The valuation method of construction project and the determination of contract price are very important links in the bidding process of construction project, and are also the focus of attention of tenderers and bidders. From the perspective of investors, it reflects whether the invested funds have been fully utilized, whether the investment benefits have been maximized, and whether there is investment waste. For construction enterprises, it is a big problem whether the operation and efforts of enterprises can be rewarded and confirmed and whether there is room for profit. Therefore, both bidding parties must have a comprehensive and detailed understanding of the valuation method stipulated in the Code for Valuation of Construction Engineering Bill of Quantities.
Quotation content of bill of quantities
In the process of construction project bidding, the tenderee who has prepared the bidding documents or entrusts an intermediary unit with corresponding qualifications to prepare the bill of quantities of the proposed project. As an integral part of the tender documents, the list is sent to the bidder with the tender documents, and the bidder makes an offer according to the items and quantity listed in the list. Therefore, we must fully understand the contents and quotation methods contained in the list quotation.
The quotation of bill of quantities shall include all the expenses of the items listed in the list, including the expenses of partial projects, measures, other items and taxes.
The so-called cost refers to the cost stipulated by the national or local cost management department and allowed to be included in the project quotation, such as quota determination fee. There is no uniform provision for this fee in various places, and the quotation should be filled in according to the requirements of the bidding documents. Regarding taxes, that is, what we usually call two taxes and one fee (business tax, urban maintenance and construction tax and education surcharge), the tax amount is calculated according to the unified regulations of the tax authorities. Although the list quotation includes taxes, it is not the bidder's income, but the fees to be paid in the future, so the five quotations are mainly the first three.
Quotation method of list items
In addition to fees and taxes, the full contents of the list quotation are partial project fees, measures fees and other project fees. Among the three quotations, the one with the largest proportion and the most difficult quotation should belong to the partial project cost, and the other two are relatively few. Now described as follows:
Part of the project cost:
The bill of quantities issued with the tender documents is mainly a partial bill of quantities composed of 12 code. The comprehensive unit price method is adopted when quoting the cost of partial projects, that is, the cost of each coded project includes the labor cost, material cost, machinery use fee, management fee and profit required to complete a unit project specified in the bill of quantities, and the risk factors are considered.
Labor cost, material cost and machinery use fee are composed of two factors, namely, the number of labor, materials and machine-teams, labor price, material unit price and machine-team unit price that need to be consumed within the specified measurement unit. Therefore, this paper makes an in-depth study of these two decisive factors, that is, how to determine the "value" of these two factors, that is, how to determine the standards of "quantity" and "price"
Let's talk about consumption first. The consumption of personnel, talents and machines in the coded items of each prescribed unit of measurement shall be based on the consumption standard of enterprise quota under the premise of enterprise quota. But at present, it is unrealistic for most enterprises to formulate enterprise quotas, and no enterprise quota can adopt local quotas. The consumption standard of local quota is based on normal construction conditions and reasonable labor organization conditions, construction and acceptance specifications issued by the state, quality evaluation standards and safety operation procedures, and has been compiled after years of data accumulation, which is universal and scientific. At present, there is no enterprise quota in general enterprises, and the local quota is a completely reliable standard when quoting. Of course, after the implementation of the bill of quantities, each construction enterprise must also establish its own database according to the accumulated data of completed projects, so as to facilitate the use and be closer to the actual situation of its own enterprise.
Secondly, the market price orientation of people, materials and machines. The market price of people, materials and machines can be obtained from multiple channels, but the most direct, fastest and accurate information is the information held by the material supply department of this enterprise. Because the price of building materials changes rapidly according to market supply and demand. In addition, even the same building materials, in the same supply cycle, if they come from different purchase channels, different supply methods and different payment methods, the price will not be the same. These complicated information can only be mastered by yourself, and you can't turn to others for help. Therefore, enterprises should have their own material supply network and a large amount of price information accumulated at ordinary times in order to calmly cope with the changing situation.
In addition, the determination of enterprise management fees and profits. Because the management fee and profit of the enterprise are also included in the quotation of the list, the enterprise should determine the ratio of these two items according to its own strength, the requirements of the competition, the purpose to be achieved and the local quota standard, and it is up to the enterprise to decide whether it is high or low.
Project cost of measures:
All the measures listed in the list of measures are quoted by "one item", that is, one measure is quoted at a total price. Of course, in the total price, we must also decompose the expenses of adults, materials and machines, as well as the management fees and profits of enterprises.
The contents of general items 1 1 and construction items 1 listed in the bill of quantities include some items belonging to direct costs, such as the entry and exit of large mechanical equipment and vertical transportation costs, templates and supports, scaffolding, construction drainage, etc. Some are included in various subheadings, such as secondary handling fees, completed projects and equipment protection fees; Some of them belong to the content of site management fees, such as temporary facilities. Now the civilized construction, safe construction and environmental protection listed separately are all included in the temporary facilities. In addition to the above contents, the original calculation method is relatively simple, either according to the building square meters or according to the prescribed proportion. Now everything is
It needs to be carefully divided and calculated according to the requirements of construction organization design and the actual situation on site to get the result.
For example, the term "temporary facilities" can be summarized as follows. The first is temporary buildings, such as temporary dormitories, offices, temporary warehouses, processing plants, temporary cultural welfare houses, etc. Second, temporary facilities, such as water, electricity and small temporary facilities; Third, roads, including the laying and hardening of construction roads and the foundation of tower cranes. Temporary facilities fees include all the costs of construction, lease, amortization, maintenance and demolition of the above-mentioned construction projects. It is very complicated to calculate the results of the above items separately and then synthesize them to quote in detail at the cost of personnel, materials and machinery.
Each item in the measure project contains a lot of specific contents, and it must be decomposed and calculated like a temporary design, which shows that its calculation amount is very large. I wonder if we can also refer to the local quota, and adopt a simple calculation method to quote in the case of urgent task, insufficient time and insufficient information. Such as scaffolding cost, vertical transportation cost and secondary handling cost. Are calculated according to the building square meters; Temporary facilities are calculated according to a certain proportion of direct costs, which is also an emergency calculation method.
Other project costs:
Other items listed in the list specification are listed in * * * 4 items, namely, preparation fee, material purchase fee, general contracting service fee, sporadic work item fee, etc.
Reserved money mainly refers to the amount reserved in consideration of possible quantity changes. The engineering quantity change proposed here mainly refers to the missing items in the bill of quantities, the increase or decrease of engineering quantity caused by mistakes, the increase of engineering quantity caused by the improvement of standards or the design change during construction.
The general contracting service fee includes the expenses needed to cooperate and coordinate the project subcontracting and material procurement carried out by the tenderer. There are two points to be clarified here: first, the subcontracting mentioned here refers to the subcontracting projects allowed by the state. If the general contractor must complete the structural engineering, other professional engineering can be subcontracted; Second, only when the construction unit subcontracts the decoration project or other professional projects to other construction units can the general contractor collect the economic compensation fee from the construction unit, that is, the general contracting service fee. If the general contractor subcontracts the project by itself, it shall not charge the general contracting service fee to the construction unit.
Among the above four items, the preparation fee and the material purchase fee belong to the tenderer's expenses, which are estimated at the time of quotation. Although they are included in the bidder's quotation when bidding, they should not be regarded as owned by the bidder. When the settlement is completed, it shall be settled according to the actual workload completed by the contractor.
The general contracting service fee shall be determined according to the expenses required by the tenderer, and the sporadic work item fee shall be determined according to the "List of Sporadic Work Items" in the tender documents. Other project fees are quoted in units of "items", and each item is quoted at the total price.
Discussion on related problems of list quotation
Quotation of finished reinforced concrete members. In Chapter 4 "Concrete and Reinforced Concrete" in Appendix A of the Bill of Quantities, there is no project code for finished components. If there are reinforced concrete members of ex-factory products in the project, they will be included in the quotation according to the commodity price.
About the return of funds in the venue. One of the "on-site management fees" in Beijing 0 1 fee quota is "on-site funds", which is still a direct fee and is set up to adapt to the project manager contract system. This fee is not mentioned in the list specification, and the bidder should not ignore it when bidding. Is it considered to be included in the management fee?
Return on several other direct costs. Superhigh cost of high-rise building, small and medium-sized machinery cost, production tool use cost, construction cost in winter and rainy season, inspection and test cost, engineering positioning and re-survey point and construction project completion and cleaning cost are all other direct costs. These costs are not listed in the list of measures. Whether it is included in the partial project cost quotation or listed separately in the measure project depends on the requirements of the tender documents. If there is no explanation in the bidding documents, the quotation can be included in the partial and itemized expenses, and the bidder can also add measures and projects from the bidder's point of view according to the quotation table considered by the enterprise, which is also allowed.
In a word, listing quotation is a complicated and highly professional job, which requires professionals to combine a large number of practical projects and constantly study and explore to get familiar with it.
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