Snow scene of Mount Tai
There are three mountains and five mountains, which is a famous historical and cultural mountain in China and a Taoist holy place in the world. The Five Mountains are the product of the combination of the worship of ancient mountain gods, the concept of five elements and the meditation of emperors, which was later inherited by Taoism and regarded as a famous Taoist mountain.
"The hero of Mount Tai in Dongyue, the danger of Huashan in Xiyue, the preciseness of Songshan in Zhongyue, the seclusion of Hengshan in Beiyue and the beauty of Hengshan in Nanyue" have long been famous all over the world!
As the saying goes, "When the Five Mountains come back, they don't look at the mountains", and there is also a saying that "Mount Heng walks, Mount Tai sits, Mount Huashan stands, Mount Songshan lies, and only Nanyue flies alone". [ 1]
The theory of five mountains first appeared in Li Zhouguan's Chunda Bo: "Serve the country with blood and sacrifice five mountains." Zhou Li was written at the end of the Warring States Period, and it was a fusion of Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism and Yin and Yang. Therefore, we think that wuyue Thought is a mountain worship formed by the blending of the four gods since Xia and Shang Dynasties and the five elements concept in the early Warring States period.
In feudal times, the Five Mountains were sealed by the emperor. "Biography of Historical Records" contains: "The sky is too high, so a meditation ceremony is set on Mount Tai to worship it, which is close to the gods." In order to "report the merits of heaven", emperors often regard the majestic and steep peaks as auspicious places, set up altars at the summit and hold amenorrhea ceremonies.
The theoretical estimate of closing Zen originated from the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. The first person to hold a large-scale meditation ceremony was Qin Shihuang. The only place where Qin Shihuang personally offered sacrifices was Mount Tai. During the Tang Dynasty and the reign of Wu Zhou, meditation activities were held in Songshan Mountain, Zhongyue, Central Plains. After the history of feudal emperors' meditation, the status of the five mountains was higher.
There are many world famous mountains in China, including Huangshan, Lushan and Yandang Mountain. There is a folk saying that "Huangshan returns without looking at Yue", but it is not unreasonable that these five Yue mountains are regarded as Yue. Take East, West and Zhongshan as examples. They are all located on the banks of the Yellow River, the mother river of Wan Li. The Yellow River is the cradle of our Chinese nation and the earliest place where Chinese ancestors settled and multiplied. Although the Five Mountains are not the highest mountains in China, they are all higher than the plains or basins, so they are particularly steep. There are some poems in The Book of Songs, such as "Mount Tai breaks the ground, the state of Lu admires it" and "Gao Song Yue Wei, the majestic sky", which shows the position of Mount Tai and Mount Song in the eyes of the ancients. At the same time, due to some conditions at that time, it was impossible to conduct a comprehensive inspection of the world famous mountains, and of course it was impossible to "choose the best among the best".
The five mountains split the ground and skyscraper, standing proudly. For thousands of years, emperors have sacrificed here, monks and Taoists have practiced chanting here, good men and women have burned incense and made wishes here, and celebrities and elegant guests also like to make poems and paintings here, leaving many cultural relics for wuyue, which is even more famous. It is no wonder that after people climb the Five Mountains, they will sigh that "the Five Mountains return without looking at the mountains."
The Five Mountains in China, the general name of the five famous mountains in China, is the product of the combination of ancient folk worship of mountain gods, the concept of five elements and imperial hunting, which was later inherited by Taoism and regarded as a famous Taoist mountain. They are Mount Taishan in Dongyue (elevation 1532.7m, located in Taishan District, Tai 'an City, Shandong Province), Mount Huashan in Xiyue (elevation 2 154.9m, located in huayin city, Weinan City, Shaanxi Province), Mount Hengshan in Nanyue (elevation 1300.2m, located in Nanyue District, Hengyang City, Hunan Province) and Mount Heng in Beiyue. Mount Tai was once a place where feudal emperors worshipped Buddha vigorously, and it was also a symbol of feudal emperors' orders from heaven and their determination to the Central Plains.
history
One legend is that ...
In ancient times, a group of gods lived in the five mountains attached to the emperor, and held meditation and sacrificial ceremonies in the mountains. The theory of "Five Mountains" began with Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. Tang Xuan
Emperor Wu of Han dynasty
Zonghe made the five mountains king and emperor. Ming Taizu regarded the Five Mountains as gods. Among the five mountains designated by Xuan Di, Emperor Gaozu of Han Dynasty, Tianzhu Mountain in Anhui Province is Nanyue Mountain, and Damao Mountain in Fuping County of Hebei Province is Beiyue Mountain (Quyang was built in Fuping County in Jin Dynasty, and Beiyue Temple was still in Quyang). Later, Hengshan Mountain in Hunan was changed to Nanyue Mountain, which became a custom after the Sui Dynasty. Hengshan Mountain in Hunyuan was regarded as Beiyue in Ming Dynasty, and moved to Beiyue in Qing Dynasty. There are many temples and scenic spots in the Five Mountains.
The "Yue" in the Five Mountains means lofty mountain. In ancient China, high mountains were regarded as "the highest in the sky", and five high mountains located in the east, south, west, north and middle of the Central Plains were designated as "Five Mountains". During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Buddhism and Taoism began to build Buddhist temples and Taoist temples in wuyue for religious activities, and each "Yue" honored a "Yue God" (or "Emperor" or "God King") as the highest god in charge of Yue. The natural scenery of these mountains has also been gradually developed for worshippers to visit. As a result, Wuyue Mountain has become a scenic spot in China with the beauty of natural landscape of mountains and rivers and the victory of Buddhist and Taoist cultural landscape. Before the Tang and Song Dynasties, the five mountains were generally Buddhism and Taoism, and temples and views coexisted. After the Song Dynasty, Buddhism and Taoism competed with each other according to their respective political backgrounds and social forces. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Nanyue, Beiyue and Zhongyue still maintained the status of respecting Buddha and Taoism, while Dongyue and Xiyue were dominated by Taoist forces and became the centers of Taoism in China.
People in China say that the scenery must have three mountains and five mountains. "Three Mountains" and "Immortals" live in the same place. The Historical Records of the First Qin Emperor contains: "Xu, Qi and others wrote that there are three sacred mountains in the sea, named Penglai, Abbot and Yingzhou", which is the "immortal trace" of Su Dongpo's "the sky in the east shines all the time"; And "Five Mountains" is the general name of the five famous mountains in China. Namely Mount Taishan in Dongyue, Huashan in Xiyue, Hengshan in Beiyue, Songshan in Zhongyue and Hengshan in Nanyue. They are places where feudal emperors worship Zen and set up businesses, and they are also symbols of feudal emperors' orders from heaven and their determination to the Central Plains. The five mountains split the ground and skyscraper, standing proudly. From this, we can also see the position of the five mountains in the eyes of the ancients.
Wuyue Mountain deserves to be a famous mountain in the world. On the landscape, the five mountains have their own characteristics: Mount Tai Xiong, Mount Heng Xiu, Huashan Insurance, Mount Heng Qifeng and Mount Song Ao. Mount Tai in Dongyue is majestic and steep. Confucius, a scholar in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, once lamented that "Climbing Mount Tai is a small world", while Du Fu, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, wrote the heroic words of "Climbing to the top, knowing at a glance that all mountains are short of the sky". . Hengshan Mountain in Nanyue is adjacent to the waterfront of Hunan, with lush trees and beautiful scenery, enjoying the reputation of "the exclusive respect of five mountains". Huashan Mountain in Xiyue ranks first among the five mountains. "Huashan has been a Taoist since ancient times", and climbing a mountain is more difficult than climbing to heaven. If you don't eat the courage of a leopard, you can only look at the peak and sigh. Mount Hengshan in Beiyue is steep and the valley is deep. The traffic is inconvenient and it is hidden in the mountains, so the "Hanging Temple" is hidden in it. There are some risks and oddities in Songshan Mountain in Zhongyue, which seems to be highlighted by the word "Austria": Songshan Mountain in Zhongyue has a profound world history and culture, covering economy, culture, art, religion and science and technology. The three religions "Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism" converge, and "heaven and earth people" compete for each other. "Mountain and Temple" and "Five Mountains" are known as "Five Wonders" in China.
origin
Ancient feudal emperors regarded the five mountains as symbols of God.
"Yue" was the official title in charge of Dashan before the Spring and Autumn Period of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, and the tribal leader in charge of foreign affairs in the Quartet in Yao Dynasty was called "Yue". Later, Guan Fangyue's official unified the name of the official stationed in the mountain, so there appeared a cloud representing the Sifang Mountain: "According to the Taoist model" Heaven Cave ","The Yellow Emperor painted wild states and sealed five mountains. "The Yellow Emperor was five thousand years ago, and its territory is not in the Yellow River Basin of the Central Plains. There is no official history to check whether the Yellow Emperor sealed Yue, but there is no doubt that there were four Yue countries during the Tang Yu period.
Although Kyoto has undergone many changes in history, it has not been separated from the three provinces of Henan and Shaanxi, and its four mountains are all in the Central Plains of the Yellow River Basin.
The theory of "five elements" came into being in the Spring and Autumn Period and was quite popular in the Warring States Period. Due to the vigorous promotion of Zou Yan and others, the theory of "Five Virtues from the beginning to the end" is more and more deeply rooted in people's hearts. The theory of "Five Mountains" came into being, so "Poetry Talk" once said: "There were four mountains in Tangyu, and there were five mountains in the early Zhou Dynasty."
The name of China Yueshan first appeared in Shangshu. There are four mountains in history books, east, west, north and south, but there are no five mountains. Only the Daizong of Dongyue is the name of April Mountain in the scriptures. "Zhou Li's great music thoughts" began in the five mountains, not the mountains.
Later, Sima Qian summarized the evolution process from the Five Emperors to the Qin Dynasty in Historical Records: "Because the capital of Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties is between the Yellow River and Luoshui, Songshan is Zhongyue, and the other four mountains follow their own directions, and the four are all in Shandong. When Qin proclaimed himself the capital of Xianyang, wuyue and Si were both in the East. From the Five Emperors to the Qin Dynasty, the famous mountains and rivers were either princes or emperors, which was unforgettable. After the Qin Dynasty was incorporated into the world, it was clear that there were five famous mountains east of Lushan Mountain in Henan Province, namely Songshan Mountain, Hengshan Mountain, Taishan Mountain, Huiji Mountain and Xiangshan Mountain. Dachuan II, namely Jishui and Huaihe River. " "Historical Records Zen" records: "In February, I went hunting in the east. As for Dai Zong; I am willing to travel to Nanyue, Nanyue and Hengshan; August tour inaugural to Xiyue, Xiyue, Huashan also; Visiting Beiyue, Beiyue and Hengshan in November is like a gift for generations ... Zhongyue and Takamatsu ... Kings of all dynasties are between Heluo, so Takamatsu is Zhongyue, and the four mountains are like themselves. "
To sum up, before the Han dynasty, the system of five mountains varied according to the situation. In the Western Zhou Dynasty, Feng and Gao were the capitals, and Huashan was the Zhongyue Mountain. After Zhou Ping and Wang Dong moved to Luoyi (Luoyang) in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, Songshan was Zhongyue and Huashan was Xiyue. Only the names of Mount Taishan in Dongyue and Mount Hengshan in Beiyue remain unchanged. It was not until Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty that the system of Five Mountains was formally established, and Tianzhu Mountain was named Nanyue. According to the Records of Sacrifice to the Suburbs in the History of Han Dynasty, the imperial edict of the first year of Emperor Xuan Di (6 1 year BC) determined that Mount Tai was Dongyue, Huashan was Xiyue, Huoshan (namely Tianzhu Mountain) was Nanyue, Hengshan (Hebei Hengshan Mountain) was Beiyue and Songshan was Zhongyue. After Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty unified the Northern and Southern Dynasties, in the ninth year of Emperor Kaidi (AD 589), Hengshan Mountain on Xiangjiang River in Hunan Province was designated as Nanyue Mountain, and Huoshan Mountain was abandoned as a famous mountain. During the Han, Tang, Song and Ming Dynasties, Hengshan Mountain in Beiyue was worshipped in Quyang, Hebei Province, and Hengshan Mountain (Hengshan Mountain in Hebei Province) was sacrificed at a distance. In the middle and late Ming Dynasty, Hunyuan used Hengshan Mountain in Hebei Province to seriously destroy the cultural landscape, forge history, add legends, call Hengshan Mountain in Hunyuan as Xuanwu Mountain, and proposed to the court to change its worship. In the 18th year of Shunzhi in Qing Dynasty (A.D. 166 1), Beiyue changed to Hunyuan. This is the Five Mountains.
debate
The name of Wuyue first appeared in Uncle Zhou Li and Dalesi in Zhou Li, but it didn't say which mountain it was. Historical Records only designated Daizong (Mount Tai), Huashan, Hengshan, Hengshan and Songshan as five mountains, but there are different opinions about which mountain the five mountains refer to.
Er Ya said: Henan Hua, Hexi Yue, Hedong Dai, Hebei Heng, Jiangnan Heng. Huashan Mountain in the south of the Yellow River, Wu Shan Mountain in the west (that is, Yueshan Mountain in the southwest of Longxian County, Shaanxi Province), Taishan Mountain in the east (that is, Daizong), Hengshan Mountain in the north and Hengshan Mountain in the south of the Yangtze River are regarded as five mountains. Zheng Xuan's note "Zhou Li da Le Si" adopted this statement.
There is a second saying: Mount Tai is Dongyue, Huashan is Xiyue, Huoshan (Tianzhu Mountain, 50 miles northwest of Huoshan County, Anhui Province) is Nanyue, Hengshan is Beiyue and Gaosong is Zhongyue. Zheng Xuan's note "Zhou Li Da Zong Bo" adopted this statement.
Shao Jinhan's "Er Ya Yi" said: Huoshan in Jizhou is also the five mountains of Tai, Heng, Hua, Heng and Tang Yu; Hua, Yue, Tai, Heng, Heng and Friday Yue; Tai, Heng, Hua and Heng were the five mountains in the early Han Dynasty, while Tai, Hua, Huo and Heng were the five mountains set by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. Jin E holds that Dai, Heng, Hua, Heng and Huotai are the five mountains in Tang Xia Yu; Daishan, Hengshan, Huashan, Hengshan and the five mountains that are cloudy. Dai, Heng, Hua, Heng, and Yue on Friday. Huotai Mountain is located in Sanli, southeast of Huoxian County, Shanxi Province.