Kangxi Dictionary is a far-reaching dictionary of Chinese characters, which was compiled by more than 30 famous scholars, including Zhang Yushu and Chen Tingjing, according to the imperial edict of Kangxi. The compilation of this book began in the forty-ninth year of Kangxi (17 10) and was completed in the fifty-fifth year of Kangxi (17 16), which lasted six years, so it was named Kangxi Dictionary. Prepared by the general manager
Officials Zhang Yushu and Chen Tingjing presided over it, and editors Ling Shaowen, Shi Kui, Zhou Qiwei, Chen Shiru and Jia Guowei jointly completed it. The dictionary adopts radical classification and arranges words according to strokes. The dictionary is divided into twelve episodes, marked by twelve branches, and each episode is divided into three volumes, namely the first volume, the middle volume and the second volume. The vowel table and its corresponding Chinese characters are arranged according to vowels, tones and syllables. * * It contains 47,035 Chinese characters, which is one of the main references for the study of Chinese characters. Kangxi Dictionary was selected as the ancient dictionary with the largest number of Chinese characters in China, world record association and China. Kangxi Dictionary is the first Chinese dictionary named after a dictionary in China.
author
Author of Kangxi Dictionary: Chen Qingting Jing (1638—17 12), formerly known as Chen Tingjing, surnamed Ziduan, named Yan Shuo, later named Wuting Mountain, was born in Zezhou (now Huangcheng Village, Yangcheng County, Shanxi Province) in Qing Dynasty, and served as an official for 53 years. Shunzhi fifteen years (1658), Jinshi, changed to Jishi Shu. At the beginning, he was named Jing, because the same family had the same name, so the court added the word "court" to him and changed it to court scene. He has served as banquet officer, minister of industry, minister of household affairs and minister of official affairs. Chen Tingjing studied hard all his life, and he was fully prepared for poetry, literature and music. His poetic style is elegant and mellow, which is very appreciated by Emperor Kangxi.
Zhang Yushu (1642-171year) was a native of Jiangsu Dantu (now Zhenjiang, Jiangsu). Born in the 15th year of Chongzhen in Ming Dynasty, he died in the 50th year of Kangxi in Qing Dynasty at the age of 70. Zhang Jiuzheng's second son and eldest brother are both Zhang Yucai. I studied hard since I was a child, and I was a scholar in the eighteenth year of Shunzhi (166 1 year). I am proficient in three biographies of the Spring and Autumn Period and have a profound history. He has been edited by the Hanlin Academy, studied in imperial academy and taught with a bachelor's degree. In the twenty-third year (1684), he was named the minister of punishments and military dispatch. Twenty-nine years, university student, Minister of Housing. In the thirty-fifth year of Kangxi (1696), galdan rebelled with the emperor. I have been an official for 50 years and a Taiping Prime Minister for 20 years. Long-term maintenance, bright and diligent, the court relies on it. In the eighteenth year of Kangxi (1679), he presided over the compilation of Ming History, and successively served as the chief deacon of General Plan for Pacifying the Northern Desert, Pei Yunwen Fu (1704-17165438) and Kangxi Dictionary. He visited river workers many times and supported Jin Fu to preside over the river regulation project. In the forty-ninth year of Kangxi (17 10), he resigned due to illness and stayed in the DPRK. In the fiftieth year of Kangxi (17 1 1), he went to Jehol with Kangxi at the age of 70, died of illness outside the Great Wall and was buried in Zheng Wen. Jade calligraphy works are an old saying, which refers to a generation. He is the author of twelve volumes of Zheng Wenji, and Biography of Qing History is even more popular in the world.
consult
Kangxi Dictionary adopts radical character retrieval and stroke character retrieval.
Can be recorded in the song dynasty formula: find a son and two sons, three paintings ask ugly yin, four are in Mao, five noon and six are not applied, seven are eighty-nine, and the rest are kept in Hai Department. Or "One, two, three ugly girls, four bases in Tatsumi, Friday afternoon, seven undeclared in Youzhong, eight or nine deposits in the sea."
For example, look up the word "Kang". Look for "Yan" in the radical index, five pages below "Yin". Except for the radicals, "Li" is 8 paintings, and then the word "Kang" in the 8 paintings of "With Light" can be seen on page 9 of Yin Xiaji.
Stroke word search is used for difficult word search, which can be based on stroke word search table. If you look up the word "min", if you don't know its radical, you can look it up in the stroke dictionary. "Min" is five paintings, which can be found in them. "Min" is taken as "Division", and then look up "Division" in "Radical Index". The word "teacher" can be found on page 33 of Chen Ji, and the word "people" can be found in the "teacher" department 1 painting in Chen Ji.
Dictionary catalogue
Imperial order
Precautions for using books/guides
Equal rhyme
composite catalog
Find a word (in a Chinese dictionary)
main body
main content
subset
Top: one, two, two
China people: people.
Next: I have been in the factory for eight months.
Ugly scenery
Shang: I like it.
English: Tutsi Ba
Next: Yan Xi's eldest daughter.
Yin Ji:
Above: A small corpse.
China: The night watchman has his towel.
Next: What are you doing?
Mao Ji:
Shang: heart
English: Ge Hushou
Next: there is no way to support the text.
Chen Ji:
Top: day and month.
China people: wood.
Bottom: It's better to die than Shi Mao.
Four seasons:
Top: water
Chinese: A fire claw is a tooth.
Next: cows and dogs
Afternoon package:
Above: Yuxuan Guawagen uses fields to treat diseases.
China people: the spear of LEPIDOPTERA.
Below: The stone shows the location of Ruohe Cave.
Not set:
Above: Bamboo rice
China people: The wool quilt is old and tired.
Below: Meat minister from mouth to tongue.
Ji Shen:
Top: damn it
Medium: midges.
Next: Bloody clothes.
Unitary set:
I: Watch the corner speech.
China people: Tapirs and teeth in Dou Gu will go all over the body.
Next: Che Chen Xin visits Li Youcai.
Settings:
Top: Jinchang Gate
English: Liv, Qing Yu, Feimian, Ge Wei and the sound of leeks.
Below: The wind flies to eat the first fragrance.
Haiji:
Above: The horse is tall and the ghost hits the wall.
China people: fish birds.
Below: braised deer, wheat, ephedra, millet, herring, drum, rat, nose, neat teeth, dragon turtle and turtle.
appendix
study for a test
postscript
Textual research [1]
3 dominant editing
Kangxi dictionary is updated according to the dictionary and orthography of Ming Dynasty. For the mistakes in the two books, Kangxi Dictionary has also made some efforts to "distinguish doubts and correct mistakes". Kangxi dictionary has three advantages:
First, it is rich in words, and it is the dictionary with the largest number of words in China for a long time (it didn't reach more than 48,000 words until 19 15 when The Great Chinese Dictionary was published).
Secondly, it is classified by 2 14 radicals, and marked with reverse phonetic notation, source, references, etc. , which lists almost all different phonetic notation and the different meanings of each word for users to refer to.
Third, except singular words and meanings, it gives examples in almost every word and meaning; Almost all of these examples are quoted from "first reading" ancient books.
4 shortcomings editing
The dictionary has two shortcomings: first, the whole book is tangential and explanatory, and there is no standard, so the author rarely puts forward his own opinions, which is not conducive to beginners' use; Second, there are many omissions and mistakes. Wang's Kangxi Dictionary (12) collates 2588 places, which is only a part of it.
According to historical records, during the Daoguang years 100 years after the completion of Kangxi Dictionary, Wang et al., a scholar of Ganjia School, were instructed to investigate and correct the mistakes in Kangxi Dictionary, and wrote a textual research on the dictionary, correcting 2588 mistakes in citation, prefix, interpretation, examples, meaning and so on. Junichi Watanabe, a modern Japanese scholar, revised Kangxi Dictionary and found more than 4,000 mistakes (most of which were made by Wang Suozhong). [2]
Version 5 editing
Wuyingdian Edition
There are many versions of Kangxi Dictionary, among which there is an engraving of the Forbidden City by Kangxi, also called Wuyingdian Edition. There are two kinds of paper: Hua Kai paper and Taishilian paper. Most of Kangxi's imperial palace engravings were presented by the imperial palace, and the binding was very luxurious, which was rarely seen by the people. In addition, there are reprints of Daoguang's seven years and other imperial court woodcuts, as well as Shi Yinben, typography and photocopies that appeared in the late Qing Dynasty. In the late Qing Dynasty, the lithographs printed by Shanghai Wentong Bookstore were the most popular and the most widely distributed edition. In the forty-ninth year of Kangxi, Kangxi called thirty scholars, including Zhang Yushu and Chen Tingjing, and began to compile Kangxi Dictionary. It took them six years to organize traditional Chinese characters on a large scale, and they finished their editing work in the fifty-fifth year of Kangxi. Kangxi Dictionary absorbed the experience of compiling calligraphy books in past dynasties. The book is divided into twelve episodes, from subset to collection, and each episode is divided into three volumes, namely, upper volume, middle volume and lower volume, with 2 14 radicals respectively. * * * contains 47,035 words in total. The content quotes ancient poetry to trace its etymology, and also indicates the usage of past dynasties to prove its change. After the publication of Kangxi Dictionary, the social influence was enormous. Its characters, sounds, meanings and documentary evidence are widely quoted, and its style has also become the blueprint for the later publication of word books. As one of the important references of China culture, it has extremely high research value.
Kangxi Dictionary, as a master of ancient Chinese word books, has the following characteristics: it receives more words, records different styles and common writing methods of words, and lists those with similar fonts but different sounds and meanings as "doubt", "preparation" and "correction"; The phonetic notation is the most complete, the pronunciation is complete, and all rhyming books are arranged in order.
Kangxi dictionary
Column; Explaining the ancients, most of the righteous examples are original sources. These advantages greatly facilitated the feudal scholars with strong retro ideas, so they were praised as "rigorous style, accurate textual research, the source of refined Chinese characters, and the golden beam of the art garden" (Wang Ci). Although there are some shortcomings, since the introduction of Wang in the Qing Dynasty, researchers have been constantly making corrections to it, and on the basis of it, a Chinese Dictionary and a Chinese Dictionary have appeared. However, due to the different compilation purposes, Kangxi Dictionary focuses on the "ancient" and its successors serve the "present", so it still plays an irreplaceable role today, that is, reading ancient books, sorting out ancient documents and engaging in ancient prose. Since the publication of Kangxi Dictionary, there have been many versions. According to incomplete statistics, there are more than 100. Now, the main summary is as follows:
(1) Forty-two volumes, The Book of Wuying Temple in the fifty-fifth year of Kangxi, which is divided into twelve episodes, each with three volumes, entitled "General Table", "proofreading", "distinguishing similarities" and "textual research", with "addendum" and "reference" at the end. The characters of radicals and parts are in stroke order, and the word list occupies two lines, and the interpretation is double lines. Under every word, there are, Guang Yun, Ji Yun, Gu, and so on. They are all listed first, then the meaning is taught, and examples in ancient books and dictionaries are widely collected. If there is any textual research, attach it to the back, and then list the words separately, which makes them read differently. The form and meaning of the word "Fan" are very organized. "Everything that is finished ... is adapted from official script ... and other styles, vulgar books and mistakes ... are attached to the back ... which are contained in ancient books, and all of them are unacceptable" (summary of Siku). This is the foundation of later generations. Even after the appearance of Daoguang Wuyingtang, it is still the most popular book. For example, Sku edition and dictionary edition are based on the same language publishing house. It should be noted that there is no seal script in Kangxi Dictionary, which was added by later publishers.
(2) Forty-two volumes, The Book of Wu Yingtang in the 11th year of Daoguang, revised by Wang. In the seven years of Daoguang, more than 90 people proofread Kangxi dictionary every year. It took five years to change 2588 places, dig out the original and reprint it. At the same time, Wang compiled the collation words into twelve volumes of Textual Research of Dictionaries. It is precisely because of the emergence of a single edition of dictionary textual research and the Chinese people's psychology of respecting the past and ignoring the present that the revision of this school has little influence, perhaps out of caution. It should be noted that there is no seal script in Kangxi Dictionary, which was added by later publishers.
(3) Forty-three volumes, namely, textual research on Wuying Hall and dictionary in the fifty-fifth year of Kangxi. For the above reasons, people who intend to absorb Daoguang Temple have adopted this simple and safe way. The most popular and influential Zhonghua Book Company belongs to this system.
(4) Photocopying of Daoguang Temple+Dictionary Textual Research+Kangxi Dictionary Textual Research. Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House rediscovered Daoguang Classic Edition in 1990, compared the changes of Daoguang Classic Edition with the textual research of dictionaries, and found that they were different. It also carefully studied the textual research of Kangxi Dictionary in Watanabe, Japan, and published Wang's revised Kangxi Dictionary in 1996. This book is a rare edition (Wang Jia) The prefix is based on Xu Xuan's school-based Shuo Wen Jie Zi, with a radical directory in front of the page and a four-corner number index behind it.
(5) Punctuation in Daoguang Temple. On the basis of Daoguang Temple Edition, referring to other editions, the original book is moved as a text reference and supplement, old and new fonts are used, words and semantic examples are interpreted in a new style, a comparison table of old and new words is listed, punctuation and pinyin are added to the whole book, and it is arranged horizontally in the traditional way. Seal script is the same as the old version. There is a four-corner number index. Chinese Dictionary Publishing House, 2002.
(6) Based on Daoguang Temple, the General Explanation of Kangxi Dictionary was collated, and some achievements such as Textual Research of Dictionary, Textual Research of Kangxi Dictionary and Textual Research of Huang Kangxi Dictionary were incorporated into the text, and some methods such as phonetic notation, simplified characters, horizontal punctuation and radical detection were used to deal with it, and the key method of letter cutting was deleted. Times Literature and Art Publishing House, 1997.
(7) Simplified Chinese Characters and Horizontal Arrangement, Beijing Normal University Press, 1997.
(VIII) Comparison of Modern Retrieval and Phonetic Annotation, China Archives Collection Edition, China Archives Publishing House, 2002.
(9) Kangxi Dictionary, Zhonghua Book Company, June 2004-1.
(10) Kangxi Dictionary (Volume I, Zhongzhou Ancient Books Publishing House, 2006-10/.
(1 1) Revised Edition of Kangxi Dictionary, Social Science Literature Publishing House, 2008-4- 1.
(12) The punctuation of Kangxi Dictionary was re-edited and published horizontally on the basis of the final version of Kangxi Dictionary introduced by Wang Daoguang. Punctuation sentence by sentence in the book, mainly using commas, periods, colons, titles and so on. There is no seal script in the original book. Now, according to Xu Xuan's school-based "Shuowen Jiezi", the current standard seal script is given at the beginning of the text. A new four-corner index is compiled at the end of the book, which includes all the first words in the original text, addenda and references for easy retrieval.
Modern edition
Modern electronic edition
There are currently three electronic editions of Kangxi Dictionary. Shanghai Shutongwen Kangxi Dictionary (produced by Shutongwen Digital Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing Wan Fang Data Electronic Publishing House, 2000), Han Zhen, Taiwan Province Province, Zhong Yi, Beijing.
The original version of the electronic version of Kangxi Dictionary compiled by was Zhonghua Book Company (the printed version was interpreted by the book company and verified by Wang's dictionary). It provides readers with Chinese, Japanese, simplified, complicated and different Chinese character retrieval skills, and helps readers who don't know the exact words in the dictionary in advance to retrieve words in the dictionary as long as they input their familiar China Chinese characters or Japanese Chinese characters, whether they are traditional Chinese characters, simplified Chinese characters, variant Chinese characters or even old words and typos. Secondly, you can query by single word, radical, stroke and stroke order, and also by pinyin and phonetic notation. The electronic version not only provides the original text entry information of Kangxi, but also provides the attribute information of Chinese characters, such as radical, number of strokes outside radical, total number of strokes, stroke order, pinyin, phonetic notation, Unicode, GBK, Big5 coding, etc. At the same time, it also provides the standard pronunciation of Chinese characters in Putonghua.
Han Zhen Company cooperated with the electronic version producer of Sikuquanshu to launch the traditional electronic version of Kangxi Dictionary on 200 1. This set of electronic CD-ROM of Kangxi Dictionary is based on the lithograph version of Kangxi Dictionary published by Bookstore, with a textual research on the dictionary introduced by Mr. Wang. In the aspect of digitalization of ancient books, Han Zhen Company adopts an affinity search interface, and compares three internal codes, BIG5, GBK and Unicode, and provides diversified search fields such as single word, radical, stroke, stroke order, phonetic notation and pinyin.
Zhong Yi adopted Kangxi Dictionary published by Beijing Normal University Press. All prefixes and definitions can be searched at will, and an electronic dictionary with graphic contrast is provided. The electronic full-text retrieval version of Kangxi Dictionary has the following outstanding features: on the Windows platform, the number of Chinese characters has expanded from 27,484 to 70 195. The software "Zhong Yi Shen Han E" attached to the enterprise edition provides curve characters including 70,000 Chinese characters, which are encoded according to the international standard of ISO/IEC 10646: 2003 (the same as Unicode 4.0). The real full-text retrieval is realized, and 47,000 prefix words with word definitions and various attributes can be found separately. You can also enter any word or phrase, and you can quickly retrieve relevant information from prefixes and their explanations. Six word retrieval methods, if you don't learn, you should match six word retrieval methods. Among them, Kangxi radical word retrieval, stroke number retrieval and Kangxi ordinal word retrieval are all mouse operations and can be used without learning. Others are equipped with pinyin, phonetic notation and Zheng code input methods suitable for fast input. Interpretation can be simplified and traditional Chinese characters can be switched. Use simplified words and punctuate sentences. If you need to read traditional Chinese characters, you can immediately convert them into traditional Chinese characters with one click, which is convenient for readers from overseas countries such as Taiwan Province Province, Hongkong and Macau. All words can be pasted in MS-Office. You can copy the prefix or explanation you want to extract (Enterprise Edition only) and paste it into a Microsoft Office application for seamless re-editing. This is impossible for the image scanning electronic version of Kangxi Dictionary. Compared with the scanned image of the original Kangxi Dictionary, readers can adjust the scanned image corresponding to the log printed Kangxi Dictionary with only one click when reading the prefix and interpreting the text, which is very helpful for academic research. Prefixes are marked with multiple attributes, which is convenient for learning and searching. In addition to the pinyin and phonetic notation originally marked in Beijing Normal University Edition, the prefixes of ISO/IEC(Unicode) international standard coding, Zheng code coding and other attributes are also marked.
Version 6 editing
After the completion of Kangxi Dictionary, it was revised only once in the 11th year of Qing Daoguang (183 1), and was collated by Wang, a famous scholar in Qing Dynasty, and * * * corrected 2588 mistakes in the book.
In the nearly 300 years since the publication of Kangxi Dictionary, only Japanese scholar Watanabe and China famous scholar Wang Li have books to collate it, with more than 10,000 pieces collated.
In April 2008, Social Science Literature Publishing House completed the second revision of Kangxi Dictionary in the past 300 years. On the basis of Wang's revised edition and collation by Watanabe and Wang Li, more than 58,000 words in the Unicode international standard were used to supplement the 13000 prefix in Kangxi Dictionary for the first time.
The revised edition of Kangxi Dictionary, a social science literature publication, contains 57,557 Chinese characters, about 3,000 more than the Great Chinese Dictionary. In addition, thousands of words in the original book with sound and nonsense or with meaning and nonsense have been explained or phonetic for the first time through this revision and collation. Synchronized with the revision is the digitization of Kangxi Dictionary, which adopts a horizontal arrangement suitable for modern people. In addition to retaining the traditional anti-tangent phonetic notation, every word is marked with modern Chinese pinyin, and punctuation marks are added to the text, thus eliminating the reading obstacles caused by missing sentences. Through the data CD-ROM, readers can accurately retrieve the ancient Chinese characters of simplified Chinese characters and their position in the original book of Kangxi Dictionary, which is convenient for researchers to use.
supplement
Kangxi Dictionary, written on 17 16, is a masterpiece of all ages, which can meet the basic needs of readers to read and study classic documents. This dictionary is based on the revised edition of Kangxi Dictionary introduced by Mr. Wang Daoguang. Punctuation sentence by sentence in the book, mainly using commas, periods, colons, titles and so on. For the convenience of readers, Chinese Pinyin and attention symbols are added after the original phonetic notation. There is no seal script in the original work. Now, according to Xu Xuan's school-based Shuo Wen Jie Zi, a standard seal script is attached to the front of the text. A new four-corner index is compiled at the end of this book.
The advantages of Kangxi Dictionary are as follows: First, it has more words than all previous dictionaries; Thirdly, it lists the different meanings of almost every word, and each meaning refers to the example first seen in an ancient book. These are one of the remarkable features of this dictionary, which is undoubtedly of great help to readers.
value
A large number of Kangxi dictionaries were published in the Republic of China and Qing Dynasty. How to distinguish the Qing version from the Republic version is actually very simple.
1, just look at its price.
2. There were no advertisements in Kangxi dictionary in Qing Dynasty, but there were advertisements in Republic of China.
3. There were many versions in the Republic of China. One was 12 Kangxi Dictionary printed by the Commercial Press in five years of the Republic of China. The numerical value is generally around 1000, and the numerical value of 13 Kangxi dictionary printed in 12 of the Republic of China is 500.
7 differential editing
Differences between the old and new versions
More comprehensive collection of words: The modern version of Kangxi Dictionary integrates the most difficult additions and reference notes of the old version of Kangxi Dictionary into the text according to modern writing norms, making it easy to find. The editor has also added a large number of standard word commonly used by modern people, which is convenient for modern people to use and breaks the limitation that only experts can use it.
Standardization of Chinese characters: The modern version of Kangxi Dictionary has done a lot of standardization work on the old version of Kangxi Dictionary. In Qing Dynasty, Wang revised 2588 mistakes in Kangxi Dictionary, but the modern version of Kangxi Dictionary revised more than 18000.
Modern phonetic notation: The prefix of the old Kangxi Dictionary is syncopation, which is no longer used or will not be used by modern people. Therefore, Chinese Pinyin, which is commonly used by modern people, is adopted in the compilation, so that readers can pronounce it accurately.
Kangxi Dictionary was compiled by Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty. The original forty-two volumes. Zhang Yushu, a bachelor of imperial academy, presided over the compilation. Update according to glossary and orthography. The fiftieth year of Kangxi (17 16) was published in the world. Its content is traced back to the source with reference to ancient poetry, and the usage of each generation is annotated to prove its change. This book has an appendix, which contains all the rare words; Are there any meaningless or meaningless words attached to the "test preparation"?
Kangxi Dictionary has a total of 47,035 words. Since the publication of this great written work, its influence and popularity have been unparalleled in the past 300 years.