"Jurchen" was divided into three parts in the early Ming Dynasty: Jianzhou Jurchen, Haixi Jurchen and Barbarian Jurchen. Later, it was divided into four parts: Jianzhou, Changbai, Donghai and Hulun. According to the degree of being close to China's culture and activity area, and the degree of having more China people, people in the south are mature women and less China people, while people in the north are virgins.
They are both nuzhen people, but the difference is: Jin Guo founded the country for nuzhen; The Qing Dynasty was a mature woman, and the then leader Nurhachi was founded on 16 16, and Jin was the bud, and Huang Taiji sealed the Qing Dynasty on 1636.
"History of the Golden Century" records: "Before gold, there was a surname of Hong. Don't take chances. Don't be Jicoo. During the Yuan and Wei Dynasties, Buji had seven departments: Su Department, Bo Department, Che 'an Department, Fu Nie Department and Tundu Department. Housing department, Heishui department and Baishan department. Sui is called cymbals, and the seven parts are the same. " There are black water cymbals and millet cymbals in the early Tang dynasty, and five kinds are unknown. "
Jin Dynasty
1 1 century, there lived the Tungusic Nuzhen nationality left over from Heishui. And surrendered to the Khitans in 1 1 century (see Liao).
1 1 165438, the leader of the nuzhen nationality unified all the tribes of the nuzhen nationality, captured the capital of northern Liaoning and entered Beijing in a short time. Then they invaded most of the land of Han people in Song Dynasty and established puppet regimes such as Qi and Chu. Later, according to the habits of the Han people, a country called Jin was established. 1 126, Jin people invaded the Song Dynasty, and Kaifeng, the capital of song dynasty, fell. The Song Dynasty retreated to the south of the Yangtze River and continued to resist, which was called the Southern Song Dynasty in history. However, their troops often confront the Huaihe River.
Jurchen named the Jin Dynasty (Jin, Jurchen language Anchu Lake is equivalent to later Manchu love letter-Jin, Jin) after their hometown Anchu Lake River. At first, Jurchen maintained a hunting lifestyle in the forests, tundra and swamps of Northeast Asia (later Manchuria). In addition, the way of life of the army remains in the city. Finally, they were allowed to intermarry with other races. The rulers of the Jin Dynasty were also influenced by Confucian culture.
After 1 189, the rulers fought the Mongols in the north and the Song Dynasty in the south. Mongols occupied Beijing, the capital of the Jin people, and drove the Jin people to Kaifeng in 12 15. 1234, Mongolia destroyed the Jin dynasty.
Political power in history
1 1 15 years, akuta unified the ministries of nuzhen and established the Jin Dynasty.
In the forty-three years of Wanli in Ming Dynasty (16 15), Nuerhachi, the leader of Jurchen, was known as the "Khan Jianguo" in Hetuala City on the bank of Erdaohezi in Xinbin County, with the title of "Dajin" and the historical name of Houjin.
1644, Manchuria (Nuzhen) entered the Central Plains and established the Qing Dynasty. This is the last unified dynasty in China.
Liao period
During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, the formation and rise of the Jurchen nationality changed the history of the vast northeast region, and also affected the history of China as a whole.
Song people said that the Jurchen nationality was "Zhu Lizhen, whose real name was mistaken for Jurchen". Obviously Julie is really a Chinese name. In order to avoid the taboo of the law of the Liao and Xing Dynasties, it was renamed Nvzhi and also written as a female quality.
Jurchen nationality first appeared in the 7th century. The History of Jin describes the origin of the Jurchen nationality like this:
Han Pu, the ancestor of the Jurchen nationality, had a brother, Akuta Dibao Holly. During the Zhenguan period of the Tang Dynasty, due to the separation of clans, Han Pu, who was over 60 years old, left his former residence in South Korea. His brother, a Buddhist, stayed in Korea and only came out with him to save his life. When I arrived at Hongyan department, I happened to meet people who were fighting for property, and they fought with each other and wrote to mediate, which calmed the situation. As a reward, Hongyan Department gave him a green cow. In order to gain a foothold here, he took this young cow as a bride price and married the daughter of a 60-year-old woman in Wanyanbu. After marriage, he gave birth to two men and one woman. He and his children naturally became members of the Yan Hong Department.
Wanyanbu lives in the upper reaches of Yalu River and Tumen River valley, and the Jurchen nationality is composed of Julie in this area, which is related to pearl-picking residents.
The word "Wan Yan" is a jurchen language, and there is a "winding" sound in Chinese. A branch of Heishui, which lives beside the meandering river in Suibin, took the name of the meandering river as its surname after it was scattered all over the country. "Winding" and "Wanyan" are homophonic. Therefore, as a branch of black water, Wanyanbu migrated from the winding river to the bank of Ashe River. Over time, the Jurchen language "Hong Yan" has evolved into the "king" of Chinese. Wan Yan's family is the royal family of the Jurchen nationality. Jurchen moved from Changbai Mountain to the middle reaches of Heilongjiang, and Wanyanbu settled in Wandashan. According to legend, Wandashan is the place where Jurchen Wang Hongyan's department has been, and its main peak is in Russia on the north bank of the middle reaches of Heilongjiang.
In Liao Dynasty, there were "seventy-two" Jurchen ethnic groups in Songhua River valley, with a population of 65,438+more than 10,000, scattered among valleys. Gradually, the Jurchen nationality was unified by scattered clans and tribes. The Ministry developed from the tribe, and the clan was reorganized from the clan blood relationship. Disunited tribes have developed into elected chiefs who are "close to each other", and chiefs will inevitably send their families to those tribes that have joined them to replace the powers of the original chiefs, so a new form of social organization has emerged, that is, surnames are replaced by surnames and departments are unified.
Jurchen nationality in Liao Dynasty is widely distributed: south to Yalu River and Changbai Mountain, north to the middle reaches of Heilongjiang, and east to the Sea of Japan. Living in the northeast of Zhouxian (now Kaiyuan, Liaoning) to Shumojiang (now the second Songhua River), with Huifa River basin as the center, it is called Huiba. Living in the north of Songhua River, northeast of Ningjiang Prefecture (now Shichengzi, Fuyu City, Jilin Province), until the middle and lower reaches of Heilongjiang Province, it is called "Saint Town"; Those who live in the east of Wusuli River and near the East China Sea (the Sea of Japan) are called "Donghai Nuzhen".
The Khitan people's policy towards the Jurchen nationality is "divide and rule". They tricked Qiangzong's surname into Liaodong Peninsula and merged it into the nation of Qidan, which is called "Su Heguan" or "Su Heguan", which means "Fence" in Jurchen language. These people are "mature women". The other part lives in the north of Xumi Water (north of Songhua River) and east of Ningjiang House (now Fuyu County, Jilin Province). These people are "natural daughters". Heishui Mohong's offspring are the main body of nuzhen. Later, the Wanyan Department of the Jin Dynasty was established, which was a true branch of Notre Dame and a direct descendant of Heishui Mohong.
Liao also specially set up some palaces, aiming at governing Jurchen by Jurchen.
Beinuzhen is located in the middle reaches of Liaohe River, and Liaoning is under the jurisdiction of Beinuzhen Palace and Beinuzhen Military Forces Division. Nannu Town: located in Liaodong Peninsula, Liaoning has jurisdiction over Nannu Town Palace and Nannu Town Tanghe Division; Nuzhen in Yalu River: It is distributed in the Yalu River area, and the jurisdiction of Nuzhen Grand Palace in Yalu River is set in Liao. Nuzhen Department of Changbai Mountain: distributed in Changbai Mountain area, under the jurisdiction of Nuzhen Grand Palace in Changbai Mountain, Liaoning Province; Flowering part; Distributed in the Hailan River Basin, Liao is under the jurisdiction of many grand palaces in Plummau.
Born in Jurchen, there are many tribes and the residence is scattered.
Yan Hong Bu, the world's rolling tiger water (Asuhu, Shuanhu and Anchuhu), is distributed in Ashe River in the eastern suburb of Harbin, Heilongjiang;
Du Wen, located in the south of Laishui (now Lalin River) and north of Pigudun Water (now Feiketu River);
Pucha Department, distributed in Ashe River and Yitong County;
Waller department, located in the north of Ashe River;
Only single series, distributed in Buyami River (now Baiyangmu River) basin in Mulan County, Heilongjiang Province;
Nipang Valley, distributed in Hulan County, Heilongjiang Province;
Shujiabu, a native of Paligo, is located in the Foteku River (now Huangni River) basin in Mulan County.
Jiagubu, distributed in the Huolong River Basin in Wuchang County, Heilongjiang Province;
Tiger Department, distributed in the incoming water basin;
Wusaza, distributed in the incoming water basin;
Pei Manchu, distributed in Wuchang County;
Wulin Answer Department, distributed in Hailan River Basin, a tributary of Hulan River (now Mudanjiang);
Tang Kuo Department, distributed near Wuyue River in Heilongjiang;
Living in the ancient part of Dalu in the lower reaches of Taoer River and Nenjiang River, it is distributed in Guo Qian County, Jilin Province.
Geshilie, distributed in Xingxianshui (now Buerhatu River in Yanbian, Jilin), Taowenshui (now Tangwanghe River) and Longtu Shui Gu (now Duolongwu River) basins;
Wendy's scars are distributed in Tongmen River (now Tumen River), Hulun River (now Huolong River) and Minjiang River (now Yinma River) in Li Qian.
Ugulun Department, adjacent to Otun Department and Wuta Department;
Wuta Department, adjacent to Ugulun Department;
Mantuo, distributed near Tumen River;
Wuyan, distributed in the Chan River (now Gaya River in Yanbian), Xingxianshui and Abu Sayyaf Valley;
Model quasi-part, distributed in Subinshui (now Suifenhe) basin;
Professional Ethics Department, located in Suifenhe River Basin;
Including the Ministry of State, distributed in the upper reaches of Wusuli River;
Wushu Department, living in the East Houlle River where Heilongjiang meets Wusuli River;
The main body snuggles, distributed in the Zaifen River Basin;
Bald answer department, distributed in Toure Valley;
Ancient turtles, distributed at the intersection of Buku River, Songhua River and Heilongjiang;
Babu, Li Po, also known as Babu, Li Po, is located in Boli area where Heilongjiang and Wusuli rivers meet.
The daughters of Liao Dynasty had no mother tongue for a long time. They usually recorded their stories in primitive ways such as knotting ropes and carving wood. They know neither Chinese nor Khitan, but at most they are familiar with Khitan. They just transmit information and rely on memory as translation. As for the astronomical calendar recorded in writing, not to mention, we only rely on the experience passed down from generation to generation to distinguish the four seasons and remember our age. Judging the years by "how many degrees of grass", once the grass is green, it naturally increases by one year. When girls really get sick, they seldom use drugs to treat them. At the same time, the complexity of living terrain and the diversification of production and life have also made the girls really proficient in riding. "Shuoba" said that they "flew up and down by cliff, crossed the river without a boat, and rode horses." In addition to self-use and local exchange, agricultural and sideline products are also transported to the market in Ningjiangfu for sale. The main commodities are Zhu Bei, ginseng, raw gold, pine nuts, one-horned lotus, honey wax and linen.
Nuzhen is used to living in the valley and a wooden house, and the door always faces east. Household kang burning for heating, cold protection and dehumidification. They have lived in the mountains for a long time. They have abundant trees. Because pottery is rough and porcelain is hard to find, wood products are very popular, and utensils such as plates, pots and spoons are mostly made of wood. Jurchen likes drinking and eating meat porridge, which is minced meat with fresh meat and wild vegetables. They also picked the flower buds of Paeonia lactiflora and made them into crisp dishes, which were crispy and delicious for a long time.
Nuzhen is located in the cold zone. Her clothes are made of all kinds of furs. The rich make furs from mink and fox skins, while the poor make shirts from skins of cattle, horses, pigs, sheep, cats, dogs, fish and snakes.
In the form of marriage, monogamous individual family forms are generally determined, while the legacy of finding a partner and robbing a marriage is still retained, which is also manifested in the "ceremony of marrying a woman", that is, holding a wedding in the woman's home and encouraging "adoption".
The most powerful part of Hong Yan in Jurchen is 12, with Bu as the surname.
The descendants of Hanpu shoulder the heavy responsibility of unifying the ministries of Jurchen. During the Sui Dynasty, he settled in the Ashe River Valley of Heilongjiang Province, growing grain, making boats and cars, building houses, and learning to burn charcoal and make iron. During the period of Emperor Wugu, the history said that "since the Jing nationality (Emperor Wugu), two generations and four owners, their careers were interrelated and separated, and everything was subject to the laws and regulations of this Ministry". The foundation laid by Gu Wu was inherited and developed by his descendants.
The strength of the Jurchen nationality caused anxiety in the Liao Dynasty. Not only did he send heavy troops to defend himself, but the emperor of Liao Dynasty also toured the East every year. The Liao Dynasty conscripted 10,000 war horses from the Jurchen nationality every year, and the Khitan nobles forcibly bought northern pearls, ginseng, raw gold, pine nuts, Typhonium Typhonium, beeswax and linen from the Jurchen nationality, and also robbed and beat the Jurchen nationality at will.
golden age
Akuta unified the ministries of Jurchen and led the people of Han, Bohai, Qidan, Shiwei, Tieli and Infinite in Northeast China to fight against Liao. During his lifetime, he reached an agreement with the Southern Song Dynasty, and the north and south attacked the Liao army, planning to help the Southern Song Dynasty recover sixteen states. The maritime traffic between Song and Jin Dynasties is also increasingly frequent.
During the busy war years, Agoudas still attached great importance to agricultural production, and made great efforts to handicrafts and commerce in the Heilongjiang River Basin. He also created Jurchen characters. 1 125 years, Song and Jin jointly attacked and destroyed Liao. Later, Song and Jin signed a treaty, which started from Huaihe River in the east and bounded by Dasanguan in the west, forming a new confrontation between North and South. Xu Jin has a large territory in northern China.
Jin Guo adopted the official system of Song and Liao Dynasties. At the local level, the state-county system and the Meng' an system go hand in hand. Meng 'an Mok was a tribal alliance organization of Jurchen nationality at the end of clan society.
Jin State-owned 19 General's Mansion is divided into various military forces and residents. Northeast China belongs to Beijing Road, Shangjing Road and Tokyo Road. Beijing Road, centered in Ningcheng County, Liaoning Province, leads to western Liaoning and northern Jilin. Shangjing Road is centered in Acheng County, Heilongjiang Province, and leads to northern and central Jilin, Changchun and Heilongjiang. Tokyo Road, centered on Liaoyang City, Liaoning Province, governs the vast area of Liaodong.
After Jurchen seized the Liao regime, she forced the population of the Central Plains to migrate to the Heilongjiang River basin. After more people came, agricultural production technology developed. For example, Zhaozhou and Lengshan along the Songhua River not only planted grain and vegetables, but also transplanted Uygur beans, watermelons, red peony, peach trees and plum trees from other places.
Jinbing plundered carpenters and shipbuilders from the Central Plains, and Central Plains craftsmen widely used the technological process and style of Central Plains architecture. Mining and smelting also have a high technical level. Mining, iron smelting furnace, gold and silver products, ceramic firing, iron farm tools and other production technologies all exceed the Liao Dynasty, but the quality is not as good as that of the Central Plains. For example, bronze mirrors are mostly cast copper. Although the technology is generally rough, there are also fine products like Shuanglong bronze mirrors unearthed in Acheng County, Heilongjiang Province.
The State of Jin minted its own copper coins, including Zheng Long Bao Tong, Dading Bao Tong and Taihe Chongbao, and also issued banknotes called small notes and dime notes. Commercial trade is dominated by state monopoly, and salt is the bulk. Only some gold and silver jewelry is handled by private enterprises. The words "Beijing Zhai Jia Ji" on the gold and silver wares indicate that Beijing Zhai Jia Ji is a private bank produced and sold by himself.
Jurchen nationality has its own language and writing. Jurchen script was first created by a man named Wan Yan Sheen. He imitated the regular script of Chinese characters and created the Jurchen script with reference to the Khitan script. Later, a kind of Nuzhen fine print was promulgated, which was created by imitating the radical of Qidan characters and Chinese characters. So far, there are not many scripts of Jurchen. There is a stone tablet in Waizitun, Fuyu County, Jilin Province, named "Daikin Shengli Tuosong Tablet", which is the most precious jurchen writing object at present. Jurchen language has been used until the Ming Dynasty, and all civil and military officials who worked in Jurchen areas and the chanting chapters of the Jin and Beijing courts must be written in Jurchen language.
At the beginning of the establishment of the Jin State, the culture of the Jurchen nationality was still very backward. After the invasion of the Central Plains, a large number of Han books were robbed, and a group of Han literati came to join, which made the Jurchen culture develop. Jurchen nobles learned Chinese language and various cultural knowledge from childhood, and the court also used parallel prose to write letters and memorials. Poetry in Tang and Song Dynasties is also the main form of court literature in Jin State. Jurchen aristocrat Chou Wayan is good at painting and poetry. In "Homesickness Poems", he has a funny poem that "new poems are as light as goose yellow wine and homesickness is as thick as Yalu River".
The song and dance music of the Nuzhen nationality in the Jin Dynasty was also influenced by the Central Plains, and the commonly used musical instruments were Xiao, Pipa, Sheng and drum. Court musicians and singers can also perform music such as Liu Yong's "Looking at the Tide of the Sea".
Jurchen believes in shaman religion. Shaman is shaman. In Jurchen language, witches are called shamans. So shamanism is actually a kind of witchcraft. Importantly, later Manchu also believed in Shaman religion. Jurchen in the state of Jin also accepted Buddhism and Taoism, so many Buddhist temples and pagodas appeared everywhere.
1234, under the strong attack of Mongols, the state of Jin fell apart. Jurchen who moved to Central Plains, North China and Liaodong were quickly assimilated. Those jurchen who stayed in their hometown were scattered overnight into many tribes and accepted the rule from the new regime of the Yuan Dynasty.
In the Yuan Dynasty, the lower reaches of Songhua River and Heilongjiang River were called Huntongjiang River, where 50,000 households were established, including Wentao, Huliguai, Duoduo, Tuowo Neighborhood Committee and Tikujiang. In addition, the Marshal's Office of the Eastern Expedition is located in Telin, Heilongjiang Province, thousands of Azugu households are located in the Wusuli River basin, thousands of whales are located in coastal areas, and thousands of savages and beggars are located in the lower reaches of Heilongjiang Province. Generally speaking, there are thousands of sets under the house of ten thousand households and hundreds under the house of one thousand households. These Jurchen tribes "have their own customs, no cities and battlements, live on water plants and hunt for a living".
In the first year of Yongle (1403), Judy of Ming Taizu sent people to Heilongjiang and Wusuli River basins to win over the Jurchen nationality. Jurchen, formerly known as Zhu Lizhen, is also called Zhu Lizhen, Zhu Lizhen, Zhu Lizhen and Zhu Shen in Manchu.
the Ming Dynasty
Differentiation and Reorganization of Jurchen Nationality in Ming Dynasty
In the Ming Dynasty, there were 25 guards in Liaodong Dusi and 384 guards in Nuergan Division, which governed the whole northeast region. Jurchen nationality is located in the east of Songhua River, west of the lower reaches of Heilongjiang River, close to the Sea of Japan, and bordering the vast area of Korean Peninsula in the south. In the early Ming Dynasty, jurchen was divided into three ethnic groups: Jianzhou Jurchen, Haixi Jurchen and Savage Jurchen.
Jianzhou Jurchen, formerly known as Bohai State, is located between Changbai Mountain, Mudanjiang River and Suifenhe River, and now Hunxian County of Jilin Province and Ning 'an County of Heilongjiang Province are the settlements.
The ancestral home of Jianzhou Jurchen is Hall Abe, a surname of Heilongjiang (now Yilan). At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, Aha, the leader of Abe Zhaohui, left the fortress and appointed Li Si as the commander of Jianzhouwei. In the eighth year of Yongle (14 10), after Aha died, his son released his slave and named him Li Xianzhong, the hereditary father. During the Xuande period, Li Man, the grandson of Ahachu, lived in Ningguta and moved to Pozhu River (now Hunjiang River). At the beginning of orthodoxy, due to the invasion of Hercynian Jurchen and North Korea, it moved to the vicinity of Zaotu Mountain (now Hulan Hada, Xinbin County, Liaoning Province) in the upper reaches of perilla. Another branch of Jianzhou Jurchen, who lives near Sansheng, is called Woduoli, and its leader is Menggetemu. In the eighth year of Yongle, due to the invasion of the barbarian Jurchen, it moved south, moved several times, and regrouped in the Hunhe River basin at the beginning of orthodoxy.
In the seventh year of orthodoxy (1442), Jianzhou Zuo Wei and Jianzhou Youwei were established in the Ming Dynasty, which together with Jianzhou Wei were called "Jianzhou Sanwei". During the Wanli period, the Ming Dynasty named Nurhachi as the commander-in-chief and General Dragon and Tiger. 1583- 1593, 1 1 nuerhachi set out, and gradually unified the various departments of the nuzhen people with hetuala (now Liaoning Xinbin) as the center. 1599- 16 16 years, the four Hulun systems were unified one after another. 16 16, Nurhachi was called Khan, and the country name was "Daikin". Hetuala was used to promote Beijing, which was called Houjin in history.
Hercynian Nuzhen, named after the place name of Yuan Dynasty, lives in the west of the East China Sea and distributes in Fuyu County of Jilin Province to Acheng County of Heilongjiang Province in the lower reaches of Songhua River.
The name of Haixi, first seen in the Yuan Dynasty, generally refers to the jurchen of Zhu Wei in Haixi. There are four jurchen in Haixi: Hada, Huifa, Wula and Yehe, as well as Yi Shan and Jiang Yi. The mountain is easy to make holes in the mountain, that is, mature women are really beautiful; Jiang Yi lived in Heilongjiang, that is, she gave birth to Nuzhen. Hada and Yehe belong to Yi Shan, while Huifa and Wula belong to Jiang Yi. Later, it moved to the Hulan River basin, and Hulan and Hulun (Hulun) tone sandhi, also known as Hulun IV. /kloc-It was annexed by Nurhachi at the beginning of the 0/7th century.
Savage Jurchen, also following the old name of Yuan Dynasty, is a relatively backward part of Jurchen, so it is called "savage", which is distributed on both sides of the middle and lower reaches of Heilongjiang and east of Wusuli River.
Savage Jurchen, also known as the East China Sea Jurchen and the East China Sea Woji Department, is divided into four parts: Sahalian, Huerha, Valka and Kulka. Huerhab is the hometown of Jianzhou Jurchen. Later, Huerha Department stayed in place, while Jianzhou Jurchen moved away.
Jurchen nationality in Ming Dynasty was a reorganized nationality. The jurchen of Jianzhouwei and Maolianwei are mostly adherents of Bohai nationality, engaged in farming, living, growing grain and spinning, eating, drinking and having fun, which is not much different from that of Han nationality. Nvzhen in Haixi, mostly descendants of Wanyanbu in Jin Dynasty, also engaged in farming. They live by the mountain, and their relatives live together. Savage Jurchen, also known as Jurchen Savage, is a branch of Jurchen, Hezhe and Oroqen. The custom is the same as that of Hercynian Jurchen, but the difference is that "I don't plow crops, but I hunt for a living".
The formation of Manchu
Manchu was originally called Manchuria, and later it was divided into new (Manchu "Che Yi") and old (Manchu "Fu") Manchuria, which actually included almost all ethnic minorities in northeast China.
In the seventh year of orthodoxy (1442), Jianzhou Wei, Jianzhou and Jianzhou Youwei formed a powerful tribe under the rule of the Ming Dynasty. The appearance of "Jianzhou Sanwei" marks the formation of Manchu subject. Under the banner of the Jurchen nationality, not only the ministries of the Jurchen nationality, but also the ancestors of Hezhe nationality, Oroqen nationality and Xibe nationality adopted the name of the Jurchen nationality. From 15 to17th century, Manchu became a new isomorphism. Therefore, the name of Manchu is based on the Jurchen in Jianzhou and Haixi, and it also includes most savage Jurchen, local Han nationality, Mongolian nationality and other ethnic groups, which is also an important factor that constitutes Manchu.
Su Shen, as the earliest man of Manchu, although the historical records are vague, the archaeological data provide convincing material evidence. Su Shen and his descendants are related by blood, but they are not equal. The formation and development of Yilou, Buji, Mohong and Nuzhen below Su Shen should not be regarded as the formation and development of Manchu itself. However, we can't separate the relationship between generations from Su Shen to Ming Dynasty from the formation of Manchu. Manchu really appeared as a nation at the end of Ming Dynasty and the beginning of17th century, when a new nation * * * was formed from Nuzhen. The history of Manchu originated from the division and reorganization of Jurchen in Ming Dynasty.
The Jurchen nationality was originally a nomadic people scattered in Songhua River basin in northeast China and Heilongjiang Province. It was called Little Zhen Shi in ancient times, and it was divided into seven parts in Sui and Tang Dynasties. It was renamed Jurchen in the Five Dynasties. In the Song Dynasty, it was divided into two parts: virgins and mature virgins. Mature Notre Dame was ruled by Liao State, but the Notre Dame was scattered in the northeast and was not controlled by Liao State. At the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, Akuta, the leader of the Jurchen nationality, unified all the departments of Jurchen and changed the title to Jin, in order to fight against Liao, cooperate with Song to destroy Liao and dominate the north. After Jin Bing invaded the Song Dynasty, the capital Bianjing fell, and the Song Dynasty moved south to continue its resistance. Later, the state of Jin invaded the Southern Song Dynasty continuously, blackmailing and other acts, and invaded the Southern Song Dynasty more often. But then the state of Jin began to decline and was rebelled by Mongols in Mobei.
Mongolia originally surrendered to the State of Jin, and the State of Jin has always used the strategy of differentiation to incite various ministries on the grassland to attack each other. Coupled with the policy of downsizing, it has been massacred every three years. Finally, under the leadership of Genghis Khan, Mongolia rose, cut gold in parallel, and finally died.
After the death of Jin Guo, Jurchen was still scattered in the northeast. In the early Ming Dynasty, there were three health centers in Northeast China, namely Jianzhou, Haixi and Yeren. Jianzhou will be strong when it reaches Nurhachi. It annexed the ministries of Jurchen, and used Jin as the title of the latter. Later, it was renamed as Jurchen Manchu and rebelled against the Ming Dynasty. After his death, his son, Huang Taiji, succeeded to the throne and changed his country name to Qing Dynasty and Qing Taizong. For a pretence, Huang Taiji first negotiated with Yuan Chonghuan and said that he would attack and attack North Korea. Later, it invaded the south, and soon Emperor Taizong collapsed. Fu Lin, the sai-jo, succeeded to the throne as a child and was regent by Wang Shu-dourgen. At this time, due to frequent natural disasters, Daming was destroyed by Li Zicheng. 1644, the peasant armies of Wu Sangui and Li Zicheng fought fiercely in Shanhaiguan. Wu Sangui turned to Jin for help on the condition of "material silk" and "cutting land". After Dourgen led the 8 Jin Army to enter Shanhaiguan to participate in the war, the Manchus formally invaded the Central Plains.
Soon, sai-jo collapsed. Michelle Ye, the holy father, succeeded to the throne, which opened three prosperous times of the Qing Dynasty: Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong. But in the later years of Qianlong, the prosperous times began to turn. During the Daoguang period, the Opium War broke out and was later invaded by foreign powers. Coupled with civil strife, the Manchu rule was shaken and the Han people took advantage of the situation to rise. Emperor Xianfeng, Emperor Guangxu, etc. Tried to be strong one after another, but failed. In the third year of Xuantong (AD 19 1 1), the Manchu government was overthrown.
Manchu still lives in the northeast of China.
From the early Ming Dynasty to the middle Ming Dynasty, the Jurchen in the vast area of Northeast China was divided into three parts: Jianzhou, Haixi and Donghai (savage). Initially, Jianzhou Jurchen was distributed in Mudanjiang, Suifenhe and Changbai Mountain. Hercynian Nuzhen is distributed in today's Songhua River basin; The East China Sea Jurchen is scattered in Heilongjiang and Sakhalin Island. From the beginning of the Ming Dynasty to the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the number of health centers and institutes increased gradually, reaching as many as 384, and they have been under the name of Nurgandus. The chief officials of Wei and Suo, such as viceroy, viceroy, tongzhi, viceroy, viceroy of thousands of households and viceroy of hundreds of households, are all leaders of the Jurchen nationality. The Ming court granted a seal to allow regular tribute to Beijing. And in Guangning, Kaiyuan, Fushun, Qinghe, □ Yang, Kuandian and other places opened a horse market for trading. This kind of guard is called detention guard station, so it is still controlled by Liaodong capital. Hercynian Jurchen also lost officials of the Ming Dynasty. During the twenty years from the ninth year of Yongle in Ming Dynasty (141) to the eighth year of Xuande (1433), she was sent to be a slave for many times (downstream of Heilongjiang Province). In the 11th year of Yongle (14 13) and the 8th year of Xuande, Yongning Temple was built and rebuilt (Teling Ancient City, where the headquarters of Nuer Daitu is located, near the estuary of Heilongjiang), and a monument was erected in front of the temple twice. The former is called "The Story of Yongning Temple", and the latter is called "The Story of Yongning Temple Reconstruction", which records the establishment of Nuer Daitu and Yongning Temple in detail. There are four languages engraved on the tablet: Chinese, Jurchen, Mongolian and Tibetan, with a title headed by Yishiha at the top. There are dozens of people, including Han nationality, Jurchen and Mongolian, who witnessed the history of the northeast territory of the Ming Dynasty and the Jurchen ministers affiliated to the Ming Dynasty.
Among the ministries of Jurchen in the Ming Dynasty, Jianzhou's daughter was really a lazy member of ten thousand households. At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, chiefs Ahachu and Mengge Timur came back, and then they set up three guards (Jianzhou Guard, Jianzhou Guard and Jianzhou Right Guard) and set up a governor. The hospitals in Haixi later developed into Yehe, Huifa, Hada and Wula. Influenced by the Nuzhen in the East China Sea, Jianzhou and Haixi moved south one after another. During Jiajing period (1522 ~ 1566), Jianzhou Nuzhen belonged to Suzihe area east of Fushun today. The four parts of Haixi are scattered in the Huifa River basin north of Kaiyuan. The productivity of Jianzhou and Haixi developed rapidly, and the farming technology was relatively improved. Iron ware and Niu Geng were widely used, and they quickly changed from gathering and hunting economy to agricultural economy, and entered the stage of slavery development. Ministers called Baylor and Beizi, who owned a large number of slaves (Aha) and became slave owners (Erzhen), and civilians called Ilgen. Yongning Temple Monument, the memorial tablet for setting up a health care center in Ming Taizu, has jurchen characters on the back, which is a treasure in jurchen writing materials.
In the 11th year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (1583), Nuerhachi, the sixth Sun of Mongolian timur, rose up and unified the ministries of the country. In the seventeenth year of Wanli (1589), the Ming court made Nuerhachi the viceroy, promoted him to the left viceroy, and later awarded General Longhu. Nurhachi successively annexed four parts of Haixi, conquered the Nuzhen in the East China Sea, and unified the Nuzhen departments scattered in the Northeast. In the process of unification, Nurhachi improved the original hunting production organization form of Nuzhen Lu Niu and created the Eight Banners, a social organization with military and political integration. In the first year of the mandate of heaven (16 16), Nurhachi was called Da □, with "Jin" as the country name, which was called Houjin in history. At present, there are great differences about the sociality of the Jin Dynasty before and after the founding of the People's Republic of China, and the discussion is developing in depth. Nurhachi died in the eleventh year of destiny (1626), and his eighth son, Huang taiji, succeeded him as Khan. In the ninth year of Tiancong (1635), Shen Zhu (another translation of Nuzhen) was changed to Manchuria, and from then on, Manchuria replaced Nuzhen as the surname, and other Nuzhen ministries also took Hezhen as the surname. In the tenth year of Tiancong (1636), Huang Taiji changed the title to Qing, which was the last feudal dynasty in China history.