At present, China's construction project cost management adopts the mode of bill of quantities valuation, and follows the Code for Bill of Quantities Valuation of Construction Projects (GB50500-2003). It provides a calculation basis for the payment of project progress payment; Bill valuation has been proved by many years of project cost management practice at home and abroad, and it is an effective method to control project cost in the construction stage of the project.
Requirements for compiling 1 list
The budget list should be prepared in strict accordance with the requirements of the valuation specification, and special attention should be paid to the following four aspects in the preparation process:
1. 1 The sub-items of the list should be carefully compiled according to the principle of pricing norms as far as possible. The advantages are mainly reflected in three aspects: first, it is convenient for the construction unit to bid; Secondly, it provides convenience for the later construction site management; Thirdly, it provides convenience for the calculation of progress payment in construction;
1.2 In the process of compiling the list, there should be no omissions in the list subheads, and the whole project should be fully reflected in the list. The bill of quantities must be correct to avoid wrangling during construction settlement, which will cause the project cost to exceed the budget and control the cost. A successful project cost management, in the absence of major design changes and emergencies, the settlement cost should be close to the budget cost.
1.3 The work content of list valuation should be described comprehensively and concretely, and all the work contained in the list must be reflected. The advantages are mainly embodied in two aspects: first, it is convenient for the construction unit to bid; The second is to provide clear information for the later construction site management and avoid the occurrence of wrangling incidents.
1.4 The compilation of list pricing shall be carried out according to the engineering characteristics. For example, a high-rise building has a basement, a podium and a tower. It is best to divide the list valuation of civil works into five parts, namely earthwork and retaining wall, foundation, basement, podium and tower. In each part, we can reuse departmental projects as needed to separate departments. The advantages are mainly reflected in three aspects: first, it provides convenience for choosing different construction units; Secondly, it provides convenience for the payment and calculation of progress payment in construction; Thirdly, it provides convenience for cost control, cost index analysis, statistics and comparison.
The quality of bill pricing directly affects the correctness of project cost and the later project management. The professional quality and sense of responsibility of the professionals who compile the list are very demanding, and at the same time, sufficient and necessary preparation time must be given for the compilation of the list.
2 The contents of the construction contract should be priced with the list.
The management mode of bill of quantities valuation must be clearly stipulated in the construction contract. For different forms of construction contracts, the management mode of list pricing can be adopted, but the functions of different forms of construction contract lists are slightly different, and different contract terms are needed to determine the functions of the lists.
In a fixed unit price contract, the budgeted bill of quantities can be adjusted. In order to ensure the status of bill pricing in settlement, some construction clauses can be adopted in the construction contract to deal with it. For example:
In terms of the difference of engineering quantity, when the engineering quantity in the bidding is inconsistent with that in the actual construction, the employer and the contractor agree to adjust it, and the contractor shall make a verification list of the increase of engineering quantity within 14 days after the incident, which will be used as the valuation basis after being approved by the on-site engineer. When the quantities in the bid are inconsistent with those in the actual construction, the contractor will not respond within 14 days after the incident, which will be regarded as included in the total price and will not be priced separately.
In terms of unit price, it is generally fixed. Only when the construction period is long can it be stipulated in the contract that some main materials can be adjusted according to the market information price.
In the fixed lump sum contract (lump sum contract), the budgeted bill of quantities is used as the basis for settlement and adjustment of the contract price to prevent the construction from being inconsistent with the budget. Special terms must be used in the construction contract to make it clear.
For example:
The contractor shall complete the construction drawing with good quality and quantity, and the quantities listed in the bill of quantities of a division and a sub-division. If there are any missing items in the list, they will be deemed to have been included in the total contract price and will not be priced separately. This clause makes it clear that the construction must be carried out according to the contents of the list. If the bill of quantities is not completed, the project cost shall be deducted, and if there are any missing items in the bill, no compensation shall be made.
The existing construction contracts are basically the above two forms, and some special clauses may be added for projects with different characteristics to further clarify the role of bill pricing. Mature contract terms and clear, detailed and comprehensive bill pricing will play a decisive role in the later cost control and project settlement, which is conducive to saving working time and controlling costs.
3 the use of the list in the construction process
As an annex to the contract, the bill of quantities can facilitate the management of the construction site, the application for economic visa and the determination of the construction progress.
3. 1 When managing the construction site, the list can be combined with the construction drawing, so that the list can be checked at one time and can be used as the basis for acceptance. The list can be used to strengthen the management of the construction site, supervise the contractor's construction according to the drawings, and strictly control the contractor's change, material substitution, on-site visa, extra labor and various extra-budgetary expenses.
3.2 A clear, definite and detailed bill of quantities during progress inspection will make the cost audit in process control more convenient and quick.
3.3 In the management of the construction site, it is helpful for the cost engineer to effectively control the cost during the construction process, timely and correctly handle the claim and prevent the claim. In principle, during the construction period, the contractor shall not arbitrarily change the original engineering design. The rationalization proposal must be approved by the relevant engineers of the design, construction and supervision units, and the construction unit and the contractor shall agree on the sharing of costs and benefits.
4 the role of bill pricing in project settlement
Project completion settlement refers to the final project payment settlement made by the contractor to the contractor after completing all the work contents of the contracted project according to the contract, passing the acceptance and meeting the contract requirements. It is a dynamic cost calculation and should be carried out according to the contract. List content, engineering quantity and unit price are one of the main basis for settlement.
Summary cost = total contract price+increase or decrease cost.
4. The work content of1list is the standard of project acceptance and pricing, and the final cost of the project is determined by the quantity and quality of completion;
4.2 Changes in the bill of quantities generally come from the following three aspects: 1, design changes caused by design errors caused by design unit errors; 2. Changes caused by the contractor's construction mistakes; 3. Due to the design change of the construction unit itself. The increase or decrease of engineering quantity of different units due to different reasons should be handled separately: the increase of engineering cost caused by design institute should be compensated to the contractor, but the design cost of design institute should be deducted; If the construction cost increases due to construction mistakes, the construction unit shall not demand compensation and impose a fine according to the actual situation of the project; If the construction cost increases due to the construction unit's own reasons, it should be compensated to the construction unit, which is the focus of the cost control of the construction unit's project cost personnel.
4.3 In the current contract, it is generally not allowed to change the list unit price. Only when the construction period is long, the contract can stipulate that some main materials can be adjusted according to the market information price, and the increase or decrease of this part of the cost is one of the factors that determine the settlement price.
The price adjustment of physical quantity change caused by modification of design drawings or omission of physical quantity provided by the Employer is as follows: 1. The project price has been changed in the contract, and the project price has been changed according to the existing price in the contract; 2. Only if the price of a similar project is changed in the contract, the project price can be changed by referring to the similar price; 3. If there is no applicable or similar project price change in the contract, the contractor shall propose an appropriate price change according to the pricing standard at the time of bidding quotation and refer to the "price information", which shall be implemented after being confirmed by the owner on behalf of the cost engineer.
When using the list to control the project cost, the list should be clear, detailed and comprehensive. In the process of engineering construction, we should go deep into the site to check, measure and record, and also go deep into the market to understand the varieties and prices of building materials, so as to know fairly well. Whether it is the preparation of the list, construction control, or completion settlement, these are meticulous and rigorous work, and the operation should be careful and meticulous, with more calculations and no omissions. At the same time, we should respect the reality, respect the contract, don't overestimate the risk, and don't take chances. We should obey the truth, not be opinionated, and maintain good professional ethics and reputation. Ensure the quality and quantity of the project, and the cost is reasonable and low.
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