporting practice. These three aspects constitute the whole content of editing science. Although online news editing is a brand-new subject, the research on it is still inseparable from the above three aspects. Therefore, this paper adopts traditional editing methods in the choice of research dimensions, and studies from three aspects: macro-network news editing thought, meso-network news editing planning and micro-network news editing practice.
Thinking of macro-network news editors and diverse needs of audiences;
This paper regards "editing thought" as an important aspect of discussion. In addition to the fact that "editing thought" is an aspect of traditional editing science, it is more important that "editing thought" was once ignored or never paid enough attention in the process of network communication, which may be due to the "technological determinism" or "diversification of communication subjects" in network editing work. However, the misunderstanding and misreading of online editing work has brought and is still bringing adverse effects to the current online editing work. A new understanding from the source is helpful to the benign development of the specific operation of online news editors. Starting from "better meeting the diverse needs of the audience",