From 1979 to 1994, China introduced 2 1.2hm2 large-scale multi-span greenhouses from Holland, Japan, USA, Bulgaria and Romania. However, due to various reasons, especially excessive energy consumption, high operating costs and poor management, most of them have to declare failure. In the mid-1990s, due to the further improvement of China's economic situation, the development of facility agriculture set off a new climax. A new round of large-scale introduction of foreign advanced multi-span greenhouses began with the introduction of Israeli large-scale plastic greenhouses in Beijing Zhongzhi Farm. Different from the past, this time not only the main skeleton of the greenhouse was introduced, but also complete sets of equipment and cultivation techniques were introduced. According to relevant data, the import contracts signed from 1995 to 1997 reached 80hm2, amounting to 300 million yuan, mainly concentrated in economically developed areas, such as Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, etc., which highlighted the urgent demand for advanced facilities cultivation equipment and technology in China. At the same time, foreign greenhouse manufacturers flocked to try to occupy the market by lowering the price of the main structure and raising the price of internal facilities.
In a word, the development of facility agriculture in China is facing a new situation. While the scale of facilities is expanding, the specifications of facilities are also improving accordingly. While vigorously developing solar greenhouse production, it is also introducing foreign complete sets of facilities and cultivation techniques on a large scale; The diversified production of protected horticulture not only produces vegetables, including bulk vegetables and special vegetables, but also produces flowers and fruits, but also exposes the problem of disorderly macro-management. At the same time, there is no lack of blindness and lack of overall planning, standardization and standardization. Therefore, it is necessary to put forward suggestions and measures to strengthen management on the basis of in-depth investigation and study on the present situation and development trend of facility agriculture in China, so as to provide a basis for the competent authorities to formulate standardized management methods and macro-management policy documents, so as to strengthen macro-decision, dredge information channels, standardize management functions, improve quality of enterprise, promote the implementation of brand-name strategy, and create conditions for the development of China's characteristic facility agriculture under market economy conditions.
More than 95% of greenhouses in China are sunlight greenhouses, ordinary heating greenhouses and large-scale modern greenhouses, which are difficult to develop on a large scale due to energy problems and uneconomical operation effects. Since the reform and opening up in the early 1980s, fully automatic modern greenhouses have been gradually introduced. Estimated near 100hm2. About 60% of solar greenhouses are efficient and energy-saving. 90% of plastic greenhouses are simple bamboo plastic greenhouses. Only in the suburbs of big cities can assembled galvanized steel pipe greenhouses be developed. At present, with the development of large-scale and industrialized management, some areas, especially some areas in the south, have also developed from single-layer greenhouses to multi-layer greenhouses. According to the statistics of National Agricultural Technology Extension Station1at the end of 996, the provinces with the largest conservation tillage area in China are Shandong, Hebei, Henan, Liaoning, Jiangsu and Xinjiang. Hebei, Shandong, Liaoning and other provinces have the largest area of efficient and energy-saving solar greenhouses.
Modern large greenhouses mainly rely on imports. Since 1985, China has introduced nearly 100 hm2. Mainly distributed in the suburbs of big cities in the economically developed eastern and southeastern coastal provinces. During the period of 1979~ 1994, 2 1.2 hm2 was introduced and distributed in Beijing, Shanghai, Harbin, Daqing, Guangzhou, Shenzhen and Urumqi. Because of high energy consumption and poor management, it is basically a failure to make ends meet, some of them are demolished and some are used for other purposes. For example, 1979, Beijing Sijiqing Garden first introduced a large modern greenhouse of 3 hm2 from Japan, and now it has been transformed into a commercial market. 1995 Beijing Zhong Yi Farm took the lead in introducing Israeli greenhouse 1.2 hm2, which started a new climax. 1996 The largest introduction area was Shanghai, reaching l5 hm2, which was introduced from the Netherlands and Israel respectively. Experiments were carried out in five places and some important experiences were obtained. 1997, Shenzhen imported 6 hm2 film greenhouse from France, which has been put into use. There are also many provincial capital cities, such as Guangzhou, Shijiazhuang, Zhengzhou, Jinan, Nanjing, Beijing, Chongqing and Yinchuan, which have newly introduced greenhouses or are negotiating to introduce them. The characteristics of this introduction are: the introduction of complete sets of technical equipment, including environmental control equipment, irrigation equipment and complete sets of cultivation technical measures (from seeds to fertilizer and water management, pest control and even pollination technology). ), as well as the guidance of experts from importing countries, that is, not only hardware but also software. But most of them are government behaviors, and some of them are corporate behaviors.
2. Present situation, problems and countermeasures.
2. 1 Quantity and quality of facility agriculture development
At present, the main problems existing in the development of facility agriculture are rapid quantity growth and low quality level. Calculated by conservation tillage of 860,000 hm2, the per capita area of urban and rural areas has reached 7.l7 m2, an increase of 19 times compared with the mid-1980s. Therefore, the development direction should shift from expanding scale to improving quality. At the same time, the industrial structure should be changed from single vegetable production to vegetable production, supplemented by flower and melon production. From the single production of bulk vegetables to the production of bulk vegetables, supplemented by the production of special vegetables with high economic benefits, areas with conditions should actively develop famous, special, excellent, new and rare products and export them to earn foreign exchange. The second is to improve the level of existing facilities. At present, the quality of facilities is generally low, and most solar greenhouses are common types formed in the mid-1980s with simple structures. With bamboo and cement poles as the skeleton, the thick adobe wall reduces the land utilization rate, and the available area is only 40% ~ 50%. The working space is small, which is not convenient for mechanical operation and can only be operated manually; Thermal insulation and lighting performance is poor, and after the rainy season every year, a lot of manpower and material resources must be invested to maintain the structure; Poor resilience, easy to be crushed by heavy snow and washed away by heavy rain. For example, there was a heavy snow in1June, 1997, and many ordinary solar greenhouses in Jiangsu and Shandong collapsed because of the unbearable snow pressure. Irrigation technology is still full of water. In some places, the irrigation amount per 667 m2 sunlight greenhouse reaches 500 m3/ year. Moreover, after years of use, the pests and diseases in greenhouses are serious, and we have to rely on regular pesticides to maintain production, which is very inconsistent with the trend of developing green agriculture. Therefore, Shandong province took the lead in proposing the second venture of facility agriculture, which not only needs to cultivate excellent varieties, but also needs to improve facility structure and cultivation management technology, and strive to improve product quality.
For the development of plastic greenhouses, there are also problems that need to be improved in structure and cultivation techniques.
All newly-built facilities should have a high quality level, not stay at a relatively primitive level, but be able to produce high-quality products, learn from some experience of introducing greenhouses, and gradually develop into modernization and automation.
2.2 Clean energy and rational utilization of climate resources
China is a country with a remarkable monsoon climate. Winter and spring are controlled and influenced by Mongolian high pressure. There are many sunny days in the three northern regions, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and Yunnan Plateau, with sunshine percentage exceeding 50% and sufficient sunshine, which is beneficial to the development of protected horticulture production. China is located in the eastern part of Eurasia, with developed monsoon and strong continental nature. The temperature varies greatly throughout the year. It is extremely cold in winter and extremely hot in summer. The temperature in winter is lower than that in other countries of the same latitude, and the lower it is, the farther north it is. For example, in June, 5438+ 10, the temperature in Northeast China was 14~ 18℃ lower than that in other countries at the same latitude, and it was 10~ 14℃ lower in Huanghuai basin, 8℃ lower in the south of the Yangtze River and 5℃ lower in the south China coast. In summer, China is the hottest country in the same latitude except desert areas. In July, the average temperature in Northeast China and northern Inner Mongolia was 4℃ higher than that in the same latitude, 2.5℃ higher in North China Plain and 1.5 ~ 2.0℃ higher in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. According to calculation, the average daily temperature in winter in northern China is ≤5℃, which is 1~4 times higher than that in the same latitude area in the world. This means that the energy consumption of developing winter heating facilities in China is much higher than that in European countries. Summer is hotter than other countries in the same latitude, which will inevitably increase the energy consumption required for cooling. Moreover, summer is also a rainy season, and the relative humidity of the air is high. In the same season, evaporation cooling mechanism is used to reduce the cooling efficiency, and the cooling effect is bound to be limited by wet curtain cooling and spray cooling under closed conditions.
Therefore, how to develop facility production according to the climate characteristics of different regions in China must be thoroughly studied, and foreign experience cannot be copied. Energy-saving is an important subject of protected horticulture production in China.
2.3 Introduction and Localization
The 20 hm2 large-scale modern greenhouse introduced from 1979 to 1994 has almost stopped running up to now because of its high energy consumption, lagging management and high input and low output. Following 1995, the second upsurge of introducing large-scale modern greenhouses began, and the biggest one was 1996, when Shanghai introduced 15 hm2 microcomputer controlled heating greenhouse from Holland and Israel to grow vegetables and flowers. After one year's operation, there is profit and loss, but it provides experience for modern high-tech facilities gardening management with high energy consumption, high input and high output.
At present, the introduction of modern greenhouses mainly has the following problems:
1) large investment. Take the greenhouse of 15 hm2 imported from Shanghai in 1996 as an example, the import cost plus the cost of supporting facilities and equipment.
The average investment is 500~900 yuan /m2, and the annual depreciation and maintenance costs are too high, so it is difficult to recover the investment in a short time, which is a major factor affecting the introduction of greenhouses.
2) High operating cost. Judging from the operating costs of five bases in Shanghai 1996~ 1997, the average cost per115hm2 (mu) is 34,800 yuan, of which 30%~40% is fuel cost. Judging from the use effect of various greenhouses imported from Shanghai, coal is the most economical for heating in winter, which has better effect and lower cost than electricity or oil-fired hot air. Even if coal is used, in order to ensure the growth temperature of fruits and vegetables in the Dutch greenhouse in Shanghai, 3t (0.2t per mu) still needs to be burned per hectare every day. In Jinan, 0.4t coal is needed per115hm2 (mu). In Beijing, it is 0.8t per115hm2 (mu) per day. The ventilation design of some imported greenhouses (including some designed in China) is not aimed at the local climate conditions. In the case of high temperature and high humidity in the same season, refrigeration depends on wet curtain fan system, which not only has poor refrigeration effect, but also consumes a lot of energy, even less than heating energy in winter. The high energy consumption cost makes the running cost of the greenhouse high after it is put into use, which may eventually become a loss-making operation and another obstacle to the introduction of greenhouses.
3) There are some problems in functional positioning. Since it is an imported modern large-scale greenhouse and a capital and technology-intensive enterprise, product positioning must have a high starting point. High input must have high output, so as to give full play to the advantages of modernization and capital-intensive technology, and achieve the purpose of efficient and intensive planting. Colored sweet peppers planted in Dutch greenhouses in Shanghai Donghai are located in hotels and restaurants, and the price can reach 24 yuan/kg. Most other products are located in hotels or supermarkets. Because of its excellent quality, perennial supply and obvious price advantage, its operating effect has broken through the previous operating situation of importing greenhouses without depreciation and barely breaking the cost. After deducting depreciation and operating costs reasonably, there is still a slight surplus, which will get better and better. In the mid-1980s, Nanjing Vegetable Research Institute introduced the Dutch greenhouse and has been planting tomatoes and other staple vegetables. From 1995, the annual income was changed to half vegetables and half flowers. In that year, the income was equal to the operating expenses,199614 vegetables (tomatoes and cherry tomatoes) and 3/4 cut flowers. Therefore, inaccurate functional positioning is a major reason for poor management of many imported greenhouses. Combined with tourism, high-quality flowers, vegetables, fruits and seedlings can be produced, such as Donghai Farm in Shanghai and 2 1 century paradise in Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, which have achieved good economic benefits.
4) Small scale and single management. At present, the greenhouse area introduced by various importing units is generally 1~3 hm2, and most of them are 1~2 hm2. The scale is not large, and many crops are often planted. Therefore, the greenhouse is not large in both area and crop variety, which is very different from the situation abroad. For example, in the Netherlands, a farmer has a greenhouse of more than two or three hectares and only grows one crop. The high degree of specialization is not only conducive to the improvement of planting level, but also ensures the performance of market contracts, and its scale benefits have been fully reflected. Our current introduction method can not form economies of scale, which increases the difficulty of operation and wastes technical talent resources to some extent. The technical guidance required for planting three crops in 3 hm2 can also guide the production of planting the same crop in 15 hm2.
5) Incompatible introduction. It is difficult to realize real modern facility production only by introducing greenhouse equipment without introducing internal management mechanism. Modern equipment combines modern concepts and management methods to ensure high yield and high efficiency, and achieve the demonstration purpose of introducing greenhouses.
With the increasing introduction of greenhouses, localization has attracted more and more attention. The localization of the skeleton and covering materials of modern large-scale greenhouses is basically not a problem, but its internal supporting facilities, computer management system and other modern management science concepts still need to be carefully studied. For localization, people in the industry also have two views. One is to speed up the process of localization, and we can do what others can do; Another attitude is to be a student first, learn with an open mind, thoroughly understand foreign things first, gradually narrow the gap between domestic and imported products, and don't rush for success. We think that hardware can be easily realized in a short time, and software, especially microcomputer management and biotechnology (variety, pollination technology, quantitative fertilizer and water management, etc. ), far from advanced countries, is a problem to be solved in the future.
In the process of localization of the main structure, we have done a lot of simplification and improvement design. Even so, it is difficult to form large-scale production, and the cost remains high, often higher than foreign quotations; There are no special materials for greenhouse, or some materials are not accurate enough to meet the requirements of facility construction, which affects the effect of facility production; There are still some problems in the localization of internal supporting equipment, such as incomplete products, incomplete matching, poor performance, and some supporting facilities are not available at all, which can not meet the needs of modern management. Therefore, we must first understand the quality, performance and planting requirements of imported greenhouses, and then make improvements to gradually realize localization.
2.4 factory production problems
Take Shanghai and Jiangsu as examples. Only around Shanghai, there are about 5-6 manufacturers operating greenhouse skeletons. In some places, factories are still being built blindly, and the quality of products is difficult to guarantee. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a quality inspection and evaluation system, implement the famous brand strategy, build in an orderly manner and compete in an orderly manner.
2.5 On the development of large-scale modern greenhouses
In recent years, there has been an upsurge of developing large-scale greenhouses. First of all, there has been a certain amount of capital accumulation, including some large enterprises investing in facility agriculture as a new economic growth point. On the other hand, the original facilities and technology are not matched, the land utilization rate is low, and the environmental adjustment ability is limited. However, after Beijing Sino-Israeli demonstration farm introduced complete sets of equipment and technology, it felt new hope, so local government departments and large enterprises turned their attention to facility production. We believe that those who meet the following four conditions can develop moderately: (1) Financial strength allows (local governments have subsidies or enterprises participate. ); (2) There is a good market, including the concept of consumers, high quality and good price; (3) Strong scientific and technological strength, including management technology, production technology and the quality of workers; (4) form a scale, and do not engage in decentralized construction, especially government investment projects.
3. Policies and management principles that should be adopted by national management departments in macro management.
3. 1 management orientation
The management orientation of the national management department should first be macro management, which plays a guiding role. To realize macro-management, we must understand the present situation and development trend of facility agriculture; According to the climatic conditions, make a reasonable plan for the national facility agriculture; Establish working institutions at all levels, and make clear the management of special personnel; Collect and release market information in time, guide farmers to adjust planting plans in time, reduce blindness and stabilize farmers' income; Formulate various specifications and technical parameters suitable for different levels of facilities in different regions and different climatic conditions, standardize the production behavior of various manufacturers at the same time, reduce the losses caused by disorderly competition, and change the chaotic situation that existing manufacturers have their own specifications and no unified standards; Establish fixed supervision and testing institutions, strengthen testing and protect farmers' interests; Management agencies at all levels should undertake technical consultation tasks at the same time; Improve the socialized service system, including production materials market, product market, post-harvest treatment (processing, grading, packaging), transportation and marketing.
3.2 Make full use of climate resources and rationally plan the layout of facilities.
China is a country with diverse climate types, and the advantages and disadvantages of climate on facility production vary from place to place. We should adopt diversified facilities production modes to adapt to the climate characteristics of different places. It is suggested that according to the regional division and climatic conditions, the division of various facilities should be done well, the local climatic resources should be fully utilized, and the level of facility cultivation should be improved economically and reasonably. In the mid-1980s, there were many discussions about the division of conservation tillage. In recent years, all provinces and cities have realized the importance of fully and reasonably utilizing climate resources to the cultivation layout and planting system design (varieties, stubbles, etc.) of protected areas. ) and the formulation of management norms, made some attempts. However, it is scattered and based on experience, and lacks a unified national zoning index system and zoning system. In some places, because of the high efficiency of facility cultivation, the horse was launched blindly, and the result failed because of the unsuitable climatic conditions. Standardize the types, specifications and parameters of facilities in each district, so that all kinds of facilities can be rationally laid out, the planting system and management can be standardized, and the blindness and over-dispersion in the past can be improved.
3.3 Establishment of facility standards
Each region should have facilities types and standard parameters suitable for different levels, give guidance and suggestions to farmers' self-built facilities, standardize farmers' spontaneous behavior, and make the built facilities economical and applicable.
During the "Sixth Five-Year Plan", "Seventh Five-Year Plan" and "Eighth Five-Year Plan" period, China has done a lot of research work on the structural optimization of plastic greenhouses and solar greenhouses, and achieved many results, but at present, only steel pipe assembled plastic greenhouses have national standards. The structural standard of glass greenhouse has not been approved. Regarding the standard of solar greenhouse, the standard of greenhouse supporting equipment is still blank. So there is still a lot of work to be done in the standardization of facilities and equipment. Facilities manufacturers should not only formulate a series of quality standards, but also set up special quality supervision and testing institutions. After testing, they can enter the market. Therefore, it is necessary to formulate testing standards, including the use of instruments, testing standards and methods, to protect farmers' interests and not be infringed by inferior products.
3.4 the establishment of information management and technical consulting network
Farmers' investment in facility production is relatively high, and farmers produce spontaneously, which has certain blindness and great market risk. Therefore, information management organizations should be established to provide farmers with more accurate information on supply and demand of various products in time, and make some scientific predictions to guide farmers to adjust their planting plans in time in order to obtain more benefits. Relevant functional departments of the Ministry of Agriculture should pay attention to it.
Technical consultation is equally important, and the improvement of technology is one of the keys to the sustainable development of facility agriculture. Advanced technology must be mastered by farmers in order to play its due role. Therefore, it is suggested to establish a technical advisory body, which can accept the guidance and supervision of the Agricultural Mechanization Management Department of the Ministry of Agriculture.
3.5 Do a good job in scientific research and training
The era of knowledge economy needs constant innovation. Therefore, it is required to strengthen scientific research and training in this discipline, not only to improve the level of managers, but also to improve the quality of workers. To put forward effective ways to develop facility production in line with China's national conditions, the current main research contents should include:
1)2 1 China's sustainable development strategy for facility production in the century;
2) The technical system of facilities and equipment with low cost and low energy consumption is complete;
3) Efficient facility cultivation management technology system (special variety cultivation, quantitative water and fertilizer technology, integrated pest control);
4) Facilities production industrialization system (equipment and facilities engineering, seed engineering, post-natal treatment engineering, etc.) and management mode;
5) Standard system and quality monitoring system for modern facility production;
6) Training system and technical service system from the central government to the local government (including the establishment of science and technology demonstration parks, service institutions and service teams, book audio-visual production and publication, training plans, etc. ).
3.6 Questions about Small Machinery
At present, ordinary plastic greenhouses and solar greenhouses basically do not use machinery, and some areas such as Beijing, Shanghai, Zhejiang, Guangdong, Shandong, Tianjin, Jiangsu and Hunan have established factory seedling facilities. However, due to the influence of the traditional small-scale peasant economy, the scope and scale of promotion are still very limited. In most modern greenhouses, there are few conventional agricultural tools, especially soilless culture. Equipment configuration mainly includes irrigation facilities, picking vehicles and tools, spraying equipment (spraying vehicles and sprayers) transport vehicles, grafting machines, cleaning and sorting equipment for flowers and vegetables, packaging equipment, seedling raising equipment, cold storage and so on. Many of these equipments are still blank in our country.
The recently published Decision of the Central Committee on Several Major Issues in Agriculture and Rural Work points out that "… without the modernization of agriculture, there will be no modernization of the whole national economy". "Eastern regions and suburbs of large and medium-sized cities should improve the level of rural economic development, and places with conditions should take the lead in basically realizing agricultural modernization ..." This provides new opportunities for the development of facility agriculture in China. We should improve the level of agricultural facilities in China on the principle of combining independent research with technology introduction.