(Compiled from the sixth edition of Counseling Strategies of Psychological Counselors, Light Industry Press)
First of all, ask questions:
(1) Definition:
Ask open or closed questions in order to seek detailed explanations or information from the helper.
(2) Purpose:
1. Open question:
(1) Start the negotiation talks.
(2) Encourage help seekers to tell more information.
(3) Induce visitors to tell specific examples of their behaviors, thoughts and feelings, so that counselors can better understand the causes of the current problems of visitors.
(4) Encourage the help-seekers to speak and guide them to communicate purposefully, thus encouraging the help-seekers to develop relations with the consultants.
* Note: Asking questions is the main tool to obtain information in the evaluation process.
2. Closed questions:
(1) Narrow the scope of discussion by asking the helper to give specific answers.
(2) Collect special information.
(3) Confirm the index parameters of the problem.
Interrupt the chattering storyteller.
* Note: During the interview, closed questions should not be used casually. Too many applications will hinder discussion and help seekers feel that consultants allow them to give only simple answers, so that they can avoid talking about sensitive and important topics. But if the helper is "very limited in harmony ability", he must use more closed-ended questions.
(C) the effective use of questioning related situations:
1. Question frequency-Many questions don't mean good questions.
2. Probability of asking questions-some "standing" questions can often get the correct answer. (See column P 144: sample questions)
* Note: The difference between being effective and not asking questions lies in whether asking questions can make people look at things from a new angle and depth.
(4) principle:
1. The questions raised should focus on the issues that the helper cares about. The problem comes from the helper's statement, not the consultant's curiosity or the need to end the meeting.
2. After asking questions, give the helper enough time to answer them. It is harmful to make the helper feel anxious about answering questions.
3. Ask only one question at a time. This is especially useful for children and the elderly who often need more information processing time.
4. Try to avoid accusations and sexual problems. This kind of question will make the helper feel defensive, often because the counselor's tone uses the word "why", which is antagonistic. You can get the same information by replacing the word "why" with "what".
5. Avoid asking questions as the main reaction mode. Constantly asking questions will lead to several problems: generating trust; Put yourself in the position of an expert; Reduce the responsibility and participation of help seekers; Even aroused the resentment of the helpers.
(5) step:
1. Determine the objectivity of the problem, that is, whether it is legal and helpful for treatment.
What is the purpose of asking questions? Is it effective?
2. Make some explanations and reflections before asking questions. Based on certain information collection and listening, especially when the helper shows strong feelings, let the helper feel understood, not interrogated. )
Can I predict the answer of the helper?
3. Decide what kind of questions will be most helpful according to the goal. If it is an open-ended question, it is important to use what interrogative words.
Open-ended questions encourage seekers to explore themselves. Keep closed questions until you want to get special information or narrow down the topic of discussion.
How can I start asking questions most effectively under the given goals?
4. Assess the validity of the question by confirming whether the goal has been achieved.
How do I know if my question is valid?
Second, the explanation (additional or advanced * * *):
(1) Definition:
According to the consultant's own intuition, identify the behaviors, patterns, goals, wishes and emotions implied or implied in the information expressed by the rescuer.
* Note: Interpretation is different from listening skills: Interpretation is aimed at the implied information.
(2) Explain the benefits of the reaction:
1. Establish a positive therapeutic relationship: strengthen the self-analysis of clients, improve the credibility of psychological counselors in the eyes of clients, and convey the therapeutic attitude of psychological counselors to clients.
2. It can be used to identify the relationship pattern between explicit and hidden information and behavior of help seekers.
3. Help seekers to examine their behavior from another frame of reference, or to explain their problems from another angle, so as to have a better understanding of the problems.
4. It can be used to promote the understanding of help seekers, which is the key to improving psychological life and an effective precursor to behavior change.
(3) Explain three modes of technical work:
1. Relationship model: explanation works by strengthening therapeutic relationship.
2. Content mode: Explaining the content and wording of the reaction can bring about a series of changes.
3. Difference mode: The difference between the counselor and the helper will prompt the helper to seek change.
* Note: The three models are clinically related, and each other "only describes the role of one aspect in the intervention process".
(4) Explain the basic principle of the reaction:
1. Relationship mode: It must be based on safety and good communication with helpers.
2. Content mode: (1) Make sure that your explanation is based on accurate information about the helper, and don't project your prejudice or values on the helper.
(2) Pay attention to the wording of the explanation to the helper. In most cases, non-affirmative wording should be used to avoid the helper's resistance or defense to the explanation reaction.
(3) The content of the explanation should not conflict with the cultural background of the person seeking help.
3. Difference mode: (1) Pay attention to the depth of interpretation. Explanations that are too different are more likely to be rejected by helpers, and explanations that are consistent with or slightly different from helpers are more likely to bring changes to helpers.
(2) The depth of explanation also affects the timing of explanation reaction to some extent. Before applying the explanatory response, the helper should have expressed his willingness to explore himself to some extent. Generally speaking, the explanation response should be used in later talks, because basic information and data need to be collected before explanation.
(5) The response of the person seeking help to the explanation:
1. There is no systematic exploration: it may be that self-awareness has deepened and emotions have been released; Maybe talk less and be more silent. ...
2. Consultants should pay attention to: (1) the differences between different cultural groups and different individuals. Some cultural groups feel that there is no need to reflect; Some people who seek help are used to understanding in a lonely state. ...
(2) If you are defensive or hostile at first, put this topic aside for the time being and pick it up later. Repetition is an important concept in the application of interpretation. Because a useful and effective explanation may be resisted by those who ask for help, it is necessary for psychological counselors to repeat this explanation in different ways when there is more supporting evidence.
(six) the steps of interpretation:
1. Listen and determine the implied meaning in the helper's information, that is, the content conveyed by the helper in a subtle and indirect way (including behavior, patterns, emotions, hidden goals, actions and wishes, etc.). )
What is the hidden content in the information of the helper?
In order to prove your view on the problem, your frame of reference should not conflict with the cultural background of the person seeking help.
Does my view on this question conform to the cultural background of the helper?
3. Check the effect of explanation by evaluating the helper's response to the explanation technology.
How do I know if my explanation is valid?
Third, provide information:
(1) Definition:
Communicate information and facts about experiences, events, action choices or people with help seekers.
(b) The difference between providing information and making suggestions:
1. Giving advice is to recommend or plan a specific solution or course of action to the listener and let him follow it.
Providing information is to explain the information related to the theme or problem, and the final course of action is decided by the helper himself.
2. The hazards of making suggestions:
(1) The customer will reject not only this suggestion put forward by the consultant, but also any other suggestions, so as to establish their independence and prevent the consultant from influencing any efforts of the customer.
(2) If the client adopts the consultant's suggestion, but the action taken to imitate this suggestion fails, the client may blame the consultant and terminate it early.
(3) If the customer listens to the advice and is satisfied with the result of the action, the customer will become too trusting in the consultant, and even if he doesn't ask for it, he will expect the consultant to provide more "suggestions" in future conversations.
(4) Helpers are always likely to misunderstand suggestions and act according to their own understanding, which will bring harm to themselves or others.
(3) Basic principles of providing information:
See table P 12 1.
(4) steps of providing information:
1. Assess what information seekers lack to understand their own problems.
What kind of information does the helper lack about his question?
2. Determine the relationship between the information to be provided and the culture of the helper.
Is the information provided relevant and appropriate to the race and culture of the person seeking help?
3. Determine the order of providing information to help the helper understand and remember.
How can we better arrange the presentation order of information?
4. Consider the way to display information to promote the understanding of those who seek help.
How can I present this information to make it easier for the helper to understand?
5. Evaluate the emotional impact that the information content may bring to the help-seekers.
What kind of emotional impact may this information have on those who seek help?
6. Judge whether the information provided is valid.
How do I know that the information I provide has had an effect?
Fourth, immediately:
Five, self-exposure: unfinished, reading a book
Six, noodles: unfinished, reading a book
Seven, practice:
(1) Helper (a 35-year-old Latino widow with two children): After my husband died, my life fell apart. I've been wondering if I can take on family responsibilities and raise my children alone. My husband always makes all the decisions for me before he dies. I haven't slept well for a long time, and I've started drinking-I dare not even think about the future. My relatives helped me as much as possible, but I was still afraid.
1. Question:
What is the purpose of asking questions? Is it effective?
Can I predict the answer of the helper?
With a goal, how to start asking questions is the most effective?
What's the real problem? (Answer P 1 1 1)
2. Explain:
What is the hidden content in the information of the helper?
Does my view on this question conform to the cultural background of the helper?
What is the actual answer? (Answer P 1 1 1)
3. Provide information:
What kind of information does the helper lack about his question?
Is the information provided relevant and appropriate to the race and culture of the person seeking help?
How can we better arrange the presentation order of information?
How can I present this information to make it easier for the helper to understand?
What kind of emotional impact may this information have on those who seek help?
What is the actual answer? (Answer P 1 1 1)
4. Immediately:
(Answer P 1 1 1)
5. Self-exposure:
(answer P 1 12)
6. Surface quality:
(answer P 1 12)
(2) Helper: I don't know where to start. The marriage is on the verge of breaking up, my mother has just died, and I am constantly in trouble at work.
1. Question:
What is the purpose of asking questions? Is it effective?
Can I predict the answer of the helper?
With a goal, how to start asking questions is the most effective?
What's the real problem? (answer P 1 15)
(3) Helper (a middle-aged Latino lady): I am very nervous.
1. Question:
What is the purpose of asking questions? Is it effective?
Can I predict the answer of the helper?
With a goal, how to start asking questions is the most effective?
What's the real problem? (answer P 1 16)
(4) Helper (a retired middle-aged woman in Europe and America): Frankly speaking, my home was like hell last year.
1. Question:
What is the purpose of asking questions? Is it effective?
Can I predict the answer of the helper?
With a goal, how to start asking questions is the most effective?
What's the real problem? (Answer P 1 1 1)
(5) Help-seekers (physically disabled men in their forties): Sometimes they just feel sad, and sometimes this feeling lasts for a while, but not every day, just sometimes.
1. Question:
What is the purpose of asking questions? Is it effective?
Can I predict the answer of the helper?
With a goal, how to start asking questions is the most effective?
What's the real problem? (Answer P 1 1 1)
(6) Helper (a 35-year-old African-American lady): I just feel a lot of pressure now. I have too many children and my time is running out.
1. Question:
What is the purpose of asking questions? Is it effective?
Can I predict the answer of the helper?
With a goal, how to start asking questions is the most effective?
What's the real problem? (Answer P 1 1 1)
(7) Helper (a lady): Life is really boring. There is nothing new, and it can't be exciting at all. All my friends have left.
1. Explanation:
What is the hidden content in the information of the helper?
Does my view on this question conform to the cultural background of the helper?
What is the actual answer? (answer P 1 17)
(8) Helper (a European and American lady): I really don't understand why. As long as we don't have sex at home, my sex life always feels good-even in the car, but never at home.
1. Explanation:
What is the hidden content in the information of the helper?
Does my view on this question conform to the cultural background of the helper?
What is the actual answer? (answer P 1 19)
Helper (a young Asian American lady): I don't know what to do. I think I never thought I would be asked to be a supervisor. I am content to be a member of the working group.
1. Explanation:
What is the hidden content in the information of the helper?
Does my view on this question conform to the cultural background of the helper?
What is the actual answer? (answer P 1 19)
Helper (a young Native American lady): I can't stand being touched by men any longer. After I was raped, they wanted me to see a doctor in this hospital. When I didn't want to come, they thought I was crazy. I hope you don't think I'm crazy about it.
1. Explanation:
What is the hidden content in the information of the helper?
Does my view on this question conform to the cultural background of the helper?
What is the actual answer? (answer P 120)
1 1. Helper (a Jordanian man of about 50 years old): Indeed, when I was fired a few years ago, I seemed very depressed. After all, I have been an engineer for 23 years, but supervising the work of these shopkeepers has enabled me to support my family, so I should be very grateful for all this. But why do I still feel depressed?
1. Explanation:
What is the hidden content in the information of the helper?
Does my view on this question conform to the cultural background of the helper?
What is the actual answer? (answer P 120)
Helper (a young European and American man): I felt great when I was with Susie (his girlfriend), but I told her I didn't want to get married. She is always bossing me around, trying to tell me what to do. She always decides what we should do, when, where and so on. I'm really angry with her.
1. Explanation:
What is the hidden content in the information of the helper?
Does my view on this question conform to the cultural background of the helper?
What is the actual answer? (answer P 120)
(13) Helper (a young mother): I think it is really difficult to refuse the child's request and say no to her. Even when I know that her request is unreasonable and may even bring danger to her, it is hard for me to refuse.
1. Provide information:
What kind of information does the helper lack about his question?
Is the information provided relevant and appropriate to the race and culture of the person seeking help?
How can we better arrange the presentation order of information?
How can I present this information to make it easier for the helper to understand?
What kind of emotional impact may this information have on those who seek help?
What is the actual answer? (answer P 12 1)
(14) The clients are a couple in their thirties. Her husband Gus is from Europe and America, and his wife Ashani is from Asia. They disagree on the discipline of their 4-year-old son. Gus thinks that children are spoiled, and the correct way is spanking. Ashani thinks that Bend is "special" and the best way to discipline Bend is to understand and love him. Their behavior is also different. Gus often scolds and beats the children, while Asani watches, comforts and intercedes for them.
1. Provide information:
What kind of information does the helper lack about his question?
Is the information provided relevant and appropriate to the race and culture of the person seeking help?
How can we better arrange the presentation order of information?
How can I present this information to make it easier for the helper to understand?
What kind of emotional impact may this information have on those who seek help?
What is the actual answer? (answer P 124)
(15) Helper (young Native American): He had his driver's license revoked for drunk driving many times. He was very angry because he thought that six cans of beer would not hinder him from driving. Besides, he said that he had never had a traffic accident. Many of his relatives have been drinking and driving for many years without any problems. He thinks that revoking his driver's license means that white people want to take what belongs to him.
1. Provide information:
What kind of information does the helper lack about his question?
Is the information provided relevant and appropriate to the race and culture of the person seeking help?
How can we better arrange the presentation order of information?
How can I present this information to make it easier for the helper to understand?
What kind of emotional impact may this information have on those who seek help?
What is the actual answer? (answer P 125)
(16) Helper (an African-American): Forced to give up heroin treatment by the court. During the treatment, he talked about taking heroin with several sexual partners. When told that this might lead to AIDS, his reaction was that AIDS would never be with him.
1. Provide information:
What kind of information does the helper lack about his question?
Is the information provided relevant and appropriate to the race and culture of the person seeking help?
How can we better arrange the presentation order of information?
How can I present this information to make it easier for the helper to understand?
What kind of emotional impact may this information have on those who seek help?
What is the actual answer? (answer P 125)
Helper (35-year-old European female): She has two teenage daughters and works as an administrative secretary in a large engineering company. Her relationship with her husband has been very bad for several years. She wants a divorce, but she is hesitant, because he is afraid that others will think that he is making trouble, and he is afraid that he will lose his job. Moreover, she was afraid that it would be difficult for her to raise two daughters financially. But she believes that divorce will make her happy and fundamentally solve her inner contradictions.
1. Provide information:
What kind of information does the helper lack about his question?
Is the information provided relevant and appropriate to the race and culture of the person seeking help?
How can we better arrange the presentation order of information?
How can I present this information to make it easier for the helper to understand?
What kind of emotional impact may this information have on those who seek help?
What is the actual answer? (answer P 125)
Joey, the intern consultant, began to meet his first helper, Maria. Marison was often depressed when he first came, so he suggested consulting a psychologist.
19. Assistant: Isabella is struggling to find a job or go back to school. In addition to weekly treatment, you will be overwhelmed by a lot of emails and phone calls. He's tired of it. Trying to get rid of it. So in therapy, when she talked about the great difficulty of contact with people (such as no response from others), you decided to respond with instant technology.
1. Instant:
Helper: Isabella is struggling to find a job or go back to school. In addition to weekly treatment, she will send you a lot of emails and phone calls. You are tired of this minister and want to get rid of him. So in therapy, when she talked about the great difficulty of contact with people (such as no response from others), you decided to respond with instant technology.
1. Instant: (Answer P 128)
(19) The helper is late for the third time, and you are worried. The reasons include: it affects your schedule, and it also makes you worry about the commitment of the help-seekers to treatment.
1. Instant: (Answer P 129)
As long as the academic performance of the helper is mentioned, she will stop talking at any time.
1. Instant: (Answer P 129)
(2 1) The assistant asked several questions about your abilities and qualifications.
1. Instant: (Answer P 129)
(22) You feel that there is a high degree of tension and vigilance between you and the person asking for help, and both sides seem to treat each other with "gentle means". You notice your feeling of physical tension, and the physical tension of the helper is also obvious.
1. Instant: (Answer P 129)
(23) A helper told the counselor that she was currently getting married for the second time, and said, "Who said that second marriage is not good?"
1. Self-exposure: (Incorrect answer P 130)
I have no confidence in myself. My husband always criticizes me, and I often think he is right. I really can't do a lot of things well.
1. Self-exposure: (Answer P 130)
Help-seeker (a 45-year-old gay man whose companion left him recently): My companion who has been with me for 20 years recently left me and married another person. I can't help wondering if he finds me unattractive. I feel so disgusting. I've been wondering if I should take a different road-is it all my fault? This makes me think I must have borrowed something. I've been thinking that if I did this or that, he might not leave.
1. Self-exposure: (Answer P 13 1- 132)
26. It's hard to say why the person seeking help comes to consult. You think it's probably because of the cultural differences between you and the person seeking help.
1. Self-exposure: (Answer P 132)
Monita, the helper, feels like a loser because everything seems unsuccessful. She said she was "working hard", but she never felt that she had reached the standard.
1. Self-exposure: (Answer P 132)
(twenty-eight) help-seekers put forward some problems in sexual life, but they don't seem to know how to talk about this problem.
1. Self-exposure: (Answer P 132)
(29) For the first time, the helper noticed the anger and wondered whether this situation was reasonable or whether he had a problem.
1. Self-exposure: (Answer P 132)
(30) six main types of information confusion, and think about how to make a qualitative response:
1. The contradiction between verbal behavior and nonverbal behavior
A. While the helper said "I feel very comfortable" (verbal information), he fidgeted and kept shaking his hand (nonverbal information).
Texture: (answer P 133)
B. The helper said, "I'm glad our relationship ended like this, which may be better" (verbal message), but he spoke slowly and in a low tone (nonverbal message).
Texture: (answer P 133)
2. The contradiction between verbal information and action
A. The helper said "I'm going to call her" (leave a message orally), but he also said that he didn't call her last week (action).
Texture: (answer P 133)
B the helper said "consultation is very important to me" (oral message), but cancelled the last two consultations (actions).
Texture: (answer P 133)
3. The contradiction between the two comments
A. The helper said, "He associates with many people, and I'm not worried (news 1). But I think our relationship should mean more to him (message 2) ".
Texture: (answer P 133)
B. Say "I really like George (message 1), although he often makes me angry (message 2)".
Texture: (answer P 133)
4. These two kinds of nonverbal information are obviously inconsistent.
A. Helpers cry (nonverbal message 1) and laugh (nonverbal message 2).
Texture: (answer P 133)
B. The helper looks directly at the counselor (nonverbal message 1) and then removes the cup from the counselor (nonverbal message 2).
Texture: (answer P 133)
5. The contradiction between two people (counselor/helper, parents/children, teacher/student, spouse, etc.). )
A. the husband of the helper lost his job two years ago. The helper wants to leave here and find a job elsewhere, but her husband doesn't want to be too far away from home.
Texture: (answer P 134)
B. The helper is a woman, showing anxiety, depression and memory loss. You suggested some kind of medication to help her get rid of this emotion, but the helper refused.
Texture: (answer P 134)
6. Contradiction between verbal information and background or situation
A. A child who was very sad about her parents' divorce said that she wanted to help her parents get back together.
Texture: (answer P 134)
A young couple have been quarreling for the past three years. You want to improve their marriage by having a child.
Texture: (answer P 134)
(3 1) Helper [speaking slowly and in a weak voice]: It is difficult for me to teach my son a lesson. I know I indulged him too much, and I know I need to give him some restraint. But I just can't do it. Basically, I allow him to do what he likes.
Texture: (answer P 136)
(32) Helper (a Latino male college student): I hope to graduate from medical school proudly, and I hope to be among the best in my class and succeed. But the endless party got in my way, so I couldn't go all out.
Texture: (answer P 137)
Helper (an Asian American graduate student): My wife and children are very important to me. They made me feel that I could do anything for them. The problem is that if I want to achieve something in my major, I must always work. Now I want to spend more time with them, but I have no time.
Texture: (answer P 137)
Helper (a high school student in Europe and America): My father thinks it is very important for me to get an A in every subject. He thinks that if I get a B, it's because I don't study hard enough. I told him that I wanted to accumulate more social experience and develop more comprehensively. Although I have several B's, I also have time to chat with my friends and play baseball.
Texture: (answer P 137)