Or the meaning is enlarged, or the meaning is reduced, or the meaning is shifted, or the feeling is different. Some become completely different, such as "soup", "martyr" and "slave" (referring to the ancient military attache, without derogatory meaning); In most cases, only one or two polysemous words are the same in ancient and modern times, and other meanings have disappeared in modern Chinese.
For example, in ancient times, "logging" meant "logging" and "crusade", but in ancient times it also meant "making contributions" and "boasting". In addition, some disyllabic words in modern Chinese were all a phrase in ancient times, and their meanings naturally differed greatly.
Such as "Grandpa" and "Description". When reading classical Chinese, if you don't pay attention to the difference between ancient and modern meanings, take the present as the past and expect the meaning, you will make mistakes.
The following are commonly used words with different meanings in ancient and modern times, listed in the back according to monosyllabic and disyllabic categories, with ancient meaning or ancient meaning indicated in brackets. The ancient phrase "modern disyllabic words" is not explained.
Monosyllabic words are (received, covered, covered, covered) stored (missed, caressed) by soldiers (weapons, military) (building steps, appointment of official positions) bed (a kind of seat), cut (praised, boasted) beans (ancient food containers), visited (achieved) cities, fiefs and places. A little (gradually) less (slightly) body (itself) is (this) suitable for (planting, cultivating) fast (tempting) soup (hot water, boiled water) tears (stealing (muddling through) smell (smell) disgusting (satisfied, full) and then (twice) destroying) cover (stop) walking (walking). Independence (independence or letters) Relieved (lost will) Very (unexpected situation) Romantic (meritorious literature and art, lingering) Welcome (welcome) Grateful (moved and struggling) Scene (time) Story (past events) Horizontal (criss-crossing, unimpeded) Traffic (collusion, mutual communication) End (integrity, costume) Economy (governing the country) Aunt Beauty (concubines) Murphy (no ... no) South (when the emperor) is cheap (take advantage of) Actually () relatives (both at home and abroad) Autumn (autumn) Youth (spring) People (people) Three feet (referring to the sword, fingering) Shandong (east of Lushan Mountain, east of Taihang Mountain and east of Huashan Mountain) body (personally implemented). Outline (grasping the program) Comrade (like-minded) highlights (suddenly appears) grammar (law or law) article (law, literary color) helpless (helpless, boring) no matter (not to mention) no day (not many days) sacrifice (ancient sacrifice to livestock) county official (referring to the emperor, Refers to the imperial court or government) news (disappearance and growth) luggage (diplomatic envoy) description (appearance and appearance) scholar (learner) color (appearance) savage (farmer living in the countryside) has always been (with the same principles and theories throughout) thinking (used to be diligent (fearful) because (therefore) it influenced (sound) fish (sound) Generally referred to as men) are father-in-law (honorific title for male elders) and minion (Chen Wu, political (political) instructions (pointing to show) wisdom (wisdom and strength) China (referring to the Central Plains) Grandfather (grandparents and father) or so (attendants) 2 Understanding and mastering the polysemy of commonly used notional words, a language phenomenon that exists in ancient and modern Chinese, but is more common and prominent in classical Chinese. Understanding the words in classical Chinese depends to a great extent on whether we can accurately grasp the specific meanings of polysemous words in the context.
There are 340 notional words commonly used in classical Chinese listed by textbook editors, all of which are polysemous words and should be the focus of learning. Among these 340 notional words, the following 100 notional words have more meanings and appear more frequently.
Pull, worship, violence, newspaper, quilt, comparison, contempt, poverty, soldier, thinness, strategy, inspection, multiplication, division, obedience, danger, suppression, evil, cutting, visiting, releasing, sealing, covering, covering, setting, protecting, managing, observing, country and ignoring. 3. Identifying and mastering common interchangeable words Identifying and mastering common interchangeable words (including ancient and modern words) is not only related to the accurate reading of classical Chinese, but also related to the correct understanding of words.
Because the meaning expressed in the text is not the meaning of the word itself, but the meaning of the original word. Only by recognizing his passing identity and knowing the words he knows can we make an appropriate explanation.
Most of the interchangeable words are homophones of the original words.
2. How to master the writing method of classical Chinese as the carrier of traditional culture has played an important role in promoting the inheritance and development of national traditional culture. However, at present, there is a single and passive phenomenon in the way of Chinese students learning classical Chinese. Students lack the opportunity and ability of independent exploration, cooperative learning and independent acquisition of knowledge, which leads to difficulties in the learning process. How can we talk about the beauty of reading classical Chinese? At present, the new curriculum puts forward higher requirements for students' reading of classical Chinese, emphasizing that in the process of Chinese teaching, students should "know the richness and broadness of Chinese culture and absorb the wisdom of national culture". Therefore, it is really urgent to let students contact classical Chinese from junior high school, stimulate their interest in learning classical Chinese and improve their enthusiasm and autonomy in learning. Faced with this situation, what strategies can be adopted to meet the needs of "autonomous" learning? \x0d 1。 Pay attention to reading aloud, perceive the text, and change passive acceptance into active learning. \x0d "Chinese Curriculum Standard" requires that reading teaching in each learning period should attach importance to reading aloud: through reading aloud, students can directly and truly perceive the content of the text and understand the author's thoughts and feelings, which is an effective way to change students' learning from passive acceptance to active discovery. The seventh grade students first came into contact with classical Chinese in the first unit. They have some difficulties in implementing the meaning of words, phrases and sentences in the text, so it is particularly important for students to perceive the whole content of the text without literary translation and understand classical Chinese through repeated reading. In teaching design, teachers' analysis and explanation are no longer used to replace students' independent perception of the text, but reading aloud is regarded as an important means for students to learn and understand. According to the students' situation, the teaching level of classical Chinese reading is designed, and different requirements are put forward for each reading, so that the main problems such as emotional theme can be solved through reading, thus improving students' overall perception of the article. \x0d For example, Teaching Children Fun (the first volume of the seventh grade of People's Education Edition) can be designed as follows: \x0d 1 Reading: students are required to read the text freely, and they are required to know the glyphs and pronounce them correctly. For example, the events are (Wei), (Jiang) and (He). X0d 3 Reading: Students read the text together, thinking and understanding the author's childlike interest. Students look for sentences that express childlike interest, and then the teacher guides them to implement the meaning of classical Chinese. \x0d 4 Reading: Retell the contents of two pictures in the text in your own words. \ x0d 5 Reading: Look at the blackboard and try to describe the contents of these two pictures with sentences from the text. At this time, students can recite in class. It can be said that the most basic way to learn classical Chinese is reading. The best way is to read aloud, with emphasis on reading and difficulty in reading. However, reading is not an end. We should pay attention to the changes in reading, so that students can finally achieve the effect of "seeing what they mean" through the strategies of initial perception, aesthetic reading comprehension, reading evaluation, reading comprehension and using group reading. Reading is the starting point of learning classical Chinese. Reading is used to understand the text, combine one's own experience and background, and the openness of reading materials. Different students will make different interpretations of the text. Because they read the text clearly and think deeply, they will have the impulse to talk and communicate with others, and autonomous learning will naturally come. \x0d Second, provide a platform for interaction and cooperation, so that the awareness of autonomous learning can be maintained for a long time. \x0d The new syllabus and new curriculum reform require respect for students' individual differences, attention to students' personality development and permission to learn. Therefore, in the teaching process, teachers must avoid "concentrated learning" and carefully organize learning activities to provide students with an interactive learning platform. Through student-student cooperation, teacher-student cooperation, deskmate cooperation, group cooperation and class cooperation, every student's interest in learning and active participation can be maintained for a long time. In the specific classroom operation, we can use questioning-independent thinking-group discussion-representative speech to achieve *. X0d Third, expand reading and strengthen students' interest in reading extracurricular classical Chinese. \x0d 1。 Accumulate some ancient literary phenomena and historical knowledge. \x0d Ancient cultural phenomena refer to ancient etiquette (utensils, tools, customs, names, place names, etc. ), such as "Looking at the Stone" in "Looking at the Stone" (debate). These words are ancient cultural phenomena. For example, the story of Yueyang Tower can understand why Fan Zhongyan wrote the words "Let the government be harmonious and let everything prosper" before rebuilding Yueyang Tower. If students don't have basic historical knowledge, it is difficult to understand Fan Zhongyan's "difficulties", so it is particularly important to supplement this knowledge in class. \x0d 2。 Pay attention to the effective cohesion of ancient and modern meanings. X0d We can use modern Chinese to help students better grasp the meaning of classical Chinese. For example, we can talk about ancient Chinese knowledge in combination with students' favorite idioms: the word "fake" in "Preface to Dongyang" is translated into "borrow", and we can contact "Smith" to deepen students' impression. \x0d 3。 Pay attention to the cultivation of knowledge transfer ability. \ x0d3 Students should get. It is far from enough to rely on a few classical Chinese exercises in the textbook in class, so teachers should encourage students to read classical Chinese after class on the one hand, and let them do some classical Chinese exercises with appropriate difficulty related to the text on the other hand, so as to get twice the result with half the effort. \x0d 4。 There are many ways to improve the reading level of classical Chinese through writing. \ X0d can guide students to write "classical Chinese", give them certain materials, and let them express themselves in the form of classical Chinese. They don't pay attention to how clever the writing is, but only ask them to use the classical Chinese vocabulary they learned at school as much as possible. For another example, students are required to graft the artistic conception of ancient Chinese into the familiar reality in modern language, and organically link ancient Chinese with modern Chinese to realize the transformation of life.
3. How to write classical Chinese 1? Master the basic language structure. Classical Chinese can be roughly divided into words and sentences. Of course, you must be able to read ancient Chinese, read more, write more and practice more, and you will naturally write better and better.
2. Correct sentence break. There are no punctuation marks in ancient Chinese characters, so how to break sentences directly affects the understanding of the content of the article. The following points should be paid attention to in correctly breaking sentences: understanding keywords and judging the relationship between words; Have a certain appreciation and understanding of ancient culture.
3. Learn the correct translation methods.
4. Watch it again and again. As the saying goes, if you read a book a hundred times, its meaning will show itself. Reading more books can cultivate a sense of language and achieve the purpose of reading other ancient works skillfully.
1. Basic information:
Ancient Chinese has two meanings in our country. One meaning refers to the characters in ancient books before the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, mainly the characters in ancient books such as The Book of Changes, The Analects of Confucius, The Spring and Autumn Period, Shangshu, Zhou Li, Lv Chunqiu and Xiao Jing, which are relatively early characters. Another meaning refers to the general name of classical Chinese before 1954 (generally excluding "parallel prose"), which is a kind of prose with strange sentence patterns and no dual temperament.
2. Classical Chinese:
Ancient refers to the classical Chinese before 1954 (generally excluding "parallel prose"). Compared with parallel prose, it is a kind of prose with strange sentences, single lines and no dual temperament. Parallel prose prevailed after Wei and Jin Dynasties, paying attention to duality, neat syntax and gorgeous words.
Su Chuo opposed the flashy style of parallel prose in the late Northern Dynasties, and imitated the style of Shangshu to write Dayu, thinking that the article was a standardized genre, called "ancient prose", that is, writing articles in the prose language of the pre-Qin Dynasty. Later, in the Tang Dynasty, Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan and so on. It is advocated to restore the tradition of rich content, free length, plain and smooth prose in the pre-Qin and Han dynasties, that is, to call such prose ancient prose.
3. Ancient prose: "Ancient prose of Confucius", that is, the so-called "biography of teachers". The difference between ancient prose and written prose is geographical difference. Ancient prose is a book in the wall, and the ancients respected classics, so it was placed before essays, and its age was not necessarily earlier than essays. Xu Shen said: "Up to the Six Classics of Confucius, Zuo Qiuming's Spring and Autumn Biography is an ancient text." He also said: "The calligrapher in the wall, King Lu Gong (BC 155 ~ BC 129) destroyed Confucius' House and got The Book of Rites, The Book of History, The Spring and Autumn Annals, The Analects of Confucius and The Book of Filial Piety. "The Book of Rites is a work in the late Warring States period. Ancient books and records are made of bamboo slips. After countless times of reading and copying, they were "three unique skills in Wei's compilation and three unique skills in lacquer calligraphy", and their use time was not long. In the thirty-fourth year of Qin Shihuang (2 13 BC), books were ordered to be burned, but there were not necessarily early manuscripts hidden in various places, and they were all popular books at that time. Even if there are six classics written by Confucius, it is only 500 BC. Xu Shen said that the materials he used were called Meng Shi in Yi, Kong Shi in Shu, Shi Mao in Shi, Zhou Guan in Li, Zuo Shi in Spring and Autumn Annals, and Xiao Jing. About all of them were copied by Confucian classics in Han Dynasty. Different from Biography, Xu Shen used more than 500 words, about118 in Biography. The characteristics of ancient Chinese, such as one or two poems, add unnecessary decoration, ceremony and etiquette. Making gifts, giving up and boldly simplifying are not the original forms of Chinese characters, but are produced in line with the needs of the times.
4. How to write classical Chinese If you want to write classical Chinese well, you should do more topics in this field or read more books on classical Chinese, and translate more titles and stories in classical Chinese, so as to improve the level of classical Chinese.
Classical Chinese teaching is an important part of Chinese teaching, and classical Chinese test questions are the highlight of college entrance examination. Students often ask, how to learn classical Chinese well so as not to lose points in the college entrance examination? I think if we can pay attention to the following points, we can learn classical Chinese well and improve the hit rate of the college entrance examination. First of all, we must have relevant historical knowledge.
As the saying goes, literature and history are not separated. Everyone lives in an era, and the politics, economy and culture of this era will certainly have an impact on him.
Therefore, only by understanding the era of this person's life can we understand the connotation of his works. For example, Qu Yuan advocated reform and hoped that Chu would be strong, but the king of Chu was "confused by Zheng Xiu at home and bullied by Zhang Yi abroad", alienated Qu Yuan first, and then exiled him to the Miluo River, which made his reform ambition impossible and buried him in the river.
Knowing this history, it is much easier for us to understand Li Sao. Second, have relevant cultural common sense.
China's ancient culture is profound and rich in connotation, and many contents are constantly evolving with the development of history. Such as name and title, official position and imperial examination, geographical knowledge, patriarchal manners and customs, clothing and utensils, calendar criminal law, ancient book annotation style, etc., are greatly different from ancient times to modern times.
Although students don't need to master all these contents, they should also accumulate what they encounter in their studies as their own knowledge reserves, so that they can call them at any time in classical Chinese learning and exams. Third, learn to "solve the belly of the ancients with the heart of the present."
We live in today's society, and in the face of disasters, we will unite as one. In the face of ugliness, they will attack and lash; We will work together to resist external humiliation. In fact, this kind of thoughts and feelings are in the same strain.
In the face of external humiliation, Wen Tianxiang wrote: "Since ancient times, no one has died, keeping the heart of Dan to shine in the history of history." Facing the sufferings of the people, Du Fu wrote: "The wine in Zhumen stinks and the bones on the road freeze to death." Therefore, when we study ancient Chinese, we should be good at comparing and associating the feelings of the ancients with those of today, so as to try to figure out the thoughts of the ancients and accurately understand the essence reflected by classical Chinese. Fourth, grasp the teaching materials and lay a solid foundation for classical Chinese.
When learning classical Chinese, we must master the knowledge points that appear in textbooks: ① Phonetic sounds, including polyphonic characters and different reading characters. ② Meaning, including ancient and modern different meanings, polysemy and flexible use of parts of speech.
③ Sentence patterns in classical Chinese, including special sentence patterns and complex sentences in classical Chinese. Fifth, to learn a classical Chinese, we should do the following: first, grasp the article as a whole and understand its main contents; Secondly, put the understanding of paragraphs into the overall grasp of the text; Third, in the specific language environment, we can further understand the words in the context; Finally, on the basis of the first three conditions, further understand the deep meaning of the article.
In short, if you can do the above in your usual study, you will lay a solid foundation for the college entrance examination. Classical Chinese is the language used by the ancients and is no longer used in our real life.
But it is the source of modern literature and still affects modern literature in various ways. Therefore, to really learn modern Chinese well, we must have a solid foundation in classical Chinese.
The writers and scholars of the older generation, such as Lu Xun, Mao Dun, Qian Zhongshu and Liang Shiqiu, all have deep roots in ancient Chinese, and their works are full of rich classical flavor, with concise, accurate and elegant language. Mr. Lu Xun read and studied a large number of ancient novels since he was a child, which had a great influence on his later novel creation. Mao Dun's skill in reciting A Dream of Red Mansions has always been praised. Qian Zhongshu was first a generation of scholars, proficient in Chinese and Western studies, especially Chinese studies, and then a writer.
The world only knows that there is a besieged city, but it doesn't know that there is a cone; Liang Shiqiu is proficient in classics and a subset of classics and history, which is reflected in his prose works. Not only is the language quaint and simple, but it is easy to put up, the usage of allusions is handy, and the music is wonderful. Liang's extensive reading and practical work are really amazing.
So, how can we learn classical Chinese well in senior high school? Here are some learning methods: First, master the basic language structure. Classical Chinese can be roughly divided into words and sentences.
Among them, words include content words and function words; Sentences can be divided into five categories: judgmental sentences, passive sentences, inverted sentences, ellipsis sentences and fixed sentences. It is the basis of learning classical Chinese to master the language structure of classical Chinese systematically and understand its differences and connections with modern Chinese.
Second, correctly break sentences. There are no punctuation marks in ancient Chinese characters, so how to break sentences directly affects the understanding of the content of the article.
The following points should be paid attention to in correctly breaking sentences: understanding keywords and judging the relationship between words; Understand a certain appreciation of ancient culture; Master the rules of dialogue, reporting and quotation in the text; According to the words at the beginning and end of the sentence and the idioms in the sentence. Third, learn the correct translation methods.
The principles of classical Chinese translation are: faithful to the original text, stereotyped words, literal translation as the main, free translation as the auxiliary. The following points should be paid attention to in translation: supplement the omitted parts; Adjust the word order; Increase or decrease appropriately.
Fourth, repeat reading. As the saying goes, if you read a book a hundred times, its meaning will show itself.
Reading more books can cultivate a sense of language and achieve the purpose of reading other ancient works skillfully. In addition, classical Chinese pays great attention to internal rhythm and rhythm. Repeated reading can fully appreciate the musical beauty of the works and improve the interest in learning! How to learn classical Chinese can be carried out in the following four steps: First, read well and memorize well.
Classical Chinese is rather awkward, so you should read it carefully, make no mistakes, punctuate the sentences correctly, read it in a coherent tone, and read it in a cadence. Try to read aloud on the basis of reading comprehension.
So as to achieve the realm of "his words come out of my mouth, and his feelings give birth to my heart". Only by reading vividly and fluently can we "read the book a hundred times and see its meaning"
Second, understand the meaning. Most words in classical Chinese have their specific meanings at that time, which is very different from modern vernacular Chinese.
Primary school students learn classical Chinese, and the key words of each sentence are explained easily at the back of the text. When appropriate, they should combine the use of reference books, put notes in the whole sentence to integrate their thinking, try to find out the meaning of the sentence, talk to friends independently after talking to themselves, and discuss with teachers to understand the content of classical Chinese. Third, emotional enlightenment.
Classical Chinese selected by primary schools all tell a certain truth with vivid examples. For example, learning chess is a metaphor to persuade students to learn.
5. How to write classical Chinese 1? To understand and master the homographs of common notional words in ancient and modern Chinese, only the meanings of some basic words (such as "heaven", "earth", "mountain" and "water") and some proper nouns have not changed, and most of them have changed.
Or the meaning is enlarged, or the meaning is reduced, or the meaning is shifted, or the feeling is different. Some become completely different, such as "soup", "martyr" and "slave" (referring to the ancient military attache, without derogatory meaning); In most cases, only one or two polysemous words are the same in ancient and modern times, and other meanings have disappeared in modern Chinese.
For example, in ancient times, "logging" meant "logging" and "crusade", but in ancient times it also meant "making contributions" and "boasting". In addition, some disyllabic words in modern Chinese were all a phrase in ancient times, and their meanings naturally differed greatly.
Such as "Grandpa" and "Description". When reading classical Chinese, if you don't pay attention to the difference between ancient and modern meanings, take the present as the past and expect the meaning, you will make mistakes.
The following are commonly used words with different meanings in ancient and modern times, listed in the back according to monosyllabic and disyllabic categories, with ancient meaning or ancient meaning indicated in brackets. The ancient phrase "modern disyllabic words" is not explained.
Monosyllabic words are (received, covered, covered, covered) stored (missed, caressed) by soldiers (weapons, military) (building steps, appointment of official positions) bed (a kind of seat), cut (praised, boasted) visit (achievement) cities, fiefs, places (ancient residents' organizations, preferences). A little (gradually) less (slightly) body (itself) is (this) suitable for (planting, cultivating) fast (tempting) soup (hot water, boiled water) tears (stealing (muddling through) smell (smell) disgusting (satisfied, full) and then (twice) destroying) cover (stop) walking (walking). Independence (independence or letters) Relieved (lost will) Very (unexpected situation) Romantic (meritorious literature and art, lingering) Welcome (welcome) Grateful (moved and struggling) Scene (time) Story (past events) Horizontal (criss-crossing, unimpeded) Traffic (collusion, mutual communication) End (integrity, costume) Economy (governing the country) Aunt Beauty (concubines) Murphy (no ... no) South (when the emperor) is cheap (take advantage of) Actually () relatives (both at home and abroad) Autumn (autumn) Youth (spring) People (people) Three feet (referring to the sword, fingering) Shandong (east of Lushan Mountain, east of Taihang Mountain and east of Huashan Mountain) body (personally implemented). Outline (grasping the program) Comrade (like-minded) highlights (suddenly appears) grammar (law or law) article (law, literary color) helpless (helpless, boring) no matter (not to mention) no day (not many days) sacrifice (ancient sacrifice to livestock) county official (referring to the emperor, Refers to the imperial court or government) news (disappearance and growth) luggage (diplomatic envoy) description (appearance and appearance) scholar (learner) color (appearance) savage (farmer living in the countryside) has always been (with the same principles and theories throughout) thinking (used to be diligent (fearful) because (therefore) it influenced (sound) fish (sound) Generally referred to as men) are father-in-law (honorific title for male elders) and minion (Chen Wu, political (political) instructions (pointing to show) wisdom (wisdom and strength) China (referring to the Central Plains) Grandfather (grandparents and father) or so (attendants) 2 Understanding and mastering the polysemy of commonly used notional words, a language phenomenon that exists in ancient and modern Chinese, but is more common and prominent in classical Chinese. Understanding the words in classical Chinese depends to a great extent on whether we can accurately grasp the specific meanings of polysemous words in the context.
There are 340 notional words commonly used in classical Chinese listed by textbook editors, all of which are polysemous words and should be the focus of learning. Among these 340 notional words, the following 100 notional words have more meanings and appear more frequently.
Pull, worship, violence, newspaper, quilt, comparison, contempt, poverty, soldier, thinness, strategy, inspection, multiplication, division, obedience, danger, suppression, evil, cutting, visiting, releasing, sealing, covering, covering, setting, protecting, managing, observing, country and ignoring. 3. Identifying and mastering common interchangeable words Identifying and mastering common interchangeable words (including ancient and modern words) is not only related to the accurate reading of classical Chinese, but also related to the correct understanding of words.
Because the meaning expressed in the text is not the meaning of the word itself, but the meaning of the original word. Only by recognizing his passing identity and knowing the words he knows can we make an appropriate explanation.
Most of the interchangeable words are homophones of the original words.
6. Learn the methods and skills of classical Chinese writing and the grammar of classical Chinese. Let me talk about my experience, hoping it will help you. I remember that it was senior one, and classical Chinese was still young. For a special reason, I made up my mind to learn classical Chinese well. So I go to the library every day, and I think of borrowing a book "Selected Works of Zhaoming" published by 1973. The words in it are all traditional Chinese characters.
Not to mention the articles in it.
But I'm not afraid, so I started with Jiang Yan's "Biefu" and "Hate Fu", looked up the dictionary word by word, and slowly read through many articles. A month later, our text began to reach some chapters in Historical Records, and I suddenly found that I could probably know the meaning without looking up dictionaries and reference books.
So I summed it up, what learning needs is still a cliche: interest, determination, perseverance and time. This is my personal experience.