The sun is a star in the center of the solar system. The sun revolves around the Milky Way at a distance of 24,000 to 26,000 light years from its center. The diameter of the sun is about1392,000 km, its volume is10.3 million times that of the earth, and its mass is 330,000 times that of the earth. In the mass of the sun, 3/4 is hydrogen and about 1/4 is helium. It radiates heat through nuclear fusion, and the average density of the sun is 1.409 g/cm? . The sun consists of core, radiation belt, troposphere, photosphere, chromosphere and corona. The photosphere is hereinafter called the interior of the sun; Above the photosphere is called the solar atmosphere.
The sun is a yellow dwarf with a life span of about10 billion years. About 5 billion years later, the sun's nuclear fusion fuel will run out, forming a carbon nucleus, expanding into a red giant, reaching the radius of the earth's orbit and engulfing the earth, then collapsing into a white dwarf, and finally running out of energy, becoming a black dwarf rich in iron, cobalt and nickel.
The moon is the satellite of the earth and the fifth largest satellite in the solar system. The moon is a rocky planet, with a diameter of 3476km, which is about 1/4 of the earth's, a mass of 1/80 of the earth's, and a distance of 389802km from the moon to the earth. The moon also has layered structures such as shell, mantle and core. The rotation and revolution of the moon are synchronous (tidal locking), so it always faces the same direction of the earth. There are many dark moon seas on the front of the moon, which are hard materials and the craters are not obvious. At the end of the month, there were many pits on my back. The moon has no atmosphere, so it is 100 degrees during the day and-0/00 degrees at night. The gravitational influence of the moon leads to the tides in the earth's oceans, extending the time of the day. The ratio of the size of the moon and the sun is similar to the ratio of distance, which makes it almost the same as the sun in appearance. During a solar eclipse, the moon can completely cover the sun and form a total solar eclipse. The moon is rich in iron, titanium and other resources, and the most common element 17 on the earth is everywhere on the moon.
Due to the tidal action, the earth's rotation gradually slows down, and the angular momentum of the earth's rotation gradually shifts to the moon. After gaining angular momentum, the moon slowly moved away from the earth. At present, the speed away from the earth is 3.8 cm/year. After about 10 billion years, the moon could not completely cover the sun, so it could not form the spectacle of total solar eclipse.
Edited on 2017-10-12.
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Information about the sun and the moon
1, the sun The sun is a star located in the center of the solar system, which is almost an ideal sphere interwoven by hot plasma and magnetic field. The diameter of the sun is about1392000 (1.392×10? ) kilometers, equivalent to 109 times the diameter of the earth; The volume is about 6.5438+0.3 million times that of the earth; Its mass is about 2× 10? Kilogram (330000 times that of the earth). 2. On the front of the moon, there are a large number of huge impact craters, which are filled with basalt lava flows from dark volcanoes, forming a vast plain called "Moon Sea". In fact, there is not a drop of water in the Moon Sea. There are bright and ancient plagioclase highlands and obvious impact craters between the periphery of the Moon Sea and the Moon Sea. It is the brightest celestial body in the sky except the sun. Extended data 1. The sun is the central celestial body of the solar system, accounting for 99.86% of the total mass of the solar system. The eight planets, asteroids, meteors, comets, exoneptune objects and interstellar dust in the solar system all revolve around the sun, and the sun revolves around the center of the Milky Way. The sun is currently passing through the local bubble region of Orion's arm at the inner edge of the Milky Way. There are 50 nearest star systems within 0/7 light-years from Earth/Kloc-(the nearest star is a red dwarf named proxima centauri, about 4.2 light-years). The sun is a yellow dwarf (G2V spectrum). The life span of a yellow dwarf is about 654.38+000 billion years. At present, the age of the sun is about 4.57 billion years old. After about 5 billion to 6 billion years, almost all the hydrogen in the sun will be consumed, and the core of the sun will collapse, leading to an increase in temperature. This process will continue until the sun starts to condense helium into carbon. Helium fusion produces less energy than hydrogen fusion, but the temperature is also higher, so the outer layer of the sun will expand and release part of the outer atmosphere into space. When the process of turning to new elements is over, the mass of the sun will drop slightly, and the outer layer will extend to the current orbit of the earth or Mars (at this time, the two planets will be farther away from the sun due to the decline of the mass of the sun). 2. The periods of the moon's rotation and revolution are equal (called tidal locking), so the moon always faces the same direction of the earth. The earth's ocean tides are mainly caused by the gravity of the moon. Because the tidal force of the earth's ocean is opposite to the direction of the earth's rotation, the earth's rotation is always "braked" by an extremely weak force, which accumulates over time. There is ample evidence that the earth's rotation cycle is getting slower and slower, and the time of day is growing very slowly, increasing by 1 second in a few years. Due to the reaction of the earth, the moon is getting farther and farther away from the earth, about 3.8 cm away from the earth every year. The ratio of the size of the moon to the sun is close to the ratio of the distance, which makes its apparent size almost the same as that of the sun. During a solar eclipse, the moon can completely cover the sun and form a total solar eclipse. The moon is the first alien object that human beings landed on. 1958 The lunar probes launched by the United States and the former Soviet Union failed. Before 1959, the former Soviet Union and the United States successfully launched the "Moon" and "Pioneer" lunar probes respectively. Baidu encyclopedia-Sun Baidu encyclopedia-Moon
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Information about the sun and the moon
The central celestial body of the solar system, the star closest to the earth. From the center to the outside, the sun can be divided into nuclear reaction area, radiation zone, troposphere and atmosphere. What we directly observe is the solar atmosphere, which is divided into three layers from the inside out: the photosphere, the chromosphere and the corona. The nuclear reaction area radius is about 1/4 of the sun's radius, during which hydrogen fusion provides the energy of the sun's persistent huge radiation. In the radiation area, the high-energy γ -rays emitted by nuclear reaction area are converted into low-energy visible light through multiple absorption and re-emission of photons, and transmitted to the troposphere in other forms. Convection, turbulence (and noise generated by turbulence) and large-scale material circulation in the troposphere transfer the energy inside the sun to the surface of the sun and radiate it through the photosphere. Many phenomena on the surface of the sun, such as rice grains, super rice grains and sunspots, are all produced in the troposphere. Some violent activities in the outer atmosphere (flares, surfing, prominence changes, etc. ) and the solar wind are also driven by the troposphere. The sun is a glowing plasma ball. About 5 billion years ago, he is currently in "middle age". The average distance from the sun to the earth is 1.49598× 108 km. The main parameters of the sun are: radius 6.96× 105km, mass1.989×1030 kg; The effective surface temperature is 5770K, and the center temperature is about1.5×107 K; The average density is 1.409× 103 kg/m3, and the center density is about 1.6× 105 kg.
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Information about the sun and the moon
The sun is the only star and luminous celestial body in the solar system and the central celestial body in the solar system. 99.86% of the mass of the solar system is concentrated in the sun. The eight planets, asteroids, meteors, comets, celestial bodies and interstellar dust in the solar system all revolve around the sun. The sun revolves around the center of the galaxy, that is, the revolution. The sun is a star located in the center of the solar system, and it is almost an ideal sphere where hot plasma and magnetic field are intertwined. The diameter of the sun is about1392000 (1.392×106) km, which is equivalent to 109 times the diameter of the earth. The volume is about 6.5438+0.3 million times that of the earth; Its mass is about 2× 10 30 kg (330,000 times that of the earth). From the chemical composition, about three-quarters of the mass of the sun is hydrogen, and the rest is almost helium, including oxygen, carbon, neon, iron and other heavy elements with mass less than 2%. The sun is currently passing through the local bubble region of Orion's arm at the inner edge of the Milky Way. Within 0/7 light-years from the Earth/Kloc-,there are 50 nearest star systems (the latest one is a red dwarf called proxima centauri). The sun is a yellow dwarf (G2V spectrum). The life span of a yellow dwarf is about 654.38+000 billion years. At present, the age of the sun is about 4.57 billion years old. After about 5 billion to 6 billion years, almost all the hydrogen in the sun will be consumed, and the core of the sun will collapse, leading to an increase in temperature. This process will continue until the sun starts to condense helium into carbon. Helium fusion produces less energy than hydrogen fusion, but the temperature is also higher, so the outer layer of the sun will expand and release part of the outer atmosphere into space. When the process of turning to new elements is over, the mass of the sun will drop slightly, and the outer layer will extend to the current orbit of the earth or Mars (at this time, the two planets will be farther away from the sun due to the decline of the mass of the sun). The moon is a satellite orbiting the earth. It is the earth's solid-state satellite and the closest celestial body (with an average distance of 384,000 kilometers). It is about 4.6 billion years old. Like the earth, the moon has a layered structure such as shell, mantle and core. The moon itself does not shine, but reflects sunlight. Because there is no atmosphere on the moon, the heat capacity and thermal conductivity of lunar materials are very low, so the temperature difference between day and night on the surface of the moon is very large. The moon always faces us, which is customarily called the front. On the other hand, except for the area near the edge of the moon, which is visible in the middle due to Libra movement, most areas on the back of the moon are invisible from the earth. In the era without detectors, the back of the moon has always been an unknown world. A major feature of the back of the moon is that there are almost no dark lunar surface features such as the moon and the sea. When the artificial probe runs to the back of the moon, it will not be able to communicate directly with the earth. The moon is the most thoroughly studied celestial body. So far, the second celestial body visited in person is the moon. The moon is about 4.6 billion years old. Like the earth, the moon has a layered structure such as shell, mantle and core.
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Information about the sun, the earth and the moon.
Although the sun is the center of the solar system and the source of light and heat for the growth of everything on earth, it is far from special in the vast universe. Among the 200 billion stars that make up the Milky Way, the sun is just a medium-sized celestial body, generally in the middle of life. However, in our solar system, the sun is a celestial body with great influence and dominance. The mass of the sun accounts for 99.8% of the entire solar system, with a diameter of 865,000 feet (1.400,000 km), which is more than 1.000 times the diameter of the earth. It takes 109 earth to fill the cross section of the sun, and its interior can accommodate more than10.3 million earth. The sun we see is actually just the photosphere on its surface, and the temperature is around 6000 degrees Celsius, which is a relatively "cool" part. The photosphere is very active, and many striking features can be seen on its surface. In some parts of the photosphere, the local temperature is lower than the surrounding, and these parts appear darker than other parts in the visible range, which is called "sunspot". Beyond the photosphere is chromosphere. Solar energy is transferred from the inner core through this layer. Solar flares can be seen on this floor. Flare is a hot hydrogen cloud produced in chromosphere before sunspot formation. The energy of the sun comes from its core. The temperature of the sun's core is as high as 654.38+05 million degrees Celsius, and the pressure is 34 billion times that of the earth. The gas density in the inner core is extremely high, which is 150 times that of water. The sun radiates about 2.86 trillion megawatts of energy every second, which is produced by the nuclear fusion reaction at its core. In fusion, four protons are polymerized into a helium nucleus. The mass of helium nucleus is 0.7% less than that of four protons, and the lost mass is converted into energy, which is released to the surface of the sun in the form of gamma rays and radiated into space. The sun converts about 700 million tons of hydrogen into helium every second. In this process, about 5 million tons of net energy is released. Energy constantly emits light and heat in the process of convection, making the sun shine. It takes millions of years for the energy released from the sun's core to reach the surface. The outermost layer of the solar atmosphere is the corona. The corona is huge and can extend into millions of kilometers of space. People can see the "sun bait" in this corona: the sun bait is a huge flame generated in the upper part of chromosphere. People can only see the corona during the total solar eclipse. The magnetic pole of the sun, black is positive and white is negative. In addition to light and heat, the sun also radiates a low-density particle stream into space-the solar wind. The solar wind gallops through the solar system at a speed of 450 kilometers per second. When the solar wind is extremely strong, a solar storm will form, which will affect human radio communication. Aurora at the poles of the earth and other planets are also brought by the solar wind. The solar magnetic field is extremely powerful and complex, and its magnetosphere even exceeds the orbit of Pluto. The earth is an active planet. According to plate tectonics, the earth's crust consists of several large plates, which float on the hot mantle and move slowly. It moves in two basic ways: expansion and contraction. The expansion movement shows that the two plates are far apart, and underground magma gushes out to form a new crust; The characteristic of contraction movement is that two plates collide with each other, and one plate drills under the other plate and gradually melts under the high temperature of the mantle. There are often many huge faults, frequent earthquakes and many volcanoes at the junction of plates. The earth's crust is very young. It is constantly eroded by the atmosphere, water and organisms, and is constantly rebuilt in geological movements. So the surface of the earth is not covered with craters like the moon. This crustal structure is unique in the solar system. Photos of the earth and the moon sent back by Galileo Jupiter probe. The brown color on the earth is South America. The earth has an atmosphere suitable for living things. In this atmosphere, nitrogen accounts for 78%, oxygen accounts for 2 1%, and the rest 1% is other components. The annual average surface temperature 15℃ and the average air pressure 10 1.3 kPa. When the earth was first formed, there was a lot of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, but today, almost all carbon dioxide has been combined into carbonate rocks, and a small amount has been dissolved in the ocean or consumed by plants. Crustal plate tectonic movement and biological activities * * * maintain the cycle of carbon dioxide. The small amount of carbon dioxide still left in the atmosphere has brought about the greenhouse effect, which is extremely important for maintaining the surface temperature. The greenhouse effect makes the annual average temperature of the earth rise from -2 1℃ to 14℃. Without it, the ocean will freeze and life will cease to exist. With the development of society, a large amount of carbon dioxide is discharged into the atmosphere: too much carbon dioxide will make the greenhouse effect more and more serious. We don't want the earth to become as hot as Venus. Galileo's Jupiter probe spacecraft flew to the earth and photographed the earth and the moon by "turning around". The earth is the only known planet with life in the solar system. Its rapid rotation and the core rich in nickel-iron lava form a huge magnetosphere. Under the blowing of the solar wind, the shape of the magnetosphere is distorted into water droplets. Together with the atmosphere, it undertakes the task of blocking harmful rays from the sun and other celestial bodies The earth's atmosphere also protects us from meteor showers, and most meteorites burn out before reaching the ground. Sailor 10 photo of the earth and the moon. The volume relationship between the earth and the moon is very obvious. From this point of view, the earth is full of water, and there is only one natural satellite-the moon. Some people think that asteroid 3753 (1986 TO) is another satellite of the earth, but in fact, although it has a very complicated relationship with the earth's orbit, it can't be called a satellite yet, and it can only be called a "partner" of the earth at most. But now more and more artificial satellites are put into earth orbit. In a sense, the earth already has thousands of satellites.
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Information about the moon and the sun
The moon, also known as the lunar moon, is the companion star of the earth, the closest celestial body to the earth and the most thoroughly studied celestial body. So far, the only celestial body that humans have visited in person is the moon. The moon is about 4.6 billion years old. The moon has a layered structure such as shell, mantle and core. The average thickness of the outermost lunar shell is about 60-65 kilometers. Below the lunar crust 1000 km is the lunar mantle, which occupies most of the moon's volume. Below the moon's mantle is the moon's core, whose temperature is about 1000 degrees, which is likely to be in a molten state. The moon is about 3476 kilometers in diameter, which is 1/4 of the earth and 1/400 of the sun. The volume of the moon is only 1/49 of that of the earth, and its mass is about 735 billion tons, which is equivalent to about 1/80 of the mass of the earth. The gravity on the surface of the moon is about 1/6 of that of the earth. There are dark parts and bright areas on the surface of the moon. When early astronomers observed the moon, they thought that the dark area was covered by seawater, so they called it "sea". The more famous ones are the sea of clouds, the wet sea and the sea of tranquility. The bright part is the mountains, where mountains are stacked and criss-crossed, and craters are dotted. Bailey Crater is located near the South Pole, with a diameter of 295 kilometers, which can hold the whole Hainan Island. The deepest mountain is Newton crater, which is 8788 meters deep. Besides craters, there are ordinary mountains on the moon. The mountains and valleys overlap and the scenery is unique. The front of the moon always faces the earth, which is the result of long-term tidal action. On the other hand, except for the area near the edge of the moon, which is visible in the middle due to Libra movement, most areas on the back of the moon are invisible from the earth. In the era without detectors, the back of the moon has always been an unknown world. A major feature of the back of the moon is that there are almost no dark lunar surface features such as the moon and the sea. When the artificial probe runs to the back of the moon, it will not be able to communicate directly with the earth. The moon orbits the earth once in about 27 days, and moves half a degree relative to the background starry sky every hour, which is similar to the apparent diameter of the moon. Unlike other satellites, the orbital plane of the moon is closer to the ecliptic plane than the equatorial plane of the earth. Relative to the background starry sky, the time required for the moon to go around the earth (the moon makes one revolution) is called sidereal month; The time between the new moon and the next one (or the time between two identical moon phases) is called the new moon. The reason why Wang Shuo's moon is longer than that of the star moon is that during the earth's operation on the moon, it moved forward a certain distance in its orbit around the sun. Because the rotation period of the moon is exactly the same as that of its period of revolution, it can only be seen from the earth that the moon always faces the earth with the same face. From the early days of the formation of the moon, the earth was affected by a moment, which led to the slow rotation speed. This process is called tidal locking. Therefore, part of the angular momentum of the earth's rotation is converted into the angular momentum of the moon's revolution around the earth. As a result, the moon is far away from the earth at a speed of about 38 mm per year. At the same time, the earth's rotation is getting slower and slower, and the length of a day is getting longer every year 15 microsecond. The gravity exerted by the moon on the earth is one of the reasons for the tidal phenomenon. The orbit of the moon around the earth is synchronous, and the so-called synchronous rotation is not strict. Because the orbit of the moon is elliptical, when the moon is at perigee, its rotation speed can't keep up with the revolution speed, so we can see that the eastern part of the moon reaches 98 degrees east longitude. On the contrary, when it is at the apogee in the middle of the month, its rotation speed is faster than its revolution speed, so we can see that the western part of the moon passes through 98 degrees Darcy. This phenomenon is called meridian libration. Strictly speaking, both the earth and the moon revolve around the center of mass, which is 4,700 kilometers away from the center of the earth (that is, 3/4 of radius of the earth). Because the center of homogeneity is below the surface, the movement of the earth around the center of homogeneity seems to be "shaking". Seen from above the North Pole of the Earth, both the Earth and the Moon rotate clockwise. Moreover, the moon goes clockwise around the earth; Even the earth moves clockwise around the sun. This phenomenon occurs because the angular momentum of the earth and the moon relative to the sun is the same, that is, "they have been rotating in this direction from the beginning." Many people don't understand why the inclination of the moon's orbit and the inclination of the moon from the axis change so much. In fact, the orbital inclination is relative to the central celestial body (the earth), from the axial inclination to the satellite. The orbit plane of the moon (ecliptic plane) keeps an included angle of 5. 145396 with the ecliptic plane (earth's orbit plane), while the rotation axis of the moon forms an included angle of 1.5424 with the normal of the ecliptic plane. Because the earth is not a perfect sphere, but bulges at the equator, the white road surface keeps precessing (that is, the intersection with the ecliptic rotates clockwise) and completes one week every 6793.5 days (18.5966). During this period, the angle between the white plane and the equatorial plane of the earth (the equatorial plane of the earth inclines to the ecliptic plane at 23.45) will change from 28.60 (i.e. 23.45+5. 15) to18.30 (i.e. 23.45-5. 15). Similarly, the angle between the rotation axis of the moon and the white plane will be between 6.69 (that is, 5. 15+ 1.54) and 3.60 (that is, 5. 15- 1.54). These changes in the lunar orbit will in turn affect the inclination of the earth's rotation axis, making it swing by 0.002 56, which is called nutation. The two intersections between the ecliptic plane and the ecliptic plane are called the lunar intersection-the ascending intersection (north point) refers to the point where the moon passes to the north of the ecliptic plane; Descending node (South Point) refers to the point where the moon passes south of the ecliptic. When the new moon is just at the intersection of the moon, a solar eclipse will occur; An eclipse occurs when the full moon is just at the intersection of the moons. The structure on the back of the moon is quite different from that on the front. The Moon Sea occupies less land and there are many craters. The terrain is uneven, and the longest and shortest radius of the moon are located on the back. Some places are 4 kilometers longer than the average radius of the moon, and some places are 5 kilometers shorter (such as Van der Graf depression). No "lump" was found on the back. The moon shell on the back is thicker than that on the front, with the thickest point reaching 150km, while the thickness of the moon shell on the front is only about 60km. The moon itself does not shine, but reflects sunlight. The brightness of the moon varies with the angular distance between the sun and the moon and the distance between the earth and the moon. The average brightness is 1/465000 of the brightness of the sun, and the brightness varies from 1/630000 to 1/375000. At the full moon, the average brightness is-12.7 (see). Its average illumination to the earth is 0.22 lux, which is equivalent to the illumination of 100 watt electric lamp at a distance of 2 1 meter. The surface of the moon is not a good reflector. Its average albedo is only 7%, and the other 93% is absorbed by the moon. The albedo of Guangdong Sea is even lower, about 6%. The albedo of the lunar highlands and craters is 17%, and it seems that the mountains are brighter than the moon sea. The brightness of the moon changes accordingly, and the brightness of the full moon is more than ten times that of the upper and lower chords. Because there is no atmosphere on the moon, the heat capacity and thermal conductivity of lunar materials are very low, so the temperature difference between day and night on the surface of the moon is very large. During the day, the temperature where the sun shines vertically is as high as+127℃; The temperature can be reduced to-183℃ at night. These values only represent the temperature on the surface of the moon. The temperature of lunar soil can be measured by radio observation. This measurement shows that the temperature in the deeper part of the lunar soil rarely changes, which is precisely due to the low thermal conductivity of lunar material. From the propagation of lunar seismic waves, we know that the moon also has layered structures such as shell, mantle and core. The outermost lunar shell is 60 ~ 65km thick. Under the lunar crust to the depth of 1000 km is the lunar mantle, which accounts for most of the lunar volume. Below the lunar mantle is the lunar core. The temperature of the lunar nucleus is about 1000℃, which is probably in a molten state. It is speculated that it may be composed of iron, nickel, sulfur and eclogite.
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