The difference between environmental carrying capacity and reasonable population capacity P 12- 13 Environmental carrying capacity: refers to the population that the environment can continuously support. This is a warning value. (Environmental population capacity) Reasonable population capacity: refers to the most suitable population of a country or region. Is an ideal value. Generally speaking, the reasonable population capacity is less than the environmental population capacity. For example, the environmental carrying capacity of China is1600 million people, while the reasonable population capacity is 800-900 million people. Distribution characteristics of urban (internal) spatial structure and its causes P20-2 1 and P22-23 residential areas have the widest distribution area; High-level residential areas and low-level residential areas are divided, and there is a trend of backward development (high-level residential areas are on the outer edge of the city, while low-level residential areas are near the inner city and industrial areas). The business district is dotted or strip-shaped, distributed in the city center, on both sides of traffic trunk lines or on street corners (CBD is busy with economic activities and tall and dense buildings, which is both a business activity center and a service center). In order to reduce costs and protect the environment, industrial areas are constantly shifting to the periphery of the city; The most important thing is to deal with the relationship between residential areas and industrial areas in a reasonable urban internal spatial structure along the main traffic lines. (1) Convenient transportation (in order to facilitate workers' commuting) (2) Factories discharging waste gas and wastewater should be arranged in the downwind of residential areas and the outer suburbs downstream of rivers (3) sanitary protection zone should be set up. The reasons for the formation of urban spatial structure: the main factor-economic factor; Other factors-income level, lead to the differentiation of residential areas; Historical, cultural or economic reputation (popularity); Ethnic or religious groups (Chinatown, etc.). ); The early land use mode affected (historical factors) economic factors reflected in the ability to pay rent for various activities. The main factors affecting the ability to pay rent are: the convenience of transportation and the distance from the city center. Geographical location Accessibility Land price or rent There are many roads in the city center that pass through the best and most expensive main roads extending from the city center, followed by highway intersections. The regional differences far from the main roads are relatively low. Differences in service functions of cities of different sizes P26 The larger the city is, the higher the level is, and the stronger the service function is (more types of services, higher levels and wider service scope). The smaller the city scale, the lower the level, and the weaker the service function (many types of services, high levels, and large service scope). A Case Study of Urban Functions in the Yangtze River Delta: First-class Center: Shanghai, the largest city and economic center in China. The service scope soon covered the whole region, and its influence also spread to the whole country and even abroad. Secondary centers: Nanjing and Hangzhou, mainly serving parts of Jiangsu Province and surrounding provinces. Third-level centers: Suzhou, Wuxi, Changzhou and Ningbo. Four-level centers: Yangzhou, Zhenjiang and other cities, the service scope is mainly limited to most towns and villages in the region. P32-35 Figure 2.20: Slightly flat S-shaped curve, horizontal development speed, regional expansion trend, common problems, 25% ~ 30% in the initial stage, mixed layout of slow-moving and slow-moving functional land, 30% ~ 70% in the acceleration stage, unclear functional differentiation, high-speed traffic congestion, environmental deterioration, housing shortage, etc. And more than 70% of suburban urbanization in the later period, high and slow. Even stagnation continues to increase the impact of urbanization on the geographical environment, such as hollowing out the center of big cities and anti-urbanization. P36 Beneficial effects: Reasonable urbanization can improve the environment, for example, by leveling the land, building water conservancy facilities, greening the environment and other measures, the environment will be transformed in a direction conducive to improving people's living standards and promoting social development, and the pressure of human activities on the environment will be reduced. The significance of urbanization: the city is the economic center of regional development, which can promote regional economic development, and the improvement of regional economic level can promote the development of the city; Promote the change of settlement mode, production mode, lifestyle and values. Adverse effects: the sources of environmental factors endanger the climate. Various gases emitted by urban industries have changed the intensity of solar radiation, and factors such as urban temperature and precipitation have also changed, resulting in the phenomenon of urban "heat island"; Dense buildings affect sunshine, wind speed and wind direction. (1) Urban temperature, precipitation and other factors have also changed; (2) It affects sunshine, wind speed and wind direction. The road system and production and living facilities in hydrological cities redistribute precipitation, runoff, evaporation and leakage, and change water quality, quantity and groundwater movement. The habitat of biological organisms has been changed by "reinforced concrete" in the city, and the biodiversity of biological organisms has reduced the soil. Urban industrial production discharges a lot of waste residue, especially waste residue containing harmful substances, which has a negative impact on urban land quality. Problems brought by urbanization: the influence of regional culture such as environmental pollution, traffic congestion, housing difficulties, employment difficulties and disorder on population or cities 1. Influence on population: foreign culture and population: marriage customs (such as the age of first marriage and the stability of marriage) China culture and population: fertility-from early marriage to late marriage and late childbirth, from having more children to having only one child; Career choice-from "learning official" to "starting a business for all"; Population mobility-from migration to "cosmopolitan" II. Influence on the city: The ancient idea of "harmony between man and nature" formed a "landscape city" that organically integrated the city and the natural environment-the ancient emperors of Hangzhou planned and built the capital city with palaces as the center and placed it on the central axis of the city to show the supremacy of imperial power-Beijing, the capital of the United States, took the East-West, North-South axis and their intersection of the Capitol and the White House as the city center, and the Capitol was located on it, which reflected the spirit of democracy and legal system advertised by the bourgeoisie. Second, the main factors affecting agricultural location are production activities and regional ties. P42 Location factors affect agriculture, natural factors, climate, basis for developing agriculture, crop species and farming system. Topographic plain: the terrain is flat and the soil layer is deep, which is suitable for developing farming operations; Mountainous area: inconvenient farming, unsuitable for soil and water conservation, suitable for developing forestry and animal husbandry; The vertical geographical differentiation of natural conditions and the distribution of crops in mountainous areas change with altitude. Soil is the material basis of crop growth. Different soils are suitable for growing different crops. Water sources affect agricultural irrigation and play a decisive role in agricultural development in arid areas. Socio-economic factors and market demand determine the type and scale of agricultural production. Products in transportation, horticulture, dairy products, animal husbandry and other industries are easy to rot and deteriorate, which requires convenient and fast transportation conditions, mechanical (scientific and technological level) refrigeration and preservation technology, mechanized farming policy, national policy and government intervention, such as the cultural quality of labor farmers in China's commodity agricultural production base. Farmers' own funds: characteristics of main agricultural geographical types and their forming conditions P45-54 cases are mainly distributed in areas: main characteristics of main crops: agricultural geographical types mainly based on planting: monsoon paddy fields: agriculture in Asian monsoon region: tropical rain forest climate regions in East Asia, Southeast Asia and South Asia: small-scale rice cultivation (small production scale); High yield per unit area; The commodity rate is low, and the level of mechanization and science is low; The climate with high temperature and rainy in summer or large amount of water conservancy projects throughout the year is suitable for rice growth; Low terrain, suitable for paddy field management; Dense population and abundant labor force; There are a lot of people and little land, and there is a great demand for food. Commodity grain agriculture in the Central Plains of the United States, the United States, Canada, Australia, Argentina, Russia, Ukraine and other countries. State farms in Northeast China and Xinjiang. Large-scale production of wheat and corn; High commodity rate; High level of mechanization and science and technology, superior natural conditions (flat terrain, fertile and deep soil, abundant water, mild climate and abundant precipitation); Convenient transportation; Broad market; The land is vast and the population is sparse, which is suitable for mass production; High degree of mechanization; Advanced agricultural science and technology, agricultural regional type with animal husbandry as the main body, large-scale cattle and sheep production in arid and semi-arid climate areas of the United States, Australia, New Zealand, Argentina and South Africa; High commodity rate; High degree of specialization; Mild climate, lush grass and excellent grass quality; The land is vast and sparsely populated, and the land rent is low; Close to the port, promote commodity management. Dairy industry The commodity rate of milk and its products around the Great Lakes of Western Europe, North America, Western Europe, Central Europe, Australia and New Zealand is relatively high. High degree of mechanization; High degree of intensification; Most of them are distributed around big cities, with flat terrain and cool and humid climate, which is suitable for the growth of juicy grass. The high level of urbanization and the influence of living habits have a great demand for dairy products and livestock products. Mixed agriculture in Murray-Darling Basin in Australia, South Africa in Europe, North America and Africa, Australia and New Zealand in Oceania (mainly mixed agriculture combining planting and animal husbandry); Wheat, pasture or fallow can be planted alternately on the sheep farm land in the Pearl River Delta of China, which can maintain the fertility of the land. The two modes of production are staggered in time, which is convenient for arranging agricultural production activities reasonably and effectively; Farmers can adjust the scale of planting and grazing in time according to national policies and market conditions to ensure a stable income. Fertile soil; Mild climate and moderate precipitation; The land is vast and sparsely populated; Broad market (the world's major wheat and livestock products producing areas); High degree of mechanization; Developed transportation; Government support. The main factor affecting industrial location is P58 1. The factors affecting industrial location are: land, raw materials, power, water source, transportation, labor force, market and government policies. Other enhancing factors are: transportation, market, labor quality, technical factors, environmental weakening factors: raw materials (related to the development of transportation), changes in labor force (related to the improvement of mechanization), leading factors: (taking the steel industry as an example) raw materials-transportation-market 2. Industrial location selection ① Economic benefits: Type name: typical industrial sector advantages, development zone, raw material-oriented industry, sugar industry, aquatic product processing industry, fruit processing industry, areas rich in industrial raw materials, market-oriented industry, bottled beverage industry, furniture manufacturing industry and printing industry are close to the product consumption market. The industries dominated by electricity are non-ferrous metal smelting industry and chemical industry with abundant energy supply. Low-cost labor-oriented industries are ordinary clothing, electronic assembly, belt winding and umbrella making. Technology-oriented industrial integrated circuits, aerospace, aviation, precision instruments, higher education and technologically developed areas have a large number of cheap labor. ② Social benefits: the influence of changes in national policies; The needs of national defense; The influence of personal preference; Influence of industrial inertia ③ Environmental benefits: location selection of heavily polluted industries, formation conditions and development characteristics of industrial regions P65-72 1, industrial links-industrial agglomeration-industrial links within industrial regions: ① industrial links between processes ② spatial links (* * * with the help of infrastructure or cheap labor) Industrial agglomeration: advantages-making full use of infrastructure and strengthening mutual information exchange and technology. Industrial zone: ① an industrial zone formed spontaneously and planned for construction; ② Less developed and more developed industrial areas; (2) Industrial decentralization; (1) The old industrial areas tend to be saturated, resources are scarce, and new enterprises move out-not the result of industrial association; (2) There are two kinds of industrial associations: for example, electronic component manufacturers with small size, light weight and high price can stay away from electronic product assembly plants. Another example is the production of complex products with complex product structure and many parts. Manufacturers of various parts can also be distributed in many places, and even form cross-regional and transnational network enterprises. 3. The formation conditions and development characteristics of famous industrial zones The traditional industrial zone Ruhr, Germany (an industrial zone in central Britain and the northeastern United States; China, central and southern Liaoning industrial zone, etc. ) rich coal; Close to the iron ore area; Abundant water sources; Convenient land and water transportation; The reasons for the decline of the vast market are: the production structure is single, and the five traditional industrial sectors in Ruhr District are coal, electricity, steel, machinery and chemicals; The energy status of coal has declined; World steel surplus; The influence of the new technological revolution; Land shortage and serious environmental pollution. Overall promotion: ① adjust industrial structure, transform traditional industries, support emerging industries, and realize diversification of industrial structure (reduce the number of coal and steel enterprises, expand the production scale of individual factories and mines, and build high-tech small and medium-sized enterprises in electronics, petrochemical, automobile and other departments); ② Adjust the industrial layout (the industrial layout expands to the west and south, and the steel industry shifts to the coast); ③ Developing the tertiary industry (developing science and technology education, industrial tourism and financial services); (4) Expand traffic and improve traffic network; (5) Control environmental pollution, strengthen environmental management, plant trees, create green space, and optimize and beautify the environment. Italy's emerging industrial zones have a large number of cheap labor; Developed bank credit system; The economy is highly open; Strong support from the government; A large number of cheap labor; Small towns have convenient water use; Convenient transportation. In 1970s, the prices of raw materials and energy rose sharply, mainly in small and medium-sized enterprises. Mainly light industry; Decentralized production process; Low capital concentration; Most of them are scattered in small towns or rural areas (a unique development model-industrial communities). The "Silicon Valley" (high-tech industry) in the United States has a superior geographical position and a beautiful environment. The climate is pleasant (belonging to the Mediterranean climate, warm and humid); There are institutions of higher learning (Stanford University); Convenient transportation, quick access, mainly road and air transportation; Military orders: special conditions! High proportion of scientific and technological talents; Fast growth, short product update cycle; R&D expenses account for a high proportion; These products are geared to the world market. The influence of agricultural production activities on the geographical environment is favorable: reasonable agricultural production makes land and other resources sustainable for human beings and provides us with food and clothing sources. The improvement of agricultural production technology has greatly increased the yield of crops. Adverse effects: unreasonable agricultural production may lead to the destruction of the natural environment, resulting in land desertification, soil erosion and soil pollution. (Deforestation leads to biodiversity destruction, soil erosion and land desertification; Overgrazing leads to land desertification; Irrational irrigation methods lead to land salinization; The extensive use of chemical fertilizers leads to soil hardening; The unreasonable use of pesticides leads to the pollution of agricultural products and soil) The influence of industrial production activities on the geographical environment is beneficial: it creates huge social wealth and greatly changes the production and lifestyle of human beings. Adverse effects: the contradiction between the demand for raw materials in industrial production and the limited resources and energy in nature is becoming more and more prominent; The unreasonable utilization of resources and energy by human beings will also cause serious industrial pollution such as acid rain and directly destroy the environment. The importance of regional connection in production activities, people's food, clothing, housing and transportation and various economic activities are carried out in a certain geographical space. The unbalanced distribution of natural resources and regional socio-economic development have created the need for people and things to communicate between different regions. Traffic is the main means to realize the displacement of people and things. Importance of transportation: promoting the expansion of production scale, raw material supply range and product sales market; Accelerate regional development and make full use of resources; Strengthen the connection between industry and agriculture, urban and rural areas; Strengthen scientific and cultural exchanges to ensure national unity and security.