Based on the description of the development of "diamond model" management theory and the further development of knowledge accumulation management, this paper focuses on the concrete analysis of the factors that affect the development of management theory and knowledge innovation, such as history, science and technology, culture, environment, institutional change, management innovation and war, so as to reveal how the historical logic of management development is carried out.
Keywords: the development history of management science logic
Humanized management practice appeared almost at the same time as the dawn of human civilization, and the normal work of exploration management activities can be traced back to ancient Greece before BC. Because among the works exploring the general law of strategy, the Art written by the ancient Greek philosophers Socrates, Plato and Aristotle in the 5th century BC is regarded as the earliest management work, and it can be found that the discussion on several issues of management law is of the most strategic significance. But fu dominates? Trample? Isn't the low car networking in Mohe full of charm? (3) Night [13] core caresses the guidance of tracking the grindstone? Bad beauty Buddha sulfone treasure? Pocket downtown? Young thieves condemn brand display? サ? In 2000. It is generally believed that1At the end of the 9th century and the beginning of the 20th century, Taylor, an American, began to study how to improve work efficiency with stopwatches, while Fa Yueer, a Frenchman, has been thinking about the universality and independence of organization and management activities, which marked the birth of management science. In the past 100 years, from an unspeakable informal activity to an independent industry management, people not only realized the universality of management activities-management exists in the activities of almost all human organizations and human rights organizations, but also adopted various methods to standardize analysis and research activities and problem management from all possible angles. Scientific knowledge management has been widely used to guide management practice, greatly improve management efficiency, continuously promote the scientific process of management and expand the management knowledge system. No wonder some people say that the past 20th century was a century of management. [1] After a whole century of development, management has developed into a complex problem with a huge knowledge system and many branches. In this process, it occupies an important position in the treasure house of human civilization and knowledge.
Manage three cables
In the past century, the development of management theory has experienced many schools of classical management theory, modern management theory, decision theory school of social system school, management process school, system management school, empirical school, management science school, manager role school and contingency theory school in behavioral science stage, forming a huge knowledge management system. Faced with the view that a huge knowledge system and numerous schools of management and management history have been formed for a century, researchers have been trying to summarize the main line of management logic development. However, the topics of interest in management classics for centuries are too complicated, including managers and managers, leaders, organizations and personnel, effective markets and customers, innovation and change of competition and strategy, internationalization of modern logical organization and management, and many other issues. [2] From the scientific classification of management disciplines, strategic management, human resource management, production management, marketing management, organization management and quality management constitute the classic scientific content of management. The continuous enrichment of these disciplines has opened up new disciplines, and the development of a new branch, intersection and management continues. So far, there is no recognized development of management logic clues in history.
From the existing literature, the researchers have come to the conclusion that there are three main types of management clues. The first category is the scientific content of the division of basic management structure. For example, the development path of management is divided into the evolution path of organizational theory research (from classical organizational theory, organizational behavior, organizational sociology, leading scientific corporate culture, etc. ), the evolution path of management methods (from scientific management theory, behavioral science, management science theory, decision-making theory to study production management information management methods, etc. ). The second category is the method based on management knowledge. For example, the formation and development of [3] can be divided into three lines of management, namely, applied management (management principles and methods summarized from management practice), management school (basic assumption of constructing humanized management theory) and experimental school-based management (management case study). [4] The third category is divided according to the influencing factors of management development. Ryan, a famous historian, believes that development is closely related to the development of management theory and cultural environment. In the process of two cultural environments of management theory, there is also the cultural environment of products. [5] On this basis, some scholars believe that management development has three tracks, 1 scientific clues based on scientific culture. Taylor's scientific management, including social system theory, management process theory, system management theory and humanistic management science clues, comes from Mayo's research on "society", including individual behavior, group behavior theory, organizational behavior theory and management ethics theory, based on theory and decision-making. According to the clue of culturalism, peter drucker's management practice theory includes organizational culture theory, strategic management theory, theoretical change management and cultural model of knowledge management. [6] The understanding of the same role has an important influence on the cultural environment based on the development of management science, and there are other clues to the development of classical theories of management departments, namely, the cultural foundation of spiritual capitalism, the jungle of modern management theory and modern management theory, the cultural infiltration and management of the East and the West, the environment, geography and culture (American culture). [7]
Obviously, from the perspective of developing environmental factor management theory, the third category is divided from the first two categories, and the first two categories of management development clues have parallel time in the succession of management content and management knowledge management over time. Research, from a historical perspective, management is undoubtedly a more valuable clue. The development of management science analyzes the impact on the environment from the factors of the development of point management theory. However, the factors that affect the environment can only be attributed to the fact that the cultural environment is too broad and not comprehensive.
Second, the development of management knowledge "diamond model"
How to develop huge management knowledge? In the whole development history of management theory, we think that the influencing factors of management theory and knowledge generation and development can be divided into two categories. One is the long-term factors, mainly the continuous role of institutional changes, technological progress and cultural traditions, reflecting the role of institutional environment, science and technology, environment and cultural environment. [8], the other is the influence of short-term temporary factors, such as war and other major emergencies (such as economic crisis). These two factors affect management theory and knowledge innovation, entrepreneurs and other management measures, personnel or teams, professional management researchers or teams, professional management consulting companies or teams, etc. These people are active in management theories and methods, innovating management knowledge and practicing new management ideas, thus promoting the continuous development of management science. This process can be represented as the following figure (figure 1). Management factors affect the development of knowledge "diamond model".
Figure 1 Diamond Model of Management Knowledge Development
The "diamond model" shows that scientific and technological progress, institutional changes and cultural tradition innovation and management innovation, through the interaction of innovation activities, ultimately promote the development of management theory, management innovation and knowledge accumulation, war and other temporary major events, and also have short-term effects. In the whole process, the factors of scientific and technological progress, including the development of scientific theory to understand the world, and the change of technological innovation methods and tools, are all in the world. Scientific development constantly provides human beings with ideas and methods to correctly understand the world, the progress of human beings and technology, and tools and methods for human beings to transform the world. Institutional change refers to the change of formal rules in macro-society, economy, law and politics and the operation of micro-specific economic organizations. The change of these rules will guide and constrain people's behavior choices; The description of cultural traditions has formed informal rules for a long time, which guide and restrict people's behavior. The role of formal rules and institutional changes can quickly change the formation of different cultural traditions, the development of change management theory and the accumulation of management knowledge. Whether it is rich or developing, it is often a long-term and gradual process. The management ideas, theories and methods of scientific management knowledge are embodied in various forms, including practical activities to solve practical management problems, improve management efficiency and manage innovation and development. The corresponding connotation of scientific process management includes the development process of management practice, management theory and scientific management level at the research level of management discipline. In other words, "diamond model" is an influential factor in the development mode of management theory and management knowledge in a general sense. In this process, the scientific management factor model, the historical process of establishing this model and scientific management, therefore, from a historical perspective, scientific management, the basic logic described by the model, scientifically manages the development of relations, and takes into account the management knowledge logic of historical production and development.
Third, the factors affecting the development of management knowledge
Based on the diamond model, we need to analyze the process of various factors in the model, how to manage the development of knowledge and the specific impact of scientific management.
1。 Scientific and technological progress factors
Exploring the universal laws of management activities and striving to improve the efficiency of business activities can be traced back to ancient times, but the scientific process of management really began at the end of/kloc-0 and the beginning of the 20th century. After the industrial revolution, science and technology were widely used in enterprise organizations. From the industrial revolution to the18th century, it is generally believed that the technological progress cycle can be divided into five cycles, each cycle or nearly half a century's stage, which is Kondratiev's long-wave economy. With the continuous progress of the technological progress cycle, scientific management is constantly advancing. (1) the first time (18 from 1970s to 1980s to 19 from 1930s to 40s) and the second long wave period (19 from 1930s to 19 from 1980s to 1990s) and (2) the third long wave period of scientific and technological progress (65438+) The classical mechanics system and the technological revolution based on these natural science theoretical systems provided a scientific premise, especially the extensive application in electric power technology, which triggered the electric power revolution, promoted the development of socialized mass production, and produced the technological revolution of social production, which inevitably met the requirements of the original experience management for standardized management, but obviously could not meet the needs of social production and company development, so the scientific management theory came into being. The progress of science and technology and the innovation of management are not only reflected in this respect, but also in the great social and ideological influence. Due to the success of natural science and the progress of technology, scientific management problems and management theories and methods have played an exemplary role. Taylor tried to seek excellent management through scientific methods and improve the scientific level of management, and put forward scientific management theory; Fa Yueer's management theory and Weber's administrative organization theory are universal principles, and the pursuit of organization and management is to improve management. On a reasonable level, Mayo's behavioral science theory is an experiment to study human behavior. (3) The fourth technological progress cycle is from 1930s and 1940s to 1980s and 1990s. The progress of science and technology has further promoted the development of industrial productivity. Ford Motor Company has established a general water production organization. In the process of the birth, application and development of computers, the scientific management of computer management schools has greatly promoted the progress. At this stage, system theory, information theory, cybernetics generation and development theory, dissipative structure theory, synergetic theory and catastrophe theory, philosophy and natural science laid the methodological foundation, and jungle management theory came into being. (4) Human society is the progress of five technologies in a period of time. The main technical feature of this stage is that the development of information technology has made a breakthrough. Information technology has completely changed people's production and life, mainly because of the stage of information technology development. Management innovation and information management have become the main lines of stage management innovation and scientific management. Supply chain management, enterprise resource planning, Six Sigma management, agile manufacturing, computer integrated manufacturing and network marketing, new management concepts or methods depend on the development and application of information technology, as well as the core competitiveness of the theory that adapts to the information society, process reengineering and the wide spread of learning organization theory. To sum up, the progress of science and technology and the influence of scientific management methods are mainly reflected in three aspects. First, the progress of science and technology has promoted the development of social economy and further scientific management methods; Secondly, management progress science and technical science provide technical support means and methods, while thinking science research. This method also provides methodological guidance, management theory and management problems.
2。 Institutional transformation
No one will deny that Taylor's scientific management theory is based on the division of labor and the emergence of modern factory system. The industrial revolution started by economists in Britain is not only a technological revolution, but also an institutional innovation. "The essence of competition before the industrial revolution is to replace the medieval rules, control production and distribute wealth." [9] In the west, the industrial revolution completely destroyed the production of feudal society, established a modern factory system with large-scale production and high specialization implemented in factories, and greatly improved the relationship between production efficiency. Adam Smith made a detailed analysis of the reasons why the division of labor (specialization and professional division) improves the efficiency of enterprises in his masterpiece The Wealth of Nations. Scientific management of foundry system: how to solve this problem under the condition of high division of labor and cooperation, how to solve the problem of training and motivation of workers in factory system, how to improve the development of factory system and the gradual deterioration of labor relations. Taylor's scientific management theory answers these questions. The demand for management innovation and scientific management in the process of institutional change will not only affect performance, but also depend on the evolution of enterprise system, which still affects the main role of management innovation and the scientific direction and content of management innovation to a great extent. Another important function of institutional innovation and change is to provide incentive mechanism and restraint mechanism, and also to promote management innovation and scientific management. All innovation is an adventure. The emergence of modern property rights system and patent system ensures that enterprises can bear the risks of institutional innovation, technological innovation and enterprise management innovation, and enterprise innovation activities can be regarded as the benefits of enterprise system innovation, management innovation and technological innovation. It is the mutual support in the triangular relationship. Under the material and technical conditions, enterprise technological innovation, enterprise institutional innovation and management innovation have all formed corresponding technical capability guarantee mechanisms, and enterprise management innovation, enterprise technological innovation and institutional innovation have all provided guarantees, and enterprise institutional innovation, enterprise management innovation and technological innovation have corresponding reward systems. The incentive mechanism of enterprise system management innovation is different. In short, the process of institutional change that affects innovation and scientific management, especially after the completion of the process of institutional change of property rights, has a strong incentive and constraint effect on the subject selection, management concept, management method and organizational structure innovation of management innovation.
3。 Cultural factor
Cultural tradition embodies social identity and values, moral norms and values, customs, habits, ideas and culture. Human behavior is subtle, but often profound, and different cultural models will produce different behaviors. The specific process of scientific management, the theory and practice of scientific management, their cultural background and foundation. Specifically, we can analyze the influence of research activities and management practices on management culture. From the management level, an important reason for the scientific management method and popularization is what are the values of scientism after the Renaissance? It has gradually become the mainstream culture to understand and transform the world. The normative form of scientism thinking includes the decomposition of logicism, the analysis and research of precise principles and experimental principles widely used in the field, and the organization and management problems that are common in human society are no exception. Taylor first introduced scientific values? In this field, production and management standardize scientism and human production activities in order to improve work efficiency. Through scientific management, standardized and orderly pursuit, Fa Yueer tried to seek universal laws by using scientific thinking mode. Weber, Barnard and others are all exploring the principles of scientific management for the management activities of the whole enterprise. In the organization and management activities in the social field, behavioral science scientifically analyzes human behavior according to the basic requirements of scientific laws, and applies modern management theory, operational research, system theory, information theory, cybernetics, dissipative structure theory, catastrophe theory, synergetics, information technology and network technology to analyze and study management problems. There are problems in the process of scientific management on the basis of scientific culture without pursuing scientific and reasonable values and applying scientific principles. Management norms and cultural management practice are two levels of national culture and organizational culture, and they are scientific processes of management. First of all, at the level of national culture and organizational culture. The former refers to the horizontal macro-cultural environment, while the latter refers to the same values? Members of the organization. Organizational culture has a great influence on the management practice of managers, thus affecting the scientific level. Scientific managers affect managers' perception, thinking and judgment when making decisions and carrying out management functions.
4。 management innovation
Scientific process management with influential factors. Changing scientific management and technological progress, cultural traditions and systems are environmental factors. The creation, dissemination and application of scientific process management of management knowledge and direct management innovation have played an important role. These management innovations include entrepreneurs and managers, as well as professional researchers and professors engaged in management consulting teams and professionals engaged in management practice. However, management has become an independent science, and it is getting smaller and smaller with the passage of time. Experts, scholars, managers, practitioners and management scientists who innovate management knowledge in management consulting are increasingly playing a leading role. Many famous management innovations are called management experts by management history researchers, and knowledge management systems are often linked by the names of management masters.
5。 The factor of war
Wisdom of Strategic Management Practitioners and researchers of enterprise management have learned a lot from Sun Tzu's The Art of War and clausewitz's On War, not only the war of developing relations, but also the management in the field of strategic management. Historically, the development of management science and scientific management methods are directly or indirectly related to war. Regarding the direct and indirect role of war in promoting management development, we can cite many examples. Manchester, blackett, founded in 1939, is concerned with operational research, mathematical analysis, urban defense and attack, optimal configuration of radar network, and effective and highly coordinated bombing of enemy submarines by aircraft, which marks the birth of the application of operational research-narrow management science; War is closely related to the development of quality management. During World War II, in order to ensure the quality of military materials, the US military required manufacturers to conduct statistical sampling inspection on the production of military materials that must be used. American wartime quality management standards (quality control instruction, data analysis, control chart, production process quality control chart) issued by American National Standards Institute. After the war, these standards were widely adopted by American industrial enterprises, and quality management entered the stage of statistical quality management.
As a special social and historical phenomenon, war can promote the development of management science, which has its inevitability. War can completely change all aspects of a country's political, economic and social environment, which is a huge temporary mutation factor, such as the sudden change of the whole environment, which will inevitably put forward new requirements for management. In other words, war will manage the dialectical relationship between the huge demand for innovation. Theory and practice, the way of scientific development can be divided into two interrelated "first" supply-driven theoretical and practical needs. The so-called "supply-driven theory" researchers found and put forward some new theoretical and practical tests based on the scientific exploration of the internal logic of the theory, and then solved the theoretical kingdom of practical problems, and finally gradually promoted the development of this discipline. This is the first time, and then study its practical application, thus promoting the accumulation of knowledge, innovation and development of the theme. With the development of modern science and extensive scientific knowledge base, the reality that this method is becoming more and more common and driven by realistic needs has emerged, and there are also problems to be solved urgently. The existing theories and methods are powerless, which urges research to solve practical problems and seek new theories and methods. New theories and methods have emerged to solve problems in the real world, and the development of this science has been achieved. This is a practical theory, an innovative theory and method required by practice, and this method is usually more suitable for the development of applied science. Obviously, the development of management science is more suitable for this practice, and the demand is pulling. Once the war breaks out, people are often interested in the development of management science, and this interest has a strong pull. In a sense, this war is a movement that attaches importance to management and tries to improve and develop management at all costs.