Unit 5 Other Life in the Biosphere
Chapter 1 Animals in Different Environments
▲ Classification of animals:
(1) Animals can be divided into vertebrates and invertebrates according to whether there is a spine in the body.
(2) Animals can be divided into three categories according to their living environment and modes of movement: terrestrial animals, aquatic animals and aerial animals.
Section 1 Animals Living in Water
0 1, fish:
Life habit: Fish live in water.
(2) Morphological characteristics of fish:
Body shape: spindle shape
Body surface: scales; Secrete mucus
Body color: white abdomen and dark back (protective color)
Body distribution: head, trunk and tail
Sensory organ: lateral line (sensing water flow, measuring direction)
Motor organs: fin, tail (to control and maintain the forward direction), chest and abdomen (to maintain balance).
The tail and trunk (which produce forward power) play a coordinating role as a whole.
Breathing and inhalation: gill, gill filament (covered with capillaries, which is conducive to gas exchange) mouth and gill cover alternately open and close.
(3) Characteristics of fish adapting to life in water:
Fish can live in water, so it has two important characteristics: one is to swim with fins to get food and defend against enemies, and the other is to breathe in water with gills.
A, swimming: swimming with fins (fins are moving organs)
Swimming by the swing of tail and the coordination of fins, the motive force of progress is the swing of tail, the pectoral fin, ventral fin and dorsal fin maintain the balance of fish, and the tail fin determines the direction of movement; Gills are the respiratory organs of fish, and the gill filaments are densely covered with capillaries, which can absorb oxygen dissolved in water. Warm animals that lay eggs.
B. Breathing: Breathing with the gills (gills are respiratory organs)
(4) The main characteristics of fish:
A, the body surface is often covered with scales; B, breathing through the gills; Swim by swinging the tail and coordinating the fins. D, living in water.
(5) The reason why fish can't live without water:
Fish's respiratory organ is gill, and there are many gill filaments in the gill, which can be unfolded in water, but can't be unfolded without water, so they don't get enough oxygen and die.
(6) The four major fishes are grass carp, herring, silver carp and bighead carp.
02. Other aquatic animals:
(1) coelenterate: it has a mouth but no anus. Such as anemones, jellyfish and corals.
(2) Molluscs: Molluscs are protected by shells. Such as octopus, squid, mussel, snail, etc.
(3) Crustacea: There are hard nails on the body surface. Such as shrimp, crab, Daphnia, etc.
(4) Other aquatic animals: dolphins, whales, seals, turtles, turtles, etc.
03, water environment protection:
(1) Urgency of water environment protection
(2) A successful example of water environmental protection.
(3) Protecting the water environment starts from me and starts from the side.
Section 2 Animals Living on Land
04. Characteristics of terrestrial animals adapting to the environment:
(1) The land climate is relatively dry; Accordingly, animals living on land generally have structures to prevent water loss. For example, reptiles have horny scales or nails, and insects have exoskeletons. [Scales, nails, exoskeleton (to prevent water loss)]
(2) Land animals are not affected by the buoyancy of water, and generally have organs that support their bodies and movements. [with special moving organs]
(3) Except for earthworms and other animals, animals living on land can generally breathe air. Various respiratory organs located in the body, such as trachea and lungs. [Special respiratory organs (except earthworms)]
(4) Animals living on land generally have developed sensory organs and nervous systems, which can respond to the changing environment in time. [developed nervous system and sensory organs]
05. Earthworms: (Earthworms adapt to the characteristics of land life)
(1) lives in humid soil rich in humus. (2) Feed on the dead leaves and roots of plants. (3) make the body squirm through the cooperation of muscles and bristles; Body segmentation makes body movement more flexible. (4) Breathe by the body wall that can secrete mucus and keep it moist all the time. (5) Earthworms are annelids,
06, the main characteristics of annelids:
(1), the body is composed of many similar ring segments.
(2) Bristles and developed muscles are used for exercise.
(3) You can breathe when you are wet, and there is no special respiratory organ.
▲ annelids: in addition to earthworms, there are also nereis and leeches.
07. Rabbit: (The characteristics of rabbits suitable for land life)
(1) The forelimbs are short and the hind limbs are long, which is convenient for jumping. (2) The incisors (cutting food) and molars (grinding food) are developed, but there are no canine teeth (tearing food), and the cecum is developed, which is suitable for vegetarianism. (3) The body surface is covered with hair, and the lungs are used to breathe. The heart structure and blood circulation are the same as those of human beings, and it is a warm-blooded animal. (4) viviparous and lactation are mammals.
08, the main characteristics of mammals:
(1) body surface coating; (2) Teeth are divided into incisors, canines and molars; (3) There is a diaphragm in the body cavity; (4) Breathe with the lungs; (5) The heart has four completely separated ventricles; (6) Constant body temperature; (7) the brain is developed; (8) Most of them are viviparous and breastfeeding.
▲ Diaphragm is a unique feature of mammals.
09, the difference between temperature-changing animals and warm-blooded animals:
Mammals and birds can keep their body temperature constant by self-regulation. They are all warm-blooded animals. The body temperature of other animals changes with the change of the surrounding environment, belonging to the temperature-changing animals.
10, animal habitat protection:
(1) Basic environmental conditions for terrestrial animals: adequate food, water and shelter.
(2) The reason why the giant panda is endangered: the habitat of the panda has been destroyed.
(3) Animal habitats provide sufficient food, water and shelter for terrestrial organisms. After being destroyed, the survival of animals is threatened. Therefore, we should protect the habitat of living things.
Section 3 Animals Flying in the Air
1 1. Birds: (characteristics of birds suitable for flying)
(1) developed an airbag, which can reduce weight and breathe twice. (2) The digestive system is developed, the rectum is short, and food residues are discharged quickly. (3) The sternum is keel-shaped, which is convenient for the development of pectoral muscles. (4) The body is streamlined, the wings and feathers overlap, and the heart is developed. (5) High and constant body temperature, spawning.
12, Insects: (Insects are the only flying animals among invertebrates)
(1) Features: The body is divided into three parts: chest and abdomen. Wings and feet are born in the chest, and the muscles developed in the chest are attached to the exoskeleton. (2) The function of exoskeleton: to support and protect the internal soft tissues and prevent water evaporation in the body. (3) Insects are the only flying animals among invertebrates. Flying expands the range of activities and is conducive to foraging and reproduction.
13, the main characteristics of arthropods:
The body consists of many segments, and the body surface is divided by exoskeleton, foot and antenna.
▲ Common arthropods are: all insects, spiders, centipedes, shrimps, crabs, etc.
14, the main characteristics of amphibians:
Larvae live in water, breathe through gills, adults live an amphibious life, breathe through lungs, and use skin to assist breathing.
▲ Common amphibians are frogs and toads.
▲ Known animal species 1 0.5 million, including more than 4,000 species of mammals, more than 9,000 species of birds and more than 0/10,000 species of insects.
Chapter II Animal Movement and Behavior
(1) A series of activities carried out by animals that are conducive to survival and reproduction are all animal behaviors.
(2) List various sports forms of animals: flying, swimming, crawling, walking and running.
(3) The description of animal movement depends on a certain structure.
Section 1 Animal sports
15, the composition of the vertebrate movement system:
(1) Motion system: bones (including bones and bone connections) and skeletal muscles.
(2) Joint structure: joint head, joint fossa, joint cartilage, joint capsule and joint cavity. (See the joint pattern diagram on page 29)
▲ The function of articular cartilage: it is elastic and can reduce the friction between bones.
▲ articular surface: composed of articular head, articular fossa and articular cartilage.
▲ Dislocation: the phenomenon that the joint head slides out of the joint socket.
16, Coordination of Bone, Joint and Skeletal Muscle
(1) Structure and characteristics of skeletal muscle;
A. Structure: Skeletal muscle consists of tendon and muscle abdomen.
Tendon: thin milky white part at both ends of skeletal muscle.
Abdomen: the thicker part in the middle
A group of muscles are attached to two different bones. Skeletal muscles can only pull bones, but can't push them away. What is connected with the bone is always the cooperation of two groups of muscles.
B, characteristics: no matter what kind of stimulation (including excitement from nerves), muscles will contract, stop stimulating and relax.
(2) Elbow flexion and elbow extension:
A elbow flexion: biceps brachii contraction, triceps brachii relaxation and elbow flexion and extension are completed by two groups of muscle groups.
B, elbow extension: the biceps brachii is relaxed, and the triceps brachii is contracted (hands naturally droop and are relaxed, while holding heavy objects is contracted).
(3) The process of exercise: When the skeletal muscle is contracted by nerve stimulation, it will affect the movement of the bones around the joints, so the body will exercise.
▲ The nervous system plays a regulatory role, and joints are equivalent to fulcrums.
(4) The movement is not only completed by the movement system, but also controlled and regulated by the nervous system, which requires the cooperation of multiple systems.
(5) Exercise refers to the movement of bones around joints under the traction of muscles, enabling the body to complete various actions.
▲ The movement of animals is conducive to foraging and avoiding enemies to adapt to the complex and ever-changing environment.
Section 2 Congenital Behavior and Learning Behavior
17, animal behavior: aggressive behavior, defensive behavior, food storage behavior, reproductive behavior and social behavior.
18, the difference between animal sexual behavior and learning behavior:
A. Innate behavior: the behavior that animals are born with and controlled by genetic material (instinctive behavior). Such as bees collecting honey, ants building nests, spiders weaving webs, bird migration, etc.
B. Learning behavior: it is not innate, but acquired by animals on the basis of genetic factors, through life experience and "learning" and through the role of environmental factors (acquired). Such as whales heading, turning and jumping.
Section 3 Social Behavior
19, social behavior characteristics: animals with social behavior, (1) often form a certain organization within the group, (2) members have a clear division of labor, (3) some groups also form a hierarchy.
▲ Examples of animals with social behaviors:
First, the division of labor and cooperation among members of termites, * * * the maintenance of group life. (See P37 penultimate paragraph)
B, chickens, sheep, baboons, etc. (See paragraph 2 on page 38)
20, information exchange in the group:
(1) There are sound, action, contact, smell and other ways of information exchange in animal groups.
(2) Communication: the animals in the group send some information to other individuals, and the individuals who receive the information respond to some behaviors. This phenomenon is called communication.
▲ Pheromone communication available to butterfly moths.
(3) In nature, information flow, energy flow and material flow between living things are everywhere. Because of the existence of material flow, energy flow and information flow, biology and environment become a unified whole.
Chapter III The Role of Animals in the Biosphere
Section 1 the role of animals in nature
▲ Green plants breed other creatures on the earth.
265,438+0, the role in nature (see page 8 of P45)
(1) Animals maintain ecological balance;
(2) Animals promote the material circulation of the ecosystem;
(3) Animals help plants pollinate and spread seeds.
22. Ecological balance:
In an ecosystem, the number and proportion of various organisms are always maintained in a relatively stable state, which is called ecological balance.
▲ There is an interdependent and restrictive relationship between the food chain and various organisms in the food web.
▲ Animals help plants spread fruits and seeds, which is conducive to expanding the distribution of plants.
Section 2 the relationship between animals and human life
23. The relationship between animals and people: eating, watching, medicinal materials, clothes, etc.
24, animals and bioreactors:
A, the concept of bioreactor: using biology as a "production workshop" to produce substances needed by human beings.
B, at present, the most ideal bioreactor in animals is: mammary gland bioreactor (that is, human beings can produce and secrete some substances [drugs and nutrients] that people need by transforming the genetic genes of an animal).
C. the bioreactor uses transgenic technology.
Advantages of D bioreactor: low cost, high efficiency, simple equipment and less pollution.
25. Animals and bionics:
(1) Bionics-Inventing and creating various instruments and equipment by imitating some structures and functions of living things, which is bionic.
(2) the application of bionics
First, the plane-flying birds
B, thin shell technology-tortoise shell
Radar echo location of bats
D, fluorescent lamp-the luminous principle of fireflies
E, spacesuit-giraffe's neck
Chapter IV Widely Distributed Bacteria and Fungi
Section 1 Distribution of Bacteria and Fungi
26. Colony: Bacteria are very small. If you want to observe the morphology of bacteria, you must use a high-power optical microscope or an electron microscope. Colony is a collection of bacteria or fungi that can be seen by the naked eye after reproduction.
(1) The difference between bacterial colony and fungal colony
Compare sizes, shapes and colors.
Bacterial colonies are small, smooth, sticky or rough, dry, white or yellow.
Fungal colonies are fluffy, flocculent or spider-like, red, brown, green, black and yellow.
(2) Bacteria culture step: making culture medium → high temperature disinfection → inoculation → culture.
27. Distribution of bacteria and fungi: Bacteria and fungi are found in soil, water, air and even in our bodies, in cold polar regions and very hot hot springs. It can be seen that bacteria and fungi are widely distributed in biosphere.
28. Living conditions of bacteria: moisture, suitable temperature, organic matter and some special conditions.
▲ Different bacteria and fungi also need certain conditions. For example, some bacteria and fungi need oxygen to survive, while others don't. For example, yeast fermentation does not need oxygen, it is anaerobic breathing, and lactic acid bacteria do not need oxygen to produce milk.
The second quarter bacteria
28, the discovery of bacteria
(1) discoverer of bacteria: Levin, Netherlands? Hook.
(2) The experiment of "Goose Neck Bottle" was carried out in Pasteur, France, which confirmed the production of bacteria. Lactic acid bacteria and yeast were also found, and the pasteurization method of preserving wine and milk and the method of preventing surgical infection were put forward. Later, Pasteur was called "the father of microbiology".
▲ The father of microbiology: Pasteur, France.
29, the morphology and structure of bacteria:
A, bacteria are very small, 65.438+0 billion bacteria are piled up, only one is big and single cell. (The virus is smaller than it)
Shape: spherical, rod-shaped and spiral.
C. the structure of bacteria: cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, and some flagella and capsule. (See Page 60 of Volume VIII)
▲ Bacteria are also cells. It is different from the cells of animals and plants, the main difference is that although it has a DNA concentration area, it has no formed nucleus. In addition, bacteria have a cell wall (some bacteria have a capsule outside the cell wall, and some bacteria have flagella), but there is no chloroplast. Most bacteria can only survive by using ready-made organic matter and decomposing it into simple inorganic matter. They are decomposers in the ecosystem.
▲ Comparison of animal, plant and bacterial cells
Comparison of animals, plants and bacteria
Cell walls are nothing.
There is something in the cell membrane.
There is something in the cytoplasm.
With or without nuclei, only unformed nuclei.
Chloroplast presence or absence
No flagella
Pod membrane loss
30, the reproduction of bacteria:
A. Lifestyle: heterotrophic (saprophytic and parasitic)-feeding by ready-made organic matter.
B, propagation mode: fission propagation. Spores are dormant.
▲ Characteristics of wide distribution of bacteria: Because bacteria have the characteristics of fast reproduction and spore formation.
▲ The function of bacteria: as a decomposer, it promotes the material circulation in nature.
Section III Eubacteria
3 1. Fungi: Yeast, Auricularia auricula, mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum and mold are all fungi.
32. Structure and nutrition of fungi
(1) Structure: The cell has heterokaryon and no chloroplast.
(2) Nutritional mode: heterotrophic (saprophytic)
33, the reproduction of fungi:
Breeding mode: spore reproduction
▲ Mold (the difference between Penicillium and Aspergillus):
Penicillium: upright mycelium, sporangium at the top of vegetative mycelium: broom-shaped.
Aspergillus: upright hypha, vegetative hypha top sporangium: radial.
▲ Characteristics of bacteria and fungi (differences): (P64 Exercise 4)
A, bacteria: the individual is tiny, and there is no forming nucleus in the body; Reproduce offspring through division; There are no chloroplasts in the cells.
B. fungi: there are both small species and large species. There are real nuclei in cells, which can produce spores, which can develop into new individuals.
Chapter V Functions of Bacteria and Fungi in Biosphere
Section 1 the role of bacteria and fungi in nature
34, the role of bacteria and fungi in nature (P66)
(1), participate in the material cycle as a decomposer.
(2), causing diseases in plants and humans.
▲ athlete's foot has nothing to do with fine fungus (caused by vitamin B deficiency)
(3), and plants * * *
▲ * * * Health: Bacteria and fungi are symbiotic, interdependent and mutually beneficial with plants. Once separated, neither of them can live independently.
A, and plants: Lichens are born of fungi and algae, rhizobia and leguminous plants, and Gastrodia elata is the life of Armillaria mellea and plants.
B, with animals: some bacteria in rabbits, cows and sheep help to decompose vitamins.
C, with humans: Some bacteria in the human intestine can produce vitamin B 12 and vitamin K, which is beneficial to the body.
Section II Utilization of Bacteria and Fungi by Humans
35, human use of bacteria and fungi.
(1) Bacteria, fungi and food production;
A, yeast-decompose sugar in food, produce alcohol and carbon dioxide, and make steamed bread, steamed stuffed bun, bread, etc.
B, lactic acid bacteria-convert glucose into lactic acid. Make yogurt, pickles, etc.
C, brewing-distiller's yeast.
D, making bacterial vinegar with acetic acid; Moulding sauce
▲ The production of fermented food is inseparable from bacteria and fungi.
(2) Preservation of bacteria, fungi and food:
A. Causes of food spoilage: It is caused by the growth and reproduction of bacteria and fungi in food.
B. Food preservation-preservation: dehydration, salting, smoking, vacuum packaging, freezing, canning, pasteurization, etc.
C the main principle of preventing food from spoilage: kill or inhibit the growth and reproduction of bacteria and fungi in food.
(3) Prevention of bacteria, fungi and diseases:
A, using some fungi to produce substances that kill some pathogenic bacteria to make antibiotics to treat corresponding diseases.
▲ Antibiotics: Some fungi can produce substances that kill some pathogenic bacteria, which are called antibiotics.
B, using modern means, transfer some genes from other organisms into some bacteria to produce drugs (such as insulin).
(4) Bacteria and environmental protection:
Bacteria purify the environment: itchy bacteria decompose organic matter to produce methane. Itchy bacteria produce carbon dioxide and water. Urban sewage treatment is to purify domestic sewage and industrial wastewater by bacteria.
Unit 6 Biodiversity and Protection
The first chapter classifies organisms according to their characteristics.
▲ Biological classification: it is the basic method to study biology.
Classification basis: biological characteristics of morphological structure and physiological function.
Basic unit: species
The first part attempts to classify organisms.
36. Plant classification:
(1) Classification basis of plants: morphological structure of plants.
Classification basis of angiosperms: flowers, fruits and seeds.
(2) The main groups of plants are algae, bryophytes, ferns, gymnosperms and angiosperms.
37. Classification of animals:
(1) Classification basis of animals: internal and external morphological structures and physiological functions of animals.
(2) The main groups of animals: protozoa, coelenterates, flatworms, linear animals, annelids, mollusks, echinoderms, arthropods, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals.
38, bacteria, fungi and other biological classification:
(1) Classification basis of bacteria: morphology and structure.
(2) The main groups of fungi: yeast, mold, etc.
Section 2 From Species to Boundary
39. According to the similarity between organisms, organisms are divided into different levels of taxonomic units, from large to small, namely, boundary, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species. The most basic taxonomic unit is species. In hierarchical classification, the larger the classification unit, the more biological species it contains, the smaller the similarity between species, and the farther the genetic relationship; The smaller the taxon, the fewer species it contains, the greater the similarity between species and the closer the genetic relationship.
▲ "species" is the most basic taxonomic unit, and the genetic relationship of the same species is the closest.
▲ Binomial nomenclature (biological nomenclature) by Linnaeus (Swedish botanist) includes two parts: common name+proper name.
Section 2 Understanding biodiversity
40. The connotation of biodiversity includes three levels: the diversity of biological species, the diversity of genes (a species is a gene pool) and the diversity of ecosystems.
(1) biodiversity:
China is the country with the richest gymnosperms, which is called the hometown of gymnosperms. China's bryophytes, ferns and seed plants rank third in the world, while fish, amphibians and mammals also rank among the top in the world.
(2) Genetic diversity:
Every organism is a rich gene pool, and the essence of species diversity is gene diversity.
Planting hybrid rice in Yuan Longping is the application of genetic diversity.
(3) Diversity of ecosystem.
Grassland ecosystem, forest ecosystem, wetland ecosystem, urban ecosystem, farmland ecosystem, lake ecosystem, marine ecosystem, etc.
4 1, the fundamental measures to protect biodiversity are:
Protect the living environment of organisms and the diversity of ecosystems.
Chapter III Protection of Biodiversity
42, biodiversity is facing a serious threat:
Deforestation, indiscriminate killing, environmental pollution, invasion of alien species, etc.
▲ Rare animals and plants endemic to China: (P94)
Golden monkey, baiji dolphin, crested ibis, Chinese alligator, silver fir, Davidia involucrata, etc.
▲ China faces endangered animals and plants:
I. Endangered animals in China:
Aquatic invertebrates: red coral, nautilus
Fish: Chinese sturgeon and Chinese sturgeon.
Terrestrial invertebrates: Papilio Papilio
Reptiles: Crocodiles, Chinese alligators
Mammals: giant panda, golden monkey, baiji, Tibetan antelope, elk, Asian elephant, South China tiger, white-headed langur, etc.
B. Endangered plants in China: Ginseng, Davidia involucrata, Metasequoia glyptostroboides and Alsophila spinulosa.
43, the establishment of nature reserves:
(1) The concept of nature reserve refers to the division of a certain area of land or water, including protected objects, for protection and management. This area is a nature reserve.
(2) The most effective measure to protect biodiversity is to establish nature reserves.
(3) Nature reserves are "natural gene bank", "natural laboratory" and "living natural museum". (page 96)
▲ Nature reserves established in China:
(P96 Figures 6 to 5 and 6 to 6)
▲ Measures to protect biodiversity in China:
China has promulgated the Forest Law of People's Republic of China (PRC), the Wildlife Protection Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Outline of Nature Protection in China. It is also the first country to join the International Convention on the Protection of Biological Diversity.