Coup! Coup! Coup!
Afghanistan is located in the east-west transportation hub of Eurasia. After World War II, the Soviet Union infiltrated the Kingdom of Afghanistan from political and economic aspects and gradually brought it into its sphere of influence.
1In July, 973, daud, the cousin and former prime minister of King Zahir of Afghanistan, launched a coup with the support of the Soviet Union, overthrew King Zahir, who was unwilling to be at the mercy of the Soviet Union, and established the "Republic of Afghanistan" with daud as the head of state. However, daud was not willing to be a docile subject of Moscow, and showed a centrifugal tendency towards the Soviet Union. 1In April, 977, during daud's visit to the Soviet Union, Brezhnev, General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU, personally went out to persuade him to change his policy of alienating the Soviet Union. However, to Brezhnev's surprise, daud's answer was: "I am the president of an independent country." As daud's assistant later recalled, it was tantamount to "signing your own execution order". On April 27th, shortly after daud returned from Moscow, the Soviet Union planned a group of young Afghan officers to launch a coup and overthrew the daud regime. The tank crawler ran over the steps of the presidential palace, and daud, who was snoring like thunder, was beaten like a hornet's nest by submachine guns. After the coup, with the support of the Soviet Union, Afghanistan established a pro-Su Zhengquan Democratic Republic of Afghanistan, with General Secretary of the People's Democratic Party Talacchi as the chairman of the Revolutionary Committee.
After Talacchi took office, he vigorously promoted the pro-Soviet policy, which won the favor of Moscow. However, there are still serious factional struggles within the Talacchi regime. The struggle between the "people faction" to which he belongs and the "flag faction" headed by Prime Minister Amin is intensifying day by day. The result of the struggle was the third coup in this country in five years.
1September 1979 14, Soviet Ambassador to Afghanistan Puzanov designed to help Talacchi trap Amin, but Talacchi was overthrown by Amin and Amin became the chairman of the Revolutionary Committee. Talacchi, once famous, was suffocated by Amin's men with small pillows. This is the so-called "September Incident".
"I decided to kill him!"
The "September Incident" deepened Amin's hatred of the Soviet Union. After Amin came to power, he publicly accused the Soviet Union of intervening to help Talacchi plan a plot and forced the Soviet Union to change its ambassador to Afghanistan, Puzanov. He also asked the Soviet Union to withdraw 3,000 military advisers, instructors and technicians from Afghanistan, and rejected the invitation from the Soviet Union to visit the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union was worried about losing Afghanistan, a painstakingly managed position, and decided to send troops to intervene. 19791One night in late October, Brezhnev held a secret meeting between the Soviet Union and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee to discuss how to deal with Amin. According to the memories of the participants, Brezhnev cleared his throat and said in a low and dignified way, "I decided to kill him!" " "
Under the personal leadership of Soviet Defense Minister ustinov, the action plan for invading Afghanistan was jointly formulated by the Ministry of National Defense, the General Staff and the Central Asian Military Region.
65438+February 65438+February, the Soviet army established a corps-level command organization in the Soviet-Arab border area, with Marshal sokolov, deputy minister of national defense, as the chief commander. In order to increase the suddenness of the invasion, the Soviet army adopted the methods of local mobilization, local expansion, rapid expansion and rapid advancement. In addition to airborne troops, the Soviet army mainly used six divisions of the Central Asian Military Region and the Turkmen Military Region near the Afghan border. 65438+February 14- 15, the Soviet army also transferred the airborne divisions of the Belarusian Military Region 103 and the South Caucasus Military Region 104 to Central Asia in the name of long-range air transport exercises, and at the same time secretly pushed the airborne divisions of the Central Asian Military Region 105 to Termez on the Soviet-Arab border.
By February 24th, 65438, the military preparations for invading Afghanistan were basically completed. The Soviet army invaded Afghanistan with 6 motorized infantry divisions, 2 airborne divisions, 3 helicopter gunships and 2 transport helicopter regiments,125,000; It is equipped with more than 2,000 tanks, 1000 infantry fighting vehicles, 2,000 guns, 25,000 cars, 200 fixed-wing aircraft and 150 helicopters. In response, the Soviet General Staff also ordered the troops of Soviet troops and eastern European countries on the western front to be on high alert, and ordered the troops stationed in Mongolia to be on full alert.
At the same time, a Soviet special forces, led by Colonel Bie Lonov, secretly entered Bagram Air Base on the outskirts of Kabul, the Afghan capital, in the name of "assisting in the suppression of bandits". However, the Soviets, who thought they were foolproof, showed the clues. American agents in Kabul quickly sent relevant information back to Washington. The intelligence experts of the Central Intelligence Agency of the United States drew a conclusion from the special equipment carried by these uninvited guests: When the special forces of the Soviet General Staff arrived in Kabul, the Soviet army should make a big move in Afghanistan.
"Is this an ultimatum?"
1979 65438+On February 27th, the Soviet operation began.
That night, Sanov, the Soviet ambassador to Afghanistan, suddenly called Amin and said, "In view of the chaotic political situation, rampant counter-revolutionary forces and increasingly serious anti-Soviet tendencies in Afghanistan, the Central Committee of the Soviet Production Party believes that you, Hafezula Amin, as the chairman, prime minister and general secretary of the Afghan People's Democratic Party, have lost the ability to control the situation. In order to avoid the deterioration of the situation in Afghanistan, prevent Kabul from becoming a vassal of imperialist anti-Soviet forces and avoid unnecessary bloody conflicts, Moscow suggests that you resign as chairman, prime minister and general secretary of the Afghan People's Democratic Party ... "
"Is this an ultimatum?" Amin asked.
"You can understand that," Bu Sanov told Amin. "In an hour, four Soviet armored vehicles will go to Darumaman Palace to be responsible for the safe evacuation of you and your family."
How can an open head of state be willing to be at the mercy of the Soviet Union? Amin pinned his hopes on the troops loyal to him. He wants to call them and order them to save him. Amin didn't know, however, that as early as that afternoon, a group of Soviet experts broke into the Kabul telephone office in the name of troubleshooting communication equipment, cutting off all telephone contact between the presidential palace and the outside world, leaving only a special line leading to the Soviet embassy. Amin lost contact with the outside world in the modern cage.
In desperation, Amin called two bodyguards and gave them two personal letters, ordering them to rush to Karga and Prichaji and transfer the troops there to Kabul for rescue.
To his surprise, the two guards were captured by the Soviets as soon as they dug out the high wall of the Great Lulaman Palace. Under torture, they not only provided Amin's breakthrough plan, but also drew a detailed map of the building structure and defense protection inside and outside the Dalulaman Palace. Amin is still dreaming of a breakthrough at this time.
At 20: 40, Sanov called again. Amin wants to buy it one last time. He said to the Soviet ambassador, "I'm worried that my subordinates, especially the generals, don't understand." I want to have a meeting and do some work. "
There was a sneer on the phone, and Bu Sanov interrupted Amin: "Dear Comrade Amin, all your generals have come to the party. Why don't you come for a drink? " At this time, in the banquet hall of the Soviet embassy, Amin's generals were drunk with vodka and gin under the frequent persuasion of their masters.
At 22: 20, Lieutenant General Papugin, alternate member of the Soviet Central Committee and first deputy minister of the Soviet Ministry of Internal Affairs, angrily came to the third floor of Lulaman Palace. He wants to have a final negotiation with Amin. As time goes by, the atmosphere of the negotiations becomes more and more tense, and the voices of both sides become louder and louder. Finally, Amin waved his hand and shouted, "Fujian!" "
Angry Lieutenant General Papugin and four bodyguards just walked out of the gate when they heard gunshots. Papugin fell to the ground. After the gunfire, the bodies of five Soviet officers were left in the courtyard of the Daluraman Palace. "Things have gone wrong!" Amin, who wanted to take Papugin hostage, lost the last bargaining capital.
Cloth Sanov heard the news of a gun battle in Dalu Raman Palace, and immediately issued an attack order as the head of the second operation. At the same time, Sanov also hung up a phone call to Amin, saying that Papugin's personal intrusion into the Dalu Raman Palace was "a completely personal act and never represented the meaning of the Soviet government", so as to stabilize Amin. At 23: 40, the motor of Bagram air base on the outskirts of Kabul roared, and a large number of Soviet paratroopers and task forces of the Ministry of Internal Affairs headed for Kabul. The operation has begun.
Three battalions of Soviet special forces involved in the attack went to Darumaman Palace, Afghan Ministry of Interior and Kabul Radio respectively. Commando Colonel Lonov personally led 12 T-62 tanks, 10 infantry fighting vehicles, 5 armored transport vehicles and 120 commandos to storm the palace in Dalu Raman. It took only 12 minutes for the commando team to solve the external defense of the presidential palace and drive Amin and his family to his office. Don't Lonov took out a document from his briefcase and handed it to Amin. This is an "invitation letter" drafted by the Soviet Union in advance that "Afghanistan invites the Soviet Union to send troops". Amin glanced at the document, knowing that there was nothing he could do, and tore the letter to pieces in a rage. After another shot, Amin, his four wives and 24 children fell in a pool of blood.
In the early morning of February 28th, 65438+, a large number of Soviet troops who had already assembled on the border between the Soviet Union and Afghanistan invaded Afghanistan in two assault clusters. On the same day, the Afghan People's Democratic Party held a meeting in the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee, elected Karmal as general secretary, and formally established the puppet regime supported by the Soviet Union. According to the resolution of the previous day's meeting of the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China, the Soviet Tass news agency issued a statement announcing that "at the request of the Afghan leadership, the Soviet government sent a limited number of troops to Afghanistan". The following week, the whole of Afghanistan fell.
serious consequences
Paul kennedy, a famous western historian, once made a famous assertion that the excessive expansion of the empire would inevitably lead to its demise. The invasion of Afghanistan left the Soviet Union in unprecedented isolation at home and abroad. Throughout the1980s, Afghanistan was one of the most discussed issues in the meetings of the United Nations Security Council. In protest against the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, China, the United States, the Federal Republic of Germany and other countries boycotted the 1980 Moscow Olympic Games. In the Soviet Union, voices against the invasion are endless. In Afghanistan, the morale of the Soviet troops who invaded Afghanistan was lax, and even drug abuse appeared among the soldiers. However, the rising resistance of the Afghan people plunged the Soviet army invading Afghanistan into a quagmire.
1in March, 986, the new Soviet leader Gorbachev sent a telegram, forcing Karmal to go to Moscow for "medical treatment", and took the opportunity to kick off Karmal and replace the former director of the National Intelligence Agency, najibullah. However, the najibullah regime could not save the ultimate fate of the Soviet Union in Afghanistan.
In February 1989, the last Soviet troops left Afghanistan. When the last tank reached the Amu Darya Bridge on the border between the Soviet Union and Afghanistan, gromov, commander of the Soviet Union in Afghanistan, jumped out of the chariot and crossed the border with his son who came to meet him. Facing the reporters swarming in, gromov only said two words: "I was the last Soviet soldier to withdraw from Afghan territory. Behind me, I can't find a Soviet soldier anymore. "
The Soviets are gone. What is left to the Afghan people is an eternal wound.
/epublish/GB/paper148/20010807/class014800023/hwz456572.htm References: Source: Global Times Author: Zhang Wei.